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116-423: The poor son of Dario Brando, an abusive alcoholic who worked Dio's mother to death, Dio first appears as a young misanthrope who, via the power of an ancient stone mask, becomes an immortal vampire . A century after the events of the first part, he resurfaces as the user of the time-stopping Stand named The World. As the series' most prolific villain, his defining trait is his staunch ambition, which develops into

232-502: A benzodiazepine , in order to ameliorate alcohol withdrawal syndrome 's adverse impact. The addition of phenobarbital improves outcomes if benzodiazepine administration lacks the usual efficacy, and phenobarbital alone might be an effective treatment. Propofol also might enhance treatment for individuals showing limited therapeutic response to a benzodiazepine. Individuals who are only at risk of mild to moderate withdrawal symptoms can be treated as outpatients. Individuals at risk of

348-458: A coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning . With all alcoholic beverages, drinking while driving , operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties for drunk driving. Having more than one drink a day for women or two drinks for men increases the risk of heart disease, high blood pressure , atrial fibrillation , and stroke . Risk

464-623: A dromaeosaurid dinosaur . After Dr. Ferdinand is defeated, he gains control of Scary Monsters. Diego is hired by President of the United States Funny Valentine in his quest to find the pieces of the Saint's Corpse scattered along the racecourse, but after fighting against Johnny and Gyro, he realizes that President Valentine's plans are more dangerous to the world as a whole and joins them in an attempt to stop him, but dies during his quest. Valentine then uses his Stand's powers to summon

580-514: A sedative -hypnotic mechanism, such as barbiturates and benzodiazepines , withdrawal from alcohol dependence can be fatal if it is not properly managed. Alcohol's primary effect is the increase in stimulation of the GABA A receptor , promoting central nervous system depression. With repeated heavy consumption of alcohol, these receptors are desensitized and reduced in number, resulting in tolerance and physical dependence . When alcohol consumption

696-461: A " might makes right " philosophy and a drive for absolute control through absolute power. When beginning the series, Dio was the character that Araki looked forward to drawing the most. He also revealed that he had not thought up a weakness for the character and that it was difficult to come up with a way for Dio to be defeated. In regard to Dio's characterization, Araki said that he was inspired by FBI profiling of Serial killers , admitting that in

812-550: A 2014 report in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health found that only 10% of either "heavy drinkers" or "binge drinkers" defined according to the above criteria also met the criteria for alcohol dependence, while only 1.3% of non-binge drinkers met the criteria. An inference drawn from this study is that evidence-based policy strategies and clinical preventive services may effectively reduce binge drinking without requiring addiction treatment in most cases. The term alcoholism

928-488: A Diego Brando from an alternate universe. This Diego possesses the same Stand as the original Dio Brando. He manages to defeat Johnny Joestar in battle and wins the Steel Ball Run, in addition to obtaining all of the Saint's Corpse and hiding it in a secure location, even though President Valentine has already been killed by Johnny. However, Lucy Steel uses the head of her universe's Diego Brando to obliterate his head through

1044-582: A Stone Mask that transforms people into vampires. The Battle Tendency arc, which aired on Tokyo MX between December 8, 2012, and April 6, 2013, focuses on Jonathan's grandson, Joseph Joestar , and his fight against the Pillar Men, ancient humanoids which created the Stone Mask. The series was released on a series of nine DVDs and Blu-rays between January 30 and September 27, 2013, with the Blu-ray releases having

1160-678: A chaplain. Pucci uses one of Dio's bones to evolve his Stand to reset reality in what he believes is Dio's vision of Heaven, a world where everyone knows their own destiny that would also be free of the Joestar bloodline. However, he was defeated by Jolyne's last surviving friend, Emporio. This reverts reality, but there are some changes, including the erasure of Pucci. Stone Ocean also introduces Dio's three other children: Ungalo, Rikiel, and Donatello Versus. Dio Brando himself does not appear in Steel Ball Run , set in an alternate universe in 1890, and

1276-657: A conclusion comes from low to moderate certainty evidence "so should be regarded with caution". Others include LifeRing Secular Recovery , SMART Recovery , Women for Sobriety , and Secular Organizations for Sobriety . Manualized Twelve Step Facilitation (TSF) interventions (i.e. therapy which encourages active, long-term Alcoholics Anonymous participation) for Alcohol Use Disorder lead to higher abstinence rates, compared to other clinical interventions and to wait-list control groups. Moderate drinking amongst people with alcohol dependence—often termed 'controlled drinking'—has been subject to significant controversy. Indeed, much of

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1392-440: A few recognizable effects on the body, including: With regard to alcoholism, BAC is useful to judge alcohol tolerance , which in turn is a sign of alcoholism. Electrolyte and acid-base abnormalities including hypokalemia , hypomagnesemia , hyponatremia , hyperuricemia , metabolic acidosis , and respiratory alkalosis are common in people with alcohol use disorders. However, none of these blood tests for biological markers

1508-402: A higher mortality rate from alcoholism than men. Examples of long-term complications include brain, heart, and liver damage and an increased risk of breast cancer . Additionally, heavy drinking over time has been found to have a negative effect on reproductive functioning in women. This results in reproductive dysfunction such as anovulation , decreased ovarian mass, problems or irregularity of

1624-661: A life-size statue of Dio was displayed at Wonder Festival to promote the event. Starting in June 2014, Dio began appearing on cans of Japanese java Georgia coffee, as part of a promotion of their Emerald Mountain Black flavor. An attraction in Cinema 4-D based on the fight between Dio and Jotaro Kujo had been created by Universal Studios Japan . Dio inspired several characters in Japanese anime, manga, and video games draw inspiration. One such example

1740-564: A lower weight and higher percentage of body fat and therefore a lower volume of distribution for alcohol than men. Long-term misuse of alcohol can cause a wide range of mental health problems. Severe cognitive problems are common; approximately 10% of all dementia cases are related to alcohol consumption, making it the second leading cause of dementia . Excessive alcohol use causes damage to brain function , and psychological health can be increasingly affected over time. Social skills are significantly impaired in people with alcoholism due to

1856-444: A medical condition, to display their drinking publicly, and to drink in groups. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be more likely to suspect that a man they know is someone with an alcohol use disorder. Screening is recommended among those over the age of 18. Several tools may be used to detect a loss of control of alcohol use. These tools are mostly self-reports in questionnaire form. Another common theme

1972-522: A misdiagnosis such as schizophrenia . Panic disorder can develop or worsen as a direct result of long-term alcohol misuse. The co-occurrence of major depressive disorder and alcoholism is well documented. Among those with comorbid occurrences, a distinction is commonly made between depressive episodes that remit with alcohol abstinence ("substance-induced"), and depressive episodes that are primary and do not remit with abstinence ("independent" episodes). Additional use of other drugs may increase

2088-444: A parent or sibling with an alcohol use disorder is three to four times more likely to develop an alcohol use disorder themselves, but only a minority of them do. Environmental factors include social, cultural and behavioral influences. High stress levels and anxiety, as well as alcohol's inexpensive cost and easy accessibility, increase the risk. People may continue to drink partly to prevent or improve symptoms of withdrawal. After

2204-492: A person stops drinking alcohol, they may experience a low level of withdrawal lasting for months. Medically, alcoholism is considered both a physical and mental illness. Questionnaires are usually used to detect possible alcoholism. Further information is then collected to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment of alcoholism may take several forms. Due to medical problems that can occur during withdrawal, alcohol cessation should be controlled carefully. One common method involves

2320-550: A playable character in several crossover video games, such as Jump Super Stars , Jump Ultimate Stars , and Jump Force . Dio, Gone to Heaven ( 天国に到達したＤＩＯ , Tengoku ni Tōtatsu-shita Dio ) is the main antagonist in the story mode of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Eyes of Heaven , being a version of Dio from an alternate universe where he killed the Joestar Group in the 1980s and executed his vision of "obtaining heaven" by sacrificing 36 evil souls and subjugating his world with

2436-559: A powerful stone called the Red Stone of Aja. The two are trained in controlling Hamon by the Hamon coach Lisa Lisa. Joseph defeats Esidisi and Wamuu, but Kars obtains the Red Stone of Aja, becoming more powerful. Aided by the German soldier Rudol von Stroheim, Joseph uses the Red Stone of Aja against Kars to defeat him. In the epilogue set in the 1980s, a "treasure chest" engraved with the name "Dio"

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2552-444: A reduced risk of developing alcoholism. Native Americans , however, have a significantly higher rate of alcoholism than average; risk factors such as cultural environmental effects (e.g. trauma ) have been proposed to explain the higher rates. The aldehyde dehydrogenase allele ALDH2*2 greatly reduces the rate at which acetaldehyde, the initial product of alcohol metabolism, is removed by conversion to acetate; it greatly reduces

2668-786: A resemblance to Joseph Joestar's Hermit Purple, and has the ability of divination . Dio's Part 7 counterpart, Diego Brando, first encounters Scary Monsters when he comes into conflict with its original user, Dr. Ferdinand. Ferdinand "infects" Diego, as well as an entire village, transforming them into dinosaurs . After gaining the Left Eye Corpse Part, Diego gains his own version of Scary Monsters that allows him to transform himself or others into dinosaur versions of themselves, partially or entirely. Scary Monsters grants Diego increased strength, speed, healing, and "dynamic vision". Dynamic vision provides Diego with excellent eyesight; however, he can only see objects that are moving, similar to that of

2784-697: A severe withdrawal syndrome as well as those who have significant or acute comorbid conditions can be treated as inpatients. Direct treatment can be followed by a treatment program for alcohol dependence or alcohol use disorder to attempt to reduce the risk of relapse. Experiences following alcohol withdrawal, such as depressed mood and anxiety, can take weeks or months to abate while other symptoms persist longer due to persisting neuroadaptations. Various forms of group therapy or psychotherapy are sometimes used to encourage and support abstinence from alcohol, or to reduce alcohol consumption to levels that are not associated with adverse outcomes. Mutual-aid group-counseling

2900-439: A shipwreck salvage operation in 1983. Dio escaped the coffin through a secret layer of the coffin. Now known mononymously as "Dio", he soon meets the mystic Enya Geil who awakens his Stand, The World ( 世界 （ ザ・ワールド ） , Za Wārudo ) , which is named after the tarot card and allows him to temporarily stop the passage of time. He also acquires a Hermit Purple-like Stand that is possessed by Jonathan's body. As his head

3016-470: A two-hour period. According to the NIAAA, men may be at risk for alcohol-related problems if their alcohol consumption exceeds 14 standard drinks per week or 4 drinks per day, and women may be at risk if they have more than 7 standard drinks per week or 3 drinks per day. It defines a standard drink as one 12-ounce bottle of beer, one 5-ounce glass of wine, or 1.5 ounces of distilled spirits. Despite this risk,

3132-541: A way he thinks they must be incredibly strong to be able to commit the heinous crimes that they do. How serial killers control their victims through psychological manipulation interested Araki as well, a trait similar to how Dio uses his charisma to ensure his followers to do his bidding. Araki intended to characterize Dio as unapologetically baleful in his pursuit of power, with his literal abandonment of his humanity reflecting his figurative and emotional one. Araki wanted his name to sound cool next to JoJo's, so he chose Dio,

3248-507: Is Sakuya Izayoi from the Touhou Project . Alcoholic Alcoholism is the continued drinking of alcohol despite it causing problems. Some definitions require evidence of dependence and withdrawal. Problematic use of alcohol has been mentioned in the earliest historical records. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated there were 283 million people with alcohol use disorders worldwide as of 2016 . The term alcoholism

3364-605: Is bisexual . Araki stated in a 2007 interview that "[Dio's] sort of a composed character that could go either way. [He] could go with a man or a woman." In Phantom Blood , the child of an abusive drunkard named Dario Brando, Dio Brando becomes the adopted brother of Jonathan Joestar by using a promise that George Joestar made to Dario years ago. Upon entering the Joestar estate after his father died, Dio tried to take everything from Jonathan and killed Jonathan's dog, Danny. However, Dio underestimated Jonathan and his retaliation for forcefully kissing Erina Pendleton causes Dio to spend

3480-429: Is a score or tally that sums up the general severity of alcohol use. The CAGE questionnaire , named for its four questions, is one such example that may be used to screen patients quickly in a doctor's office. Two "yes" responses indicate that the respondent should be investigated further. The questionnaire asks the following questions: Other tests are sometimes used for the detection of alcohol dependence, such as

3596-417: Is an approach used to facilitate relapse prevention. Alcoholics Anonymous was one of the earliest organizations formed to provide mutual peer support and non-professional counseling, however the effectiveness of Alcoholics Anonymous is disputed. A 2020 Cochrane review concluded that Twelve-Step Facilitation (TSF) probably achieves outcomes such as fewer drinks per drinking day, however evidence for such

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3712-544: Is as sensitive as screening questionnaires. The World Health Organization , the European Union and other regional bodies, national governments and parliaments have formed alcohol policies in order to reduce the harm of alcoholism. Increasing the age at which alcohol can be purchased, and banning or restricting alcohol beverage advertising are common methods to reduce alcohol use among adolescents and young adults in particular. Another common method of alcoholism prevention

3828-620: Is associated with loss of employment , which can lead to financial problems. Drinking at inappropriate times and behavior caused by reduced judgment can lead to legal consequences, such as criminal charges for drunk driving or public disorder, or civil penalties for tortious behavior. An alcoholic's behavior and mental impairment while drunk can profoundly affect those surrounding him and lead to isolation from family and friends. This isolation can lead to marital conflict and divorce , or contribute to domestic violence . Alcoholism can also lead to child neglect , with subsequent lasting damage to

3944-491: Is attached to Jonathan's body, Dio's acquisition of The World also awakens Stand abilities in all of Jonathan's living descendants. While Joseph Joestar and his grandson Jotaro Kujo have the resolve to control their Stands, Joseph's daughter and Jotaro's mother Holly has her very life sapped away by her own Stand because of her gentle disposition. This spurs Jotaro and Joseph to track down Dio along with their friends Mohammed Avdol, Noriaki Kakyoin, Jean-Pierre Polnareff, and Iggy

4060-400: Is characterized by an increased tolerance to alcohol – which means that an individual can consume more alcohol – and physical dependence on alcohol, which makes it hard for an individual to control their consumption. The physical dependency caused by alcohol can lead to an affected individual having a very strong urge to drink alcohol. These characteristics play a role in decreasing

4176-474: Is commonly used amongst laypeople, but the word is poorly defined. Despite the imprecision inherent in the term, there have been attempts to define how the word alcoholism should be interpreted when encountered. In 1992, it was defined by the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence (NCADD) and ASAM as "a primary, chronic disease characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with

4292-441: Is detoxification followed by a combination of supportive therapy, attendance at self-help groups, and ongoing development of coping mechanisms. Much of the treatment community for alcoholism supports an abstinence-based zero tolerance approach popularized by the 12 step program of Alcoholics Anonymous ; however, some prefer a harm-reduction approach. Medical treatment for alcohol detoxification usually involves administration of

4408-739: Is disagreement on the definition of the word alcoholism, it is not a recognized diagnosis, and the use of the term alcoholism is discouraged due to its heavily stigmatized connotations. It is classified as alcohol use disorder in the DSM-5 or alcohol dependence in the ICD-11 . In 1979, the World Health Organization discouraged the use of alcoholism due to its inexact meaning, preferring alcohol dependence syndrome . Misuse, problem use, abuse, and heavy use of alcohol refer to improper use of alcohol, which may cause physical, social, or moral harm to

4524-569: Is dormant in the sunken ship, Dio Brando does not appear in Battle Tendency , but the aftermath of his apparent death at the hands of Jonathan Joestar affects the plot. It is ultimately revealed that Jonathan and Erina's son George Joestar II, a famed pilot of the Royal Air Force in World War I , was murdered by one of Dio's zombies who survived the battle at Windknight's Lot and had infiltrated

4640-500: Is due to neuroadaptations which occur as a result of periods of abstinence followed by re-exposure to alcohol. Individuals who have had multiple withdrawal episodes are more likely to develop seizures and experience more severe anxiety during withdrawal from alcohol than alcohol-dependent individuals without a history of past alcohol withdrawal episodes. The kindling effect leads to persistent functional changes in brain neural circuits as well as to gene expression . Kindling also results in

4756-473: Is greater with binge drinking , which may also result in violence or accidents. About 3.3 million deaths (5.9% of all deaths) are believed to be due to alcohol each year. Alcoholism reduces a person's life expectancy by around ten years and alcohol use is the third leading cause of early death in the United States. Long-term alcohol misuse can cause a number of physical symptoms, including cirrhosis of

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4872-478: Is killed by Polnareff. Dio kills Jotaro's friend Kakyoin in combat and then kills Joseph in front of Jotaro. During his battle with Jotaro, Dio is severely hurt and resorts to draining Joseph of his blood, not only healing himself but also finally completing his unification with Jonathan's body. Dio greatly strengthens his vampiric abilities and his Stand, but Jotaro's Stand, Star Platinum, proves to be The World's equally powered counterpart. After much effort, fuelled by

4988-409: Is often used for self-medication of conditions like anxiety temporarily, prevention of alcoholism may be attempted by reducing the severity or prevalence of stress and anxiety in individuals. Treatments are varied because there are multiple perspectives of alcoholism. Those who approach alcoholism as a medical condition or disease recommend differing treatments from, for instance, those who approach

5104-658: Is pregnant with a child and escapes, continuing the Joestar name. The second part, Battle Tendency , takes place in 1939. Jonathan's grandson Joseph teams up with Will's grandson Caesar Zeppeli to battle ancient humanoids called the Pillar Men, but are overwhelmed by the Pillar Man Wamuu. Joseph and Caesar have a month to defeat the Pillar Men Esidisi and Wamuu to obtain the antidotes for the poisoned rings in Joseph's windpipe and aorta, while also preventing them from gaining

5220-555: Is replaced by Diego Brando. Like Dio, Diego is the child of an abusive household, and one who reveres his mother. She instilled in him a sense of pride that he took with him as he became a masterful jockey in his adulthood. He decides to take part in the Steel Ball Run horse race across the United States . He encounters the protagonists Johnny Joestar and Gyro Zeppeli and is controlled by Dr. Ferdinand's Stand Scary Monsters ( スケアリーモンスターズ , Sukearī Monsutāzu ) , which transforms him into

5336-466: Is salvaged from the sea, while an older Joseph is set to meet his daughter in Japan. The first season of JoJo's Bizarre Adventure uses three pieces of theme music, two opening themes and one ending theme. The first opening theme is the song " JoJo (Sono Chi no Sadame) " ( ジョジョ～その血の運命～ , "JoJo ~That Blood's Destiny~") performed by Hiroaki "Tommy" Tominaga, vocalist of Japanese " brass rock " band Bluff, as

5452-565: Is stopped too abruptly, the person's nervous system experiences uncontrolled synapse firing. This can result in symptoms that include anxiety , life-threatening seizures , delirium tremens , hallucinations, shakes and possible heart failure . Other neurotransmitter systems are also involved, especially dopamine , NMDA and glutamate . Severe acute withdrawal symptoms such as delirium tremens and seizures rarely occur after 1-week post cessation of alcohol. The acute withdrawal phase can be defined as lasting between one and three weeks. In

5568-428: Is taxation of alcohol products – increasing price of alcohol by 10% is linked with reduction of consumption of up to 10%. Credible, evidence-based educational campaigns in the mass media about the consequences of alcohol misuse have been recommended. Guidelines for parents to prevent alcohol misuse amongst adolescents, and for helping young people with mental health problems have also been suggested. Because alcohol

5684-677: Is the abstinence based mutual aid fellowship Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). A 2020 scientific review found that clinical interventions encouraging increased participation in AA (AA/twelve step facilitation (AA/TSF))—resulted in higher abstinence rates over other clinical interventions, and most studies in the review found that AA/TSF led to lower health costs. Many terms, some slurs and some informal , have been used to refer to people affected by alcoholism such as tippler , drunkard , dipsomaniac and souse . The risk of alcohol dependence begins at low levels of drinking and increases directly with both

5800-690: Is the most available, widely consumed, and widely misused recreational drug . Beer alone is the world's most widely consumed alcoholic beverage ; it is the third-most popular drink overall, after water and tea . It is thought by some to be the oldest fermented beverage . Based on combined data in the US from SAMHSA 's 2004–2005 National Surveys on Drug Use & Health, the rate of past-year alcohol dependence or misuse among persons aged 12 or older varied by level of alcohol use: 44.7% of past month heavy drinkers, 18.5% binge drinkers, 3.8% past month non-binge drinkers, and 1.3% of those who did not drink alcohol in

5916-537: The Alcohol Dependence Data Questionnaire , which is a more sensitive diagnostic test than the CAGE questionnaire . It helps distinguish a diagnosis of alcohol dependence from one of heavy alcohol use. The Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST) is a screening tool for alcoholism widely used by courts to determine the appropriate sentencing for people convicted of alcohol-related offenses, driving under

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6032-492: The Italian word for God . According to Araki, Dio's physical appearance is inspired by Rutger Hauer 's character Roy Batty from the 1982 film Blade Runner . Some of Dio's mannerisms and phrases, such as his frequent cries of " Muda " ( 無駄 , "useless") and "WRYYYYY" ( ウリイイイイ , Uriiiii ) or the quote "Kono Dio Da!" ("It was me, Dio!"), have yielded several Internet memes and other popular culture references. Dio

6148-581: The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) showed that 17.7% of individuals diagnosed as alcohol dependent more than one year prior returned to low-risk drinking. This group, however, showed fewer initial symptoms of dependency. JoJo%27s Bizarre Adventure season 1#Plot The first season of the 2012 anime television series JoJo's Bizarre Adventure ( ジョジョの奇妙な冒険 , JoJo no Kimyō na Bōken ) by David Production , also known as JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: The Animation , adapted

6264-585: The Tyrannosaurus Rex in Jurassic Park . After Diego's death by the hands of Funny Valentine, Valentine summons a Diego from an alternate universe. This Diego possesses The World like Part 3's Dio, and can also stop time. The design of Diego's The World is very similar to that of Part 3, apart from its skinnier profile and the replacement of the hearts on The World's knees for capital D's. Dio has had many different voice actors in different types of media. He

6380-416: The central nervous system and peripheral nervous system can occur from sustained alcohol consumption. A wide range of immunologic defects can result and there may be a generalized skeletal fragility, in addition to a recognized tendency to accidental injury, resulting in a propensity for bone fractures. Women develop long-term complications of alcohol dependence more rapidly than do men, women also have

6496-428: The menstrual cycle , and early menopause . Alcoholic ketoacidosis can occur in individuals who chronically misuse alcohol and have a recent history of binge drinking . The amount of alcohol that can be biologically processed and its effects differ between sexes. Equal dosages of alcohol consumed by men and women generally result in women having higher blood alcohol concentrations (BACs), since women generally have

6612-557: The series' third arc , began airing from April 5, 2014. The first season was split into two parts: part 1 comprised episodes 1–9 covering the Phantom Blood manga arc, and part 2 comprised episodes 10–26 covering the Battle Tendency arc. The first part, Phantom Blood , is set in the early-to-late 1880s in England . George Joestar takes in the orphan Dio Brando to pay off a debt to Dio's late father Dario. Dio's attempts to become

6728-429: The "Bow and Arrow", which has reappeared in the fictional Japanese town of Morioh because the children of one of Dio's former lackeys, Mr. Nijimura, are seeking out someone who can possibly kill their father and put him out his misery due to the mutation that he has suffered as a result of Dio's death. In Golden Wind , the protagonist Giorno Giovanna is Dio's son, but because Dio was in possession of Jonathan's body at

6844-678: The Boston Terrier to kill him once and for all, freeing Holly from the curse the Stand has trapped her under. Dio responds by sending other Stand users to assassinate the Joestars before they can find him in his mansion lair in Cairo , some of whom (namely Kakyoin and Polnareff) he had previously mind controlled and joined the Joestars on their journey after being saved by them. Along the way, Avdol and Iggy are killed by Dio's right-hand man Vanilla Ice, who in turn

6960-495: The Bow and Arrow. As a psychic manifestation of Dio, it has all of his aforementioned superhuman abilities and facilitates melee attacks, though its signature ability is to stop time. This time-stopping ability only lasts for a limited amount of time, though this limit can be extended through practice or drinking Joseph Joestar's blood. In addition, Dio gained access to a second Stand through the use of Jonathan's body; this unnamed Stand bears

7076-602: The Part 2 episodes is " Bloody Stream " by Coda. Its score is composed by Taku Iwasaki , and was released in two parts as Musik (German for "Music"), a standalone CD release on March 29, 2013, and as Leicht Verwendbar (German for "Light User" ), a bonus disc for Blu-ray box set volume 4 on April 26, 2013. Musik debuted at number 63 on the Japan Top Albums charts and at 89 on the Weekly Album Charts. The ending theme for

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7192-519: The Pillar Men. Their leader, Kars, created the Stone masks and was indirectly responsible for Dio's transformation into a vampire. It is revealed in Stardust Crusaders that Dio survived the ship's explosion by decapitating Jonathan's corpse and attaching his own head to it as the ship sank and remained inside of a casket at the bottom of the ocean for a century until he was unintentionally retrieved by

7308-545: The RAF. George II's wife, the orphaned girl Elizabeth, hunted down this zombie and used Hamon to kill him. However, as no-one else knew that he was a zombie, she became a wanted murderer and was forced into hiding under the name Lisa Lisa. This was done with the help of the Speedwagon Foundation that was founded by Robert E. O. Speedwagon . Lisa Lisa later reunites with her son Joseph Joestar , teaches him Hamon so he can defeat

7424-657: The Stone Mask that grants him the power of a vampire . He attains superhuman speed, regeneration fueled by sucking blood through his fingers, and strength insofar as he can lift a road roller with ease - a frequent source of references in popular culture. As a vampire, he most frequently uses an exaggerated evaporated cooling form of freezing known simply as the Vaporative Freezing Technique ( 気化冷凍法 , Kikareitōhō ) that allows him to freeze his opponents while rendering direct attacks with Hamon useless. While powerful, it does not kill people instantly (seen at

7540-535: The United States, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) is the most common diagnostic guide for substance use disorders, whereas most countries use the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) for diagnostic (and other) purposes. The two manuals use similar but not identical nomenclature to classify alcohol problems. Attitudes and social stereotypes can create barriers to

7656-417: The ability to stop drinking of an individual with an alcohol use disorder. Alcoholism can have adverse effects on mental health, contributing to psychiatric disorders and increasing the risk of suicide. A depressed mood is a common symptom of heavy alcohol drinkers. Warning signs of alcoholism include the consumption of increasing amounts of alcohol and frequent intoxication, preoccupation with drinking to

7772-479: The body out into the desert and expose it to sunlight, which disintegrates it vanquishing the vampire for good, ending the rivalry between the Joestars and Dio and finally allowing Jonathan Joestar to rest in peace after so many years. Dio is not present in either Diamond Is Unbreakable or Golden Wind , but his influence on the story is still present. In Diamond Is Unbreakable , it is revealed that Dio acquired his Stand by means of an ancient artifact known as

7888-487: The brain, heart, liver, pancreas and immune system . Heavy alcohol usage can result in trouble sleeping , and severe cognitive issues like dementia , brain damage , or Wernicke–Korsakoff syndrome . Physical effects include irregular heartbeat , an impaired immune response, liver cirrhosis , increased cancer risk , and severe withdrawal symptoms if stopped suddenly. These health effects can reduce life expectancy by 10 years. Drinking during pregnancy may harm

8004-487: The child's health , and drunk driving increases the risk of traffic accidents. Alcoholism is also associated with increases in violent and non-violent crime. While alcoholism directly resulted in 139,000 deaths worldwide in 2013, in 2012 3.3 million deaths may be attributable globally to alcohol. The development of alcoholism is attributed to both environment and genetics equally. The use of alcohol to self-medicate stress or anxiety can turn into alcoholism. Someone with

8120-485: The classical disease model follows a progressive course: if people continue to drink, their condition will worsen. This will lead to harmful consequences in their lives, physically, mentally, emotionally, and socially. Johnson (1980) proposed that the emotional progression of the addicted people's response to alcohol has four phases. The first two are considered "normal" drinking and the last two are viewed as "typical" alcoholic drinking. Johnson's four phases consist of: In

8236-921: The complaint of poor health, with loss of appetite, respiratory infections, or increased anxiety. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03–0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria (intense feelings of well-being and happiness), increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy , sedation , balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC of 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g. slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor , unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia , vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit while unconscious) and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes

8352-436: The complete Saint's Corpse or use them to gather the parts so he can steal them and achieve ultimate power. Dio has generally received praise from various reviewers of manga, anime, and other media; most praised his frightening and enjoyably evil personality making an appealing antagonist, as well as his influence on the rest of the series. Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network notes that his far-reaching influence throughout

8468-399: The condition as one of social choice. Most treatments focus on helping people discontinue their alcohol intake, followed up with life training and/or social support to help them resist a return to alcohol use. Since alcoholism involves multiple factors which encourage a person to continue drinking, they must all be addressed to successfully prevent a relapse. An example of this kind of treatment

8584-443: The detection and treatment of alcohol use disorder. This is more of a barrier for women than men. Fear of stigmatization may lead women to deny that they have a medical condition, to hide their drinking, and to drink alone. This pattern, in turn, leads family, physicians, and others to be less likely to suspect that a woman they know has alcohol use disorder. In contrast, reduced fear of stigma may lead men to admit that they are having

8700-588: The drinker. The Dietary Guidelines for Americans , issued by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 2005, defines "moderate use" as no more than two alcoholic beverages a day for men and no more than one alcoholic beverage a day for women. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines binge drinking as the amount of alcohol leading to a blood alcohol content (BAC) of 0.08, which, for most adults, would be reached by consuming five drinks for men or four for women over

8816-550: The drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking." MeSH has had an entry for alcoholism since 1999, and references the 1992 definition. The WHO calls alcoholism "a term of long-standing use and variable meaning", and use of the term was disfavored by a 1979 WHO expert committee. In professional and research contexts, the term alcoholism is not currently favored, but rather alcohol abuse , alcohol dependence , or alcohol use disorder are used. Talbot (1989) observes that alcoholism in

8932-496: The effects of Valentine's Stand. The original Dio cameos in a volume-exclusive interlude detailing the mechanics and limitations of Stand abilities. Dio makes a brief cameo appearance with the Stone Mask during the events of "The Wonder of You (The Miracle of Your Love)" arc. Above all else, Dio Brando is known for his cunning and careful consideration. It is when Jonathan Joestar defies his expectations, defeating him in battle and thwarting his deliberate machinations, that Dio dons

9048-490: The emotional development of children of people with alcohol use disorders. For this reason, children of people with alcohol use disorders can develop a number of emotional problems. For example, they can become afraid of their parents, because of their unstable mood behaviors. They may develop shame over their inadequacy to liberate their parents from alcoholism and, as a result of this, may develop self-image problems, which can lead to depression. As with similar substances with

9164-565: The end of Phantom Blood, a victim of the attack survives - although he died shortly after.) Another vampiric technique available to Dio is Space Ripper Stingy Eyes ( 空裂眼刺驚 （ スペースリパー・スティンギーアイズ ） , Supēsu Ripā Sutingī Aizu ) that allows him to shoot two pressurised fluid jets from his eyes. He can also graft body parts of different beings together, an ability he then used to take Jonathan Joestar's body as his own. Once he returns 100 years later with Jonathan's body, Dio developed his signature Stand, The World, after being struck by

9280-417: The entire series works especially well as a stark contrast to his humble origins. Her colleague Jacob Chapman called him "one of the greatest supervillains ever invented in any medium." Can Hoang Tran of The News Hub cites the anticipation of Dio's appearance in the 2014 reanimation of Stardust Crusaders to be a driving force of the series' success, later calling him the most rewarding character to play as in

9396-494: The events of Stardust Crusaders . He told Father Pucci of his desire to use his Stand, The World, in order to reach "Heaven", and befriended the young priest in order to help him achieve his goal. Pucci's reverence for Dio drives him to carry out his plan decades later. He manipulates events to frame Jotaro Kujo's daughter Jolyne Cujoh for murder in order to trap her in Green Dolphin Street Prison, where he serves as

9512-469: The exclusion of other activities, promises to quit drinking and failure to keep those promises, the inability to remember what was said or done while drinking (colloquially known as "blackouts"), personality changes associated with drinking, denial or the making of excuses for drinking, the refusal to admit excessive drinking, dysfunction or other problems at work or school, the loss of interest in personal appearance or hygiene, marital and economic problems, and

9628-432: The first two arcs of Hirohiko Araki 's manga of the same name : Phantom Blood ( ファントムブラッド , Fantomu Buraddo ) and Battle Tendency ( 戦闘潮流 , Sentō Chōryū ) . The Phantom Blood arc, which aired on Tokyo MX between October 6 and December 1, 2012, revolves around the mysterious adventures of the Joestar family, beginning with an encounter involving Jonathan Joestar , his adoptive brother Dio Brando , and

9744-465: The general population, which can lead to higher instances of psychiatric disorders and greater dependence on alcohol. Serious social problems arise from alcohol use disorder; these dilemmas are caused by the pathological changes in the brain and the intoxicating effects of alcohol. Alcohol misuse is associated with an increased risk of committing criminal offences, including child abuse , domestic violence , rape , burglary and assault . Alcoholism

9860-626: The genetics of alcohol consumption and alcohol dependence, although the two are to some degree related. Alcohol-induced DNA damage , when not properly repaired, may have a key role in the neurotoxicity induced by alcohol. Metabolic conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde can occur in the brain and the neurotoxic effects of ethanol appear to be associated with acetaldehyde induced DNA damages including DNA adducts and crosslinks. In addition to acetaldehyde, alcohol metabolism produces potentially genotoxic reactive oxygen species , which have been demonstrated to cause oxidative DNA damage. Because there

9976-513: The influence being the most common. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), a screening questionnaire developed by the World Health Organization , is unique in that it has been validated in six countries and is used internationally. Like the CAGE questionnaire, it uses a simple set of questions – a high score earning a deeper investigation. The Paddington Alcohol Test (PAT)

10092-596: The intensification of psychological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. There are decision tools and questionnaires that help guide physicians in evaluating alcohol withdrawal. For example, the CIWA-Ar objectifies alcohol withdrawal symptoms in order to guide therapy decisions which allows for an efficient interview while at the same time retaining clinical usefulness, validity, and reliability, ensuring proper care for withdrawal patients, who can be in danger of death. A complex combination of genetic and environmental factors influences

10208-407: The liver, pancreatitis , epilepsy , polyneuropathy , alcoholic dementia , heart disease, nutritional deficiencies, peptic ulcers and sexual dysfunction , and can eventually be fatal. Other physical effects include an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease , malabsorption , alcoholic liver disease , and several cancers such as breast cancer and head and neck cancer . Damage to

10324-479: The neurotoxic effects increases impulsive behaviour, which may contribute to the development, persistence and severity of alcohol use disorders. There is evidence that with abstinence, there is a reversal of at least some of the alcohol induced central nervous system damage. The use of cannabis was associated with later problems with alcohol use. Alcohol use was associated with an increased probability of later use of tobacco and illegal drugs such as cannabis. Alcohol

10440-815: The neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the prefrontal cortex area of the brain. The social skills that are impaired by alcohol use disorder include impairments in perceiving facial emotions, prosody , perception problems, and theory of mind deficits; the ability to understand humor is also impaired in people who misuse alcohol. Psychiatric disorders are common in people with alcohol use disorders, with as many as 25% also having severe psychiatric disturbances. The most prevalent psychiatric symptoms are anxiety and depression disorders. Psychiatric symptoms usually initially worsen during alcohol withdrawal, but typically improve or disappear with continued abstinence. Psychosis , confusion , and organic brain syndrome may be caused by alcohol misuse, which can lead to

10556-410: The next seven years feigning to be Jonathan's friend. He then poisons George with the same poison that he used to kill Dario in order to steal the Joestar fortune. Jonathan investigates it, causing Dio to plan to murder Jonathan with an ancient Aztec stone mask. However, Dio learns that it transforms the wearer into a vampire when exposed to blood, and uses it on himself when his plan is exposed. After

10672-564: The opening theme for the Part 1 episodes. The score for Part 1 was composed by Hayato Matsuo , and was released in two parts as Destiny , a bonus disc in the first Blu-ray box set released on January 30, 2013, and Future , a separate CD release on February 22, 2013. Future debuted at number 95 on the Billboard Japan Top Albums charts and peaked at 115 on the Oricon Weekly Album Charts. The opening theme song for

10788-568: The option of English subtitles. Crunchyroll began streaming the series in April 2014. The English DVD was released by Warner Home Video on September 22, 2015, with both English and Japanese audio with closed captioning for the English dub only. Viz Media released an English Blu-ray set on July 25, 2017, that includes English and Japanese audio with new subtitles for the Japanese. A second season, JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders , based on

10904-735: The past month met the criteria for alcohol dependence or misuse in the past year. Males had higher rates than females for all measures of drinking in the past month: any alcohol use (57.5% vs. 45%), binge drinking (30.8% vs. 15.1%), and heavy alcohol use (10.5% vs. 3.3%), and males were twice as likely as females to have met the criteria for alcohol dependence or misuse in the past year (10.5% vs. 5.1%). However, because females generally weigh less than males, have more fat and less water in their bodies, and metabolize less alcohol in their esophagus and stomach, they are likely to develop higher blood alcohol levels per drink. Women may also be more vulnerable to liver disease. There are genetic variations that affect

11020-401: The period of 3–6 weeks following cessation, anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbance are common. Similar post-acute withdrawal symptoms have also been observed in animal models of alcohol dependence and withdrawal. A kindling effect also occurs in people with alcohol use disorders whereby each subsequent withdrawal syndrome is more severe than the previous withdrawal episode; this

11136-458: The protagonist's dog alive. Jun Yamamoto for Billboard said he "could almost feel the passion and ambition that Jonathan Joestar had in his fight against Dio" when listening to the first opening of the TV series. Readers of Anime News Network voted Dio number one in a poll of which anime villains would make the best friends in real life for his "cool composure" and "awesome lines". In February 2013,

11252-505: The rage of his friends and grandfather's deaths as well as his mother's dwindling health, taking advantage of Dio's pride and desire to test his strengthened abilities, Jotaro awakens his own time-stopping powers and overpowers Dio with Star Platinum, successfully defeating him on the Qasr El Nil Bridge . Jotaro and the Speedwagon Foundation doctors revive Joseph via a blood transfusion from Dio/Jonathan's body. Then Joseph and Jotaro take

11368-451: The reality-writing power of his evolved Stand "The World Over Heaven" ( ザ・ワールド・オーバーヘブン , Za Wārudo Ōbā Hebun ) . Dio learns of alternate realities from Funny Valentine, seeking to control all universes through the Saint's Corpse , and uses his more advanced powers over time to revive fallen heroes and villains to either serve him in preventing Jotaro Kujo and the other Joestars from obtaining

11484-413: The resulting fight, Jonathan impales him on a stone statue and leaves him in the burning Joestar mansion. However, Dio survives and uses zombies to take over the small village of Windknight's Lot. Jonathan is sought out by Will A. Zeppeli, a master of an ancient martial art called Hamon, which can kill vampires and zombies. He teaches Jonathan how to use it as Dio sends zombies to kill him so he can take over

11600-451: The risk for alcoholism. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of more than 100,000 human individuals identified variants of the gene KLB , which encodes the transmembrane protein β- Klotho , as highly associated with alcohol consumption. The protein β-Klotho is an essential element in cell surface receptors for hormones involved in modulation of appetites for simple sugars and alcohol. Several large GWAS have found differences in

11716-555: The risk for alcoholism. Some of these variations are more common in individuals with ancestry from certain areas; for example, Africa, East Asia, the Middle East and Europe. The variants with strongest effect are in genes that encode the main enzymes of alcohol metabolism, ADH1B and ALDH2 . These genetic factors influence the rate at which alcohol and its initial metabolic product, acetaldehyde, are metabolized. They are found at different frequencies in people from different parts of

11832-683: The risk of depression. Psychiatric disorders differ depending on gender. Women who have alcohol-use disorders often have a co-occurring psychiatric diagnosis such as major depression , anxiety , panic disorder , bulimia , post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or borderline personality disorder . Men with alcohol-use disorders more often have a co-occurring diagnosis of narcissistic or antisocial personality disorder , bipolar disorder , schizophrenia , impulse disorders or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Women with alcohol use disorder are more likely to experience physical or sexual assault , abuse, and domestic violence than women in

11948-440: The risk of the development of alcoholism. Genes that influence the metabolism of alcohol also influence the risk of alcoholism, as can a family history of alcoholism. There is compelling evidence that alcohol use at an early age may influence the expression of genes which increase the risk of alcohol dependence. These genetic and epigenetic results are regarded as consistent with large longitudinal population studies finding that

12064-405: The series' video games. Joel Loynds of The Linc wrote "Dio's actions so powerfully and immediately establish his evil... that you will be invested in seeing his evolution even more than you [will be for JoJo]". Dallas Marshall of Green Tea Graffiti writes that Araki's straightforward intention of making the reader hate Dio worked simply and flawlessly, citing Dio's defining character moment as burning

12180-647: The skepticism toward the viability of moderate drinking goals stems from historical ideas about 'alcoholism', now replaced with 'alcohol use disorder' or alcohol dependence in most scientific contexts. A 2021 meta-analysis and systematic review of controlled drinking covering 22 studies concluded controlled drinking was a 'non-inferior' outcome to abstinence for many drinkers. Rationing and moderation programs such as Moderation Management and DrinkWise do not mandate complete abstinence. While most people with alcohol use disorders are unable to limit their drinking in this way, some return to moderate drinking. A 2002 US study by

12296-466: The sole heir to the Joestar fortune are thwarted and he resorts to using an ancient Stone Mask which transforms him into a vampire with his sights now set on world domination. With Will A. Zeppeli, a master of a supernatural ability called Hamon, and former street thug Robert E.O. Speedwagon at his side, George's son Jonathan trains in Hamon and stops Dio who is left aboard an exploding ship after he mortally wounds Jonathan. However, Jonathan's wife Erina

12412-494: The time of Giorno's conception, Giorno is biologically both Dio and Jonathan's son and thus a member of the Joestar family, and his own virtuous soul prevents him from becoming evil as Dio was, thanks to his encounter with a heroic gangster in his childhood life. Dio's influence on JoJo's Bizarre Adventure returns in Stone Ocean , where it is revealed that he met the story arc's main antagonist, Father Enrico Pucci, shortly before

12528-440: The use of benzodiazepine medications, such as diazepam . These can be taken while admitted to a health care institution or individually. The medications acamprosate or disulfiram may also be used to help prevent further drinking. Mental illness or other addictions may complicate treatment. Various individual or group therapy or support groups are used to attempt to keep a person from returning to alcoholism. Among them

12644-419: The volume of alcohol consumed and a pattern of drinking larger amounts on an occasion , to the point of intoxication, which is sometimes called binge drinking . Binge drinking is the most common pattern of alcoholism. It has different definitions and one of this defines it as a pattern of drinking when a male has five or more drinks on an occasion or a female has at least four drinks on an occasion. Alcoholism

12760-540: The world. The alcohol dehydrogenase allele ADH1B*2 causes a more rapid metabolism of alcohol to acetaldehyde, and reduces risk for alcoholism; it is most common in individuals from East Asia and the Middle East. The alcohol dehydrogenase allele ADH1B*3 also causes a more rapid metabolism of alcohol. The allele ADH1B*3 is only found in some individuals of African descent and certain Native American tribes. African Americans and Native Americans with this allele have

12876-483: The world. Jonathan seemingly defeats him again, but Dio survives by decapitating himself. He and a surviving zombie, Wang Chan, attack Jonathan on a steamship during his honeymoon with Erina in an attempt to claim his enemy's body for his own. While Dio fatally punctures his throat, Jonathan overloads the ship's engines by using his Hamon. Dio is seemingly killed by the resulting explosion. Erina, escapes unharmed with an orphaned girl and her unborn son with Johnathan. As he

12992-453: The younger the age of drinking onset, the greater the prevalence of lifetime alcohol dependence. Severe childhood trauma is also associated with a general increase in the risk of drug dependency. Lack of peer and family support is associated with an increased risk of alcoholism developing. Genetics and adolescence are associated with an increased sensitivity to the neurotoxic effects of chronic alcohol misuse. Cortical degeneration due to

13108-504: Was designed to screen for alcohol-related problems amongst those attending Accident and Emergency departments . It concords well with the AUDIT questionnaire but is administered in a fifth of the time. There are reliable tests for the actual use of alcohol, one common test being that of blood alcohol content (BAC). These tests do not differentiate people with alcohol use disorders from people without; however, long-term heavy drinking does have

13224-439: Was first coined in 1852, but alcoholism and alcoholic are sometimes considered stigmatizing and to discourage seeking treatment, so diagnostic terms such as alcohol use disorder or alcohol dependence are often used instead in a clinical context. Alcohol is addictive , and heavy long-term alcohol use results in many negative health and social consequences. It can damage all the organ systems , but especially affects

13340-605: Was first voiced by Norio Wakamoto in the 1993 drama CDs , followed by Nobuo Tanaka in the OVAs and Isshin Chiba in the 1998 video game . He is voiced by both Kenji Nojima and Hikaru Midorikawa in the Phantom Blood video game and 2007 animated film as the younger and older incarnations, respectively. In the 2012 television anime and in all subsequent media, he is voiced by Takehito Koyasu . Dio has had two English voice actors; he

13456-597: Was voiced by Kid Beyond in the OVAs, and by Patrick Seitz in the TV anime. Dio Brando has appeared in many video games related to the JoJo's Bizarre Adventure franchise, usually as a player character or a boss . Some games include multiple versions of the character; in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Eyes of Heaven for example, both Dio Brando from Part 1 and Dio from Part 3 are playable characters, along with Diego Brando and Parallel World Diego from Part 7. Furthermore, he has appeared as

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