Dissent is an opinion , philosophy or sentiment of non-agreement or opposition to a prevailing idea or policy enforced under the authority of a government , political party or other entity or individual . A dissenting person may be referred to as a dissenter .
31-409: The term's antonyms include agreement , consensus (when all or nearly all parties agree on something) and consent (when one party agrees to a proposition made by another). In philosophical skepticism , particularly that of Pyrrhonism , the existence of dissent is a rationale for suspending judgment regarding the issue associated with the dissent. Dissent in this respect appears as one of
62-458: A church or religious organization. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy , which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy , which is an impious utterance or action concerning God or sacred things. The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas. It
93-560: A continuous spectrum (hot, cold). Complementary antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite but whose meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum ( push , pull ). Relational antonyms are word pairs where opposite makes sense only in the context of the relationship between the two meanings ( teacher , pupil ). These more restricted meanings may not apply in all scholarly contexts, with Lyons (1968, 1977) defining antonym to mean gradable antonyms, and Crystal (2003) warning that antonymy and antonym should be regarded with care. Opposition
124-417: A continuous spectrum so hot and cold , two meanings on opposite ends of the spectrum, are gradable antonyms. Other examples include: heavy : light , fat : skinny , dark : light , young : old , early : late , empty : full , dull : interesting . A complementary antonym, sometimes called a binary or contradictory antonym (Aarts, Chalker & Weiner 2014),
155-452: A pair of words that refer to a relationship from opposite points of view. There is no lexical opposite of teacher , but teacher and pupil are opposite within the context of their relationship. This makes them relational antonyms. Other examples include: husband : wife , doctor : patient , predator : prey , teach : learn , servant : master , come : go , parent : child . An auto-antonym
186-457: A particular understanding of the law formerly advocated in dissent. As with concurring opinions, the difference in opinion between dissents and majority opinions can often illuminate the precise holding of the majority opinion. Scientific dissent is dissent from scientific consensus . Disagreements can be useful for finding problems in underlying assumptions, methodologies, and reasoning, as well as for generating and testing new ways of tackling
217-643: A result, many organizations send the message – verbally or nonverbally – that dissent is discouraged. However, recent studies have shown that dissent serves as an important monitoring force within organizations . Dissent can be a warning sign for employee dissatisfaction or organizational decline. Redding (1985) found that receptiveness to dissent allows for corrective feedback to monitor unethical and immoral behavior , impractical and ineffectual organizational practices and policies, poor and unfavorable decision making , and insensitivity to employees' workplace needs and desires. Furthermore, Eilerman argues that
248-409: A schism or schisms, or to those ideas, policies, etc. that are thought to lead towards or promote schism. In religion, the charge of schism is distinguished from that of heresy , since the offence of schism concerns not differences of belief or doctrine but promotion of, or the state of, division. However, schisms frequently involve mutual accusations of heresy. In Roman Catholic teaching, every heresy
279-584: A split in what had previously been a single religious body, such as the East–West Schism or the Great Western Schism . It is also used of a split within a non-religious organization or movement or, more broadly, of a separation between two or more people, be it brothers, friends, lovers, etc. A schismatic is a person who creates or incites schism in an organization or who is a member of a splinter group. Schismatic as an adjective means pertaining to
310-561: Is male entails that it is not female . It is referred to as a 'binary' relationship because there are two members in a set of opposites. The relationship between opposites is known as opposition . A member of a pair of opposites can generally be determined by the question What is the opposite of X ? The term antonym (and the related antonymy) is commonly taken to be synonymous with opposite, but antonym also has other more restricted meanings. Graded (or gradable) antonyms are word pairs whose meanings are opposite and which lie on
341-441: Is "inept," which seems to be "in-" + *"ept," although the word "ept" itself does not exist . Such words are known as unpaired words . Opposites may be viewed as a special type of incompatibility. Words that are incompatible create the following type of entailment (where X is a given word and Y is a different word incompatible with word X): An example of an incompatible pair of words is cat : dog : This incompatibility
SECTION 10
#1732844216693372-498: Is a schism, while there may be some schisms free of the added guilt of heresy. Liberal Protestantism , however, has often preferred heresy over schism. Presbyterian scholar James I. McCord (quoted with approval by the Episcopalian Bishop of Virginia Peter Lee ) drew a distinction between them, teaching: "If you must make a choice between heresy and schism, always choose heresy. As a schismatic, you have torn and divided
403-409: Is a semantic relation in which one word has a sense or meaning that negates or, in terms of a scale , is distant from a related word. Some words lack a lexical opposite due to an accidental gap in the language's lexicon . For instance, while the word "devout" has no direct opposite, it is easy to conceptualize a scale of devoutness, where "devout" lies at the positive end with a missing counterpart at
434-675: Is a word that can have opposite meanings in different contexts or under separate definitions: Peter James Lee Peter James Lee (11 May 1938 - 2 July 2022) was an American bishop of the Episcopal Church . Lee, a former newspaper reporter, was ordained deacon in 1967 and priest in 1968. He served as deacon at St John's Cathedral in Jacksonville, Florida , from 1967 till 1968, and then as assistant minister at St John's Church in Washington, D.C. , till 1971. He served as Rector at
465-558: Is also found in the opposite pairs fast : slow and stationary : moving , as can be seen below: It's fast entails It's not slow Cruse (2004) identifies some basic characteristics of opposites: Some planned languages abundantly use such devices to reduce vocabulary multiplication. Esperanto has mal- (compare bona = "good" and malbona = "bad"), Damin has kuri- ( tjitjuu "small", kuritjitjuu "large") and Newspeak has un- (as in ungood , "bad"). Some classes of opposites include: An antonym
496-451: Is an opinion in a legal case in certain legal systems written by one or more judges expressing disagreement with the majority opinion of the court which gives rise to its judgment. When not necessarily referring to a legal decision, this can also be referred to as a minority report . Dissenting opinions are normally written at the same time as the majority opinion and any concurring opinions , and are also delivered and published at
527-408: Is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings, where the two meanings do not lie on a continuous spectrum. There is no continuous spectrum between odd and even but they are opposite in meaning and are therefore complementary antonyms. Other examples include: mortal : immortal , exit : entrance , exhale : inhale , occupied : vacant . A relational antonym is one of
558-400: Is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings. Each word in the pair is the antithesis of the other. A word may have more than one antonym. There are three categories of antonyms identified by the nature of the relationship between the opposed meanings. A gradable antonym is one of a pair of words with opposite meanings where the two meanings lie on a continuous spectrum. Temperature is such
589-400: Is used in particular in reference to Christianity , Judaism , and Islam . A schism (pronounced / ˈ s ɪ z ə m / SIZ -əm , / ˈ s k ɪ z ə m / SKIZ -əm or, less commonly, / ˈ ʃ ɪ z ə m / SHIZ -əm ) is a division between people, usually belonging to an organization, movement, or religious denomination . The word is most frequently applied to
620-747: The Chapel of the Cross ( Chapel Hill , North Carolina ) from 1971 to 1984. Elected Coadjutor Bishop in the Diocese of Virginia , the largest Episcopal diocese in the country, Lee was consecrated and served from 1984 to 1985, until the retirement of Bishop Robert Bruce Hall . Lee then served as bishop from 1985 until his own retirement in 2009, having Shannon Sherwood Johnston as Coadjutor Bishop in his final years. Beginning early in Lee's episcopate, several conservative congregations stopped paying diocesan dues, citing objections to
651-628: The tropes in the Five Modes of Agrippa , pointing to the uncertainty demonstrated by the differences of opinions among philosophers and people in general. Political dissent is a dissatisfaction with or opposition to the policies of a governing body. Expressions of dissent may take forms from vocal disagreement to civil disobedience to the use of violence . In some political systems , dissent may be formally expressed by way of opposition politics , while politically repressive regimes may prohibit any form of dissent, leading to suppression of dissent and
SECTION 20
#1732844216693682-603: The Diocese and associate with an African diocese while keeping their Virginia churches and other property. Lee sued to have the facilities declared the property of the Diocese, and was ultimately successful, although that resolution only happened under his successor. From 2009 to 2010, Lee officiated as Interim Dean at the Grace Cathedral ( San Francisco ). He served the General Theological Seminary of New-York in
713-465: The body of Christ. Choose heresy every time." Officers and enlisted personnel regularly take an oral oath to support and defend the primary convening document (i.e. constitution, articles of confederation, ruling laws and statutes) and/or the supreme leader of the nation-state. There have been countless cases throughout human history where commissioned military officers and enlisted personnel—as individuals or small groups—have chosen to question and disobey
744-405: The encouragement of social or political activism . Individuals who do not conform or support the policies of certain states are known as " dissidents ". Several thinkers have argued that a healthy society needs not only to protect, but also to encourage dissent. Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, in particular the accepted beliefs of
775-510: The hidden costs of silencing dissent include: wasted and lost time , reduced decision quality , emotional and relationship costs, and decreased job motivation . Perlow (2003) found that employee resentment can lead to a decrease in productivity and creativity which can result in the organization losing money , time , and resources . Antonyms In lexical semantics , opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example, something that
806-459: The negative end. In certain cases, opposites can be formed with prefixes like "un-" or "non-," with varying levels of naturalness. For example, "undevout" is found in Webster's 1828 dictionary, while the prefix pattern of "non-person" could theoretically extend to "non-platypus." Conversely, some words appear to be derived from a prefix suggesting opposition, yet the root term does not exist. An example
837-441: The orders of their superior officers or the supreme leader of the state. Dissent by military officers falls into two main categories: violent and non-violent. In essence, when a military officer, military leader chooses to oppose the orders given to them by their superior officers or national leader, they must decide whether their counter-action will be violent or non-violent in nature and in aim. A dissenting opinion (or dissent )
868-551: The ordination of women priests, as authorized by the General Convention . The controversy metamorphosed, with the stated primary objections changing to matters of sexuality with the consecration of bishop Gene Robinson of the Episcopal Diocese of New Hampshire in 2003, and the election of Katharine Jefferts Schori as Presiding Bishop in 2006. Two large Virginia parishes attracted national attention by attempting to leave
899-707: The same position from 2010 to 2011. Then he moved to France and became Interim Dean and Rector at the Cathedral Church of the Holy Trinity in Paris in 2011 and 2012. From 2013 to 2014, he was Provisional Bishop in the Diocese of East Carolina . In November 2015, he was announced as the Assisting Bishop in the Episcopal Diocese of North Carolina . Lee was made a Commander (Brother) of the Order of Saint John in 2015. Lee
930-412: The same time. A dissenting opinion does not create binding precedent nor does it become a part of case law . Even though they can sometimes be cited as a form of persuasive authority in subsequent cases when arguing that the court's holding should be limited or overturned. In some cases, a previous dissent is used to spur a change in the law, and a later case may result in a majority opinion adopting
961-614: The unknown. In modern times, with the increased role of science on the society and the politicization of science , a new aspect gained prominence: effects of scientific dissent on public policies. Scientific dissent is distinct from denialism , which is a deliberate rejection of scientific consensus usually for commercial or ideological reasons. Organizational dissent is the "expression of disagreement or contradictory opinions about organizational practices and policies ". Since dissent involves disagreement it can lead to conflict , which if not resolved, can lead to violence and struggle. As