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92-406: The town is located along the river N'Zi, approximately 50 km southeast of the official capital of Ivory Coast, Yamoussoukro . Dimbokro is connected by both road and railway from the country's commercial capital and de facto political capital Abidjan on the coast. Except for a textile factory, the town is of limited size and economic importance. Dimbokro is otherwise known as the birthplace of

184-498: A Pepper Coast , also known as the "Grain Coast" (present-day Liberia ), a " Gold Coast " ( Ghana ), and a " Slave Coast " ( Togo , Benin and Nigeria ). Like those, the name "Ivory Coast" reflected the major trade that occurred on that particular stretch of the coast: the export of ivory . Other names for the area included the Côte de Dents , literally "Coast of Teeth", again reflecting

276-551: A "Zone of Confidence", relations between Gbagbo and the opposition continued to deteriorate. Early in November 2004, after the peace agreement had effectively collapsed because the rebels refused to disarm, Gbagbo ordered airstrikes against the rebels. During one of these airstrikes in Bouaké, on 6 November 2004, French soldiers were hit, and nine were killed; the Ivorian government said it was

368-445: A "government of national unity". Curfews were lifted, and French troops patrolled the country's western border. The unity government was unstable, and central problems remained with neither side achieving its goals. In March 2004, 120 people were killed at an opposition rally, and subsequent mob violence led to the evacuation of foreign nationals. A report concluded the killings were planned. Though UN peacekeepers were deployed to maintain

460-467: A commission to establish the country's first solar plant in Boundiali , with an installation of 37.5 MW, backed by a 10-MW lithium battery energy storage system . On 6 October 2023, Ouattara dissolved the government and removed Prime Minister Patrick Achi from his position. The government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The Parliament of Ivory Coast , consists of

552-465: A local drought sent shock waves through the Ivorian economy. The overcutting of timber and collapsing sugar prices caused the country's external debt to increase three-fold. Crime rose dramatically in Abidjan as an influx of villagers exacerbated unemployment caused by the recession. In 1990, hundreds of civil servants went on strike, joined by students protesting institutional corruption . The unrest forced

644-559: A minister, the first African to become a minister in a European government. A turning point in relations with France was reached with the 1956 Overseas Reform Act ( Loi Cadre ), which transferred several powers from Paris to elected territorial governments in French West Africa and also removed the remaining voting inequities. On 4 December 1958, Ivory Coast became an autonomous member of the French Community, which had replaced

736-512: A mistake, but the French claimed it was deliberate. They responded by destroying most Ivorian military aircraft (two Su-25 planes and five helicopters), and violent retaliatory riots against the French broke out in Abidjan. Gbagbo's original term as president expired on 30 October 2005, but a peaceful election was deemed impossible, so his term in office was extended for a maximum of one year, according to

828-549: A plan worked out by the African Union and endorsed by the United Nations Security Council . With the late-October deadline approaching in 2006, the election was regarded as very unlikely to be held by that point, and the opposition and the rebels rejected the possibility of another term extension for Gbagbo. The UN Security Council endorsed another one-year extension of Gbagbo's term on 1 November 2006; however,

920-512: A possible indication of a large human presence during the Upper Paleolithic period (15,000 to 10,000 BC), or at the minimum, the Neolithic period. The earliest known inhabitants of Ivory Coast have left traces scattered throughout the territory. Historians believe that they were all either displaced or absorbed by the ancestors of the present indigenous inhabitants, who migrated south into

1012-451: A small number of Westernized Ivorians were granted the right to apply for French citizenship. Most Ivorians, however, were classified as French subjects and were governed under the principle of association. As subjects of France, natives outside the civilized elite had no political rights. They were drafted for work in mines, on plantations, as porters, and on public projects as part of their tax responsibility. They were expected to serve in

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1104-505: A year-long U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement operation charged with procuring and illegal export of weapons and munitions: 4,000 handguns, 200,000 rounds of ammunition, and 50,000 tear-gas grenades, in violation of a UN embargo. Several other Ivory Coast officers were released because they had diplomatic passports. His accomplice, Michael Barry Shor, an international trader, was located in Virginia. The 2010 presidential election led to

1196-530: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Yamoussoukro Yamoussoukro ( / ˌ j æ m ʊ ˈ s uː k r oʊ / ; French pronunciation: [jamusukʁo] , locally [jamsokʁo] ) is the capital of Ivory Coast and an autonomous district . As of the 2014 census, Yamoussoukro is the fifth most populous city in the Ivory Coast , with a population of 212,670. Located 240 kilometers (150 mi) north-west of Abidjan ,

1288-409: Is divided into departments, sub-prefectures and a commune. The district consists of the departments of Attiégouakro and Yamoussoukro . The departments further divided into the sub-prefectures of Attiégouakro , Kossou , Lolobo , and Yamoussoukro. There is one commune , which is also named Yamoussoukro, and it shares the same borders as the district. In 2011, the position of Mayor of Yamoussoukro

1380-451: Is not quite coterminous with what the 15th- and 16th-century merchants knew as the "Teeth" or "Ivory" coast, which was considered to stretch from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and which is thus now divided between the modern states of Ghana and Ivory Coast (with a minute portion of Liberia). It retained the name through French rule and independence in 1960. The name had long since been translated literally into other languages, which

1472-482: The 2010–2011 Ivorian crisis and the Second Ivorian Civil War. International organizations reported numerous human-rights violations by both sides. In Duékoué , hundreds of people were killed. In nearby Bloléquin , dozens were killed. UN and French forces took military action against Gbagbo. Gbagbo was taken into custody after a raid into his residence on 11 April 2011. The country was severely damaged by

1564-475: The Concorde . Among the places of worship are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Roman Catholic Diocese of Yamoussoukro ( Catholic Church ), United Methodist Church Ivory Coast ( World Methodist Council ), Union of Missionary Baptist Churches in Ivory Coast ( Baptist World Alliance ), Assemblies of God . There are also Muslim mosques. Yamoussoukro is the site of the largest Christian church in

1656-556: The Constitutional Council , charging massive fraud in the northern departments controlled by the rebels of the New Forces. These charges were contradicted by United Nations observers (unlike African Union observers). The report of the results led to severe tension and violent incidents. The Constitutional Council, which consisted of Gbagbo supporters, declared the results of seven northern departments unlawful and that Gbagbo had won

1748-630: The Dyula in the early 18th century in the north-central region inhabited by the Sénoufo , who had fled Islamization under the Mali Empire. Although Kong became a prosperous centre of agriculture, trade, and crafts, ethnic diversity and religious discord gradually weakened the kingdom. In 1895 the city of Kong was sacked and conquered by Samori Ture of the Wassoulou Empire . The Abron kingdom of Gyaaman

1840-489: The Franco-Prussian War in 1871 and the subsequent annexation by Germany of the French province of Alsace–Lorraine initially caused the French government to abandon its colonial ambitions and withdraw its military garrisons from its West African trading posts, leaving them in the care of resident merchants. The trading post at Grand-Bassam was left in the care of a shipper from Marseille , Arthur Verdier , who in 1878

1932-573: The French Union . By 1960, the country was easily French West Africa's most prosperous, contributing over 40% of the region's total exports. When Houphouët-Boigny became the first president, his government gave farmers good prices for their products to further stimulate production, which was further boosted by a significant immigration of workers from surrounding countries. Coffee production increased significantly, catapulting Ivory Coast into third place in world output, behind Brazil and Colombia. By 1979,

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2024-540: The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire , is a country on the southern coast of West Africa . Its capital city of Yamoussoukro is located in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan . It borders Guinea to the northwest , Liberia to the west , Mali to the northwest , Burkina Faso to the northeast , Ghana to the east , and the Atlantic Ocean 's Gulf of Guinea to

2116-604: The Sahara , many moved south to avoid the harsh conditions. Queen Yamoussou, the niece of Kouassi N'Go, ran the city of N'Gokro in 1929 at the time of French colonization . The village of N'Gokro was renamed Yamoussoukro, the suffix Kro meaning town in Baoule . Diplomatic and commercial relations were then established, but in 1909, on the orders of the Chief of Djamlabo, the Akoué revolted against

2208-475: The western Sudan by Muslim Berbers; it spread rapidly after the conversion of many important rulers. From the 11th century, by which time the rulers of the Sudanic empires had embraced Islam, it spread south into the northern areas of contemporary Ivory Coast. The Ghana Empire , the earliest of the Sudanic empires, flourished in the region encompassing present-day southeast Mauritania and southern Mali between

2300-549: The 15th and 16th centuries divided the west coast of Africa, very roughly, into four "coasts" reflecting resources available from each coast. The coast that the French named the Côte d'Ivoire and the Portuguese named the Costa do Marfim —both meaning "Coast of Ivory"—lay between what was known as the Guiné de Cabo Verde , so-called "Upper Guinea" at Cap-Vert , and Lower Guinea. There was also

2392-513: The 1840s, the French concluded a series of treaties with local West African chiefs that enabled the French to build fortified posts along the Gulf of Guinea to serve as permanent trading centres. The first posts in Ivory Coast included one at Assinie and another at Grand-Bassam, which became the colony's first capital. The treaties provided for French sovereignty within the posts and for trading privileges in exchange for fees or coutumes paid annually to

2484-457: The 1980s, contributing to a period of political and social turmoil that extended until 2011. Ivory Coast has experienced again high economic growth since the return of peace and political stability in 2011. From 2012 to 2023, the economy grew by an average of 7.1% per year in real terms , the second-fastest rate of economic growth in Africa and fourth-fastest rate in the world. In 2023, Ivory Coast had

2576-522: The 4th and 13th centuries. At the peak of its power in the 11th century, its realms extended from the Atlantic Ocean to Timbuktu. After the decline of Ghana, the Mali Empire grew into a powerful Muslim state, which reached its apogee in the early part of the 14th century. The territory of the Mali Empire in Ivory Coast was limited to the northwest corner around Odienné . Its slow decline starting at

2668-399: The French were helping either side was not established as a fact, but each side accused the French of supporting the opposite side. Whether French actions improved or worsened the situation in the long term is disputed. What exactly happened that night is also disputed. The government claimed that former president Robert Guéï led a coup attempt, and state TV showed pictures of his dead body in

2760-598: The Ivorian government's request, the English translation "Ivory Coast" (often " the Ivory Coast") is still frequently used in English by various media outlets and publications. The first human presence in Ivory Coast has been difficult to determine because human remains have not been well preserved in the country's humid climate. However, newly found weapon and tool fragments (specifically, polished axes cut through shale and remnants of cooking and fishing) have been interpreted as

2852-553: The West , especially France . Its stability was diminished by a coup d'état in 1999 and two civil wars—first between 2002 and 2007 and again during 2010–2011 . It adopted a new constitution in 2016. Ivory Coast is a republic with strong executive power vested in its president . Through the production of coffee and cocoa , it was an economic powerhouse in West Africa during the 1960s and 1970s, then experienced an economic crisis in

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2944-521: The administration. Bonzi station, 7 kilometres (4.3 mi) from Yamoussoukro on the Bouaflé road, was set on fire, and the French administrator, Simon Maurice, was spared only by the intervention of Kouassi N'Go. As the situation got worse, Maurice, judging that Bonzi had become safe, decided to transfer the French military station to Yamoussoukro, where the French Administration built a pyramid to

3036-480: The area before the 16th century. Such groups included the Ehotilé ( Aboisso ), Kotrowou (Fresco), Zéhiri ( Grand-Lahou ), Ega and Diès ( Divo ). The first recorded history appears in the chronicles of North African ( Berber ) traders, who, from early Roman times , conducted a caravan trade across the Sahara in salt, slaves, gold, and other goods. The southern termini of the trans-Saharan trade routes were located on

3128-508: The area under French control inland from the lagoon region. Pacification was not accomplished until 1915. Activity along the coast stimulated European interest in the interior, especially along the two great rivers, the Senegal and the Niger . Concerted French exploration of West Africa began in the mid-19th century but moved slowly, based more on individual initiative than on government policy. In

3220-577: The assimilation doctrine was implemented through the postwar reforms, though, Ivorian leaders realized that even assimilation implied the superiority of the French over the Ivorians and that discrimination and inequality would end only with independence. Félix Houphouët-Boigny , the son of a Baoulé chief , became Ivory Coast's father of independence. In 1944, he formed the country's first agricultural trade union for African cocoa farmers like himself. Angered that colonial policy favoured French plantation owners,

3312-688: The assumed superiority of French culture, in practice the assimilation policy meant the extension of the French language, institutions, laws, and customs to the colonies. The policy of association also affirmed the superiority of the French in the colonies, but it entailed different institutions and systems of laws for the colonizer and the colonized. Under this policy, the Africans in Ivory Coast were allowed to preserve their own customs insofar as they were compatible with French interests. An indigenous elite trained in French administrative practice formed an intermediary group between French and Africans. After 1930,

3404-649: The coast. The earliest recorded European voyage to West Africa was made by the Portuguese in 1482. The first West African French settlement, Saint-Louis , was founded in the mid-17th century in Senegal, while at about the same time, the Dutch ceded to the French a settlement at Gorée Island , off Dakar . A French mission was established in 1687 at Assinie near the border with the Gold Coast (now Ghana). The Europeans suppressed

3496-621: The coast. Ivory Coast stood out as the only West African country with a sizeable population of European settlers; elsewhere in West and Central Africa, Europeans who emigrated to the colonies were largely bureaucrats. As a result, French citizens owned one-third of the cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations and adopted the local forced-labour system. Throughout the early years of French rule, French military contingents were sent inland to establish new posts. The African population resisted French penetration and settlement, even in areas where treaties of protection had been in force. Among those offering

3588-470: The colonial control of the French. Until 1958, governors appointed in Paris administered the colony of Ivory Coast, using a system of direct, centralized administration that left little room for Ivorian participation in policy-making. The French colonial administration also adopted divide-and-rule policies, applying ideas of assimilation only to the educated elite. The French were also interested in ensuring that

3680-588: The conflict. The United Nations Security Council adopted a resolution recognising Ouattara as the winner of the elections, based on the position of the Economic Community of West African States , which suspended Ivory Coast from all its decision-making bodies while the African Union also suspended the country's membership. In 2010, a colonel of Ivory Coast armed forces, Nguessan Yao, was arrested in New York in

3772-497: The country was the world's leading producer of cocoa. It also became Africa's leading exporter of pineapples and palm oil. French technicians contributed to the "Ivorian miracle". In other African nations, the people drove out the Europeans following independence, but in Ivory Coast, they poured in. The French community grew from only 30,000 before independence to 60,000 in 1980, most of them teachers, managers, and advisors. For 20 years,

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3864-408: The country's capital city in a century. Ivory Coast's previous capital cities were Grand-Bassam (1893), Bingerville (1900), and Abidjan (1933). Most economic activity still takes place in Abidjan, and it is officially designated as the "economic capital" of the country. Yamoussoukro is the seat of Yamoussoukro Department and the neighbouring Bélier Region , but Yamoussoukro itself is not part of

3956-534: The country's current president, Alassane Ouattara and African reggae superstar Alpha Blondy . Dimbokro is served by Dimbokro Airport and by a station on the national railway system. A railway bridge over the Nzi River near Dimbokro collapsed on 6 September 2016. In 2014, the population of the sub-prefecture of Dimbokro was 64,957. The 24 villages of the sub-prefecture of Dimbokro and their population in 2014 are: This Lacs District location article

4048-599: The creation of the African Agricultural Union , as well as the first conferences of its chief. However, it was only with independence that Yamoussoukro finally started to rise. In 1950, the village comprised 500 inhabitants. After 1964, the President Félix Houphouët-Boigny made ambitious plans and started to build. One day in 1965, later called the Great Lesson of Yamoussoukro, he visited

4140-483: The district contains 169 settlements. Yamoussoukro is a sub-prefecture in Yamoussoukro Department and is also a commune : since 2012, the city of Yamoussoukro has been the sole commune in the autonomous district of Yamoussoukro. Stone tools found in the country from hundreds of thousands of years ago show that the area around Yamoussoukro has been occupied since ancient times. Due to the desertification of

4232-451: The district of Yamoussoukro covers 2,075 square kilometers (801 sq mi) among rolling hills and plains. Yamoussoukro became the legal capital of Ivory Coast in 1983, although the former capital Abidjan retains several political functions. Prior to 2011, what is now the district of Yamoussoukro was part of Lacs Region . The district was created in 2011 and is split into the departments of Attiégouakro and Yamoussoukro . In total,

4324-422: The eastern and western boundaries of the colony, but the northern boundary was not fixed until 1947 because of efforts by the French government to attach parts of Upper Volta (present-day Burkina Faso ) and French Sudan (present-day Mali) to Ivory Coast for economic and administrative reasons. France's main goal was to stimulate the production of exports. Coffee, cocoa, and palm oil crops were soon planted along

4416-504: The economy maintained an annual growth rate of nearly 10%—the highest of Africa's non-oil-exporting countries. Houphouët-Boigny's one-party rule was not amenable to political competition. Laurent Gbagbo , who would become the president of Ivory Coast in 2000, had to flee the country in the 1980s after he incurred the ire of Houphouët-Boigny by founding the Front Populaire Ivoirien . Houphouët-Boigny banked on his broad appeal to

4508-481: The edge of the desert, and from there supplemental trade extended as far south as the edge of the rainforest. The most important terminals— Djenné , Gao , and Timbuctu —grew into major commercial centres around which the great Sudanic empires developed. By controlling the trade routes with their powerful military forces, these empires were able to dominate neighbouring states. The Sudanic empires also became centres of Islamic education . Islam had been introduced in

4600-586: The elections with 51% of the vote – instead of Ouattara winning with 54%, as reported by the Electoral Commission. After the inauguration of Gbagbo, Ouattara—who was recognized as the winner by most countries and the United Nations—organized an alternative inauguration. These events raised fears of a resurgence of the civil war; thousands of refugees fled the country. The African Union sent Thabo Mbeki , former president of South Africa, to mediate

4692-412: The end of the 14th century followed internal discord and revolts by vassal states, one of which, Songhai , flourished as an empire between the 14th and 16th centuries. Songhai was also weakened by internal discord, which led to factional warfare. This discord spurred most of the migrations southward toward the forest belt. The dense rainforest covering the southern half of the country created barriers to

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4784-403: The end of the civil war, water and sanitation infrastructure had been greatly damaged. Communities across the country required repairs to their water supply. The presidential elections that should have been organized in 2005 were postponed until November 2010. The preliminary results showed a loss for Gbagbo in favour of former Prime Minister Ouattara. The ruling FPI contested the results before

4876-461: The following decades. Similarly, Bedié excluded many potential opponents from the army. In late 1999, a group of dissatisfied officers staged a military coup , putting General Robert Guéï in power. Bedié fled into exile in France. The new leadership reduced crime and corruption, and the generals pressed for austerity and campaigned in the streets for a less wasteful society. A presidential election

4968-418: The government forces had secured Abidjan. They had lost control of the north of the country, and rebel forces made their stronghold in the northern city of Bouaké . The rebels threatened to move on to Abidjan again, and France deployed troops from its base in the country to stop their advance. The French said they were protecting their citizens from danger, but their deployment also helped government forces. That

5060-518: The government to support multi-party democracy. Houphouët-Boigny became increasingly feeble and died in 1993. He favoured Henri Konan Bédié as his successor. In October 1995, Bédié overwhelmingly won re-election against a fragmented and disorganised opposition. He tightened his hold over political life, jailing several hundred opposition supporters. In contrast, the economic outlook improved, at least superficially, with decreasing inflation and an attempt to remove foreign debt. Unlike Houphouët-Boigny, who

5152-503: The greatest resistance was Samori Ture , who in the 1880s and 1890s was establishing the Wassoulou Empire , which extended over large parts of present-day Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, and Ivory Coast. Ture's large, well-equipped army, which could manufacture and repair its own firearms, attracted strong support throughout the region. The French responded to Ture's expansion and conquest with military pressure. French campaigns against Ture, which were met with fierce resistance, intensified in

5244-648: The headwaters of the Niger River Basin through Ivory Coast. By the end of the 1880s, France had established control over the coastal regions, and in 1889 Britain recognized French sovereignty in the area. That same year, France named Treich-Laplène the titular governor of the territory. In 1893, Ivory Coast became a French colony, with its capital in Grand-Bassam, and Captain Binger was appointed governor. Agreements with Liberia in 1892 and with Britain in 1893 determined

5336-555: The ivory trade; the Côte de Quaqua , after the people whom the Dutch named the Quaqua (alternatively Kwa Kwa); the Coast of the Five and Six Stripes, after a type of cotton fabric also traded there; and the Côte du Vent , the Windward Coast, after perennial local off-shore weather conditions. In the 19th century, usage switched to Côte d'Ivoire . The coastline of the modern state

5428-402: The large-scale political organizations that had arisen in the north. Inhabitants lived in villages or clusters of villages; their contacts with the outside world were filtered through long-distance traders. Villagers subsisted on agriculture and hunting. Five important states flourished in Ivory Coast during the pre-European early modern period . The Muslim Kong Empire was established by

5520-488: The local chiefs for the use of the land. The arrangement was not entirely satisfactory to the French, because trade was limited and misunderstandings over treaty obligations often arose. Nevertheless, the French government maintained the treaties, hoping to expand trade. France also wanted to maintain a presence in the region to stem the increasing influence of the British along the Gulf of Guinea coast. The defeat of France in

5612-533: The local practice of slavery at this time and forbade the trade to their merchants. Assinie's survival was precarious, however; the French were not firmly established in Ivory Coast until the mid-19th century. In 1843–44, French Admiral Louis Édouard Bouët-Willaumez signed treaties with the kings of the Grand-Bassam and Assinie regions, making their territories a French protectorate. French explorers, missionaries, trading companies, and soldiers gradually extended

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5704-540: The memory of Kouassi N'Go, Chief of the Akoué, who was assassinated in 1910 by Akoué rebels, accusing him of being too close to the French. In 1919, the civil station of Yamoussoukro was removed. Félix Houphouët-Boigny became the leader of the village in 1939. A long period passed wherein Yamoussoukro, still a small agricultural town, remained in the shadows. This continued until after the Second World War, which saw

5796-607: The mid-17th century in east-central Ivory Coast, other Akan groups fleeing the Asante established a Baoulé kingdom at Sakasso and two Agni kingdoms, Indénié and Sanwi . The Baoulé, like the Ashanti, developed a highly centralised political and administrative structure under three successive rulers. It finally split into smaller chiefdoms. Despite the breakup of their kingdom, the Baoulé strongly resisted French subjugation. The descendants of

5888-425: The mid-1890s until he was captured in 1898 and his empire dissolved. France's imposition of a head tax in 1900 to support the colony's public works program provoked protests. Many Ivorians saw the tax as a violation of the protectorate treaties because they felt that France was demanding the equivalent of a coutume from the local kings, rather than the reverse. Many, especially in the interior, also considered

5980-606: The military and were subject to the indigénat , a separate system of law. During World War II, the Vichy regime remained in control until 1943, when members of General Charles de Gaulle 's provisional government assumed control of all French West Africa. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944, the first Constituent Assembly of the Fourth Republic in 1946, and France's gratitude for African loyalty during World War II, led to far-reaching governmental reforms in 1946. French citizenship

6072-563: The months of March through October, and a shorter dry season that covers the remaining four months. Like many other cities in West Africa , Yamoussoukro is affected by the harmattan , which serves as a primary source of the city's dry season . Despite the lengthy wet season, Yamoussoukro does not see the level of rainfall experienced in Abidjan. Yamoussoukro on average sees roughly 1,130 millimetres (44 in) of precipitation annually. The Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny

6164-426: The period following World War II , governmental affairs in French West Africa were administered from Paris. France's policy in West Africa was reflected mainly in its philosophy of "association", meaning that all Africans in Ivory Coast were officially French "subjects" but without rights to representation in Africa or France. French colonial policy incorporated concepts of assimilation and association. Based on

6256-456: The plantations with the leaders of the county, inviting them to transpose to their own villages the efforts and agricultural achievements of the region. On 21 July 1977, Houphouët offered his plantations to the State. In March 1983, President Houphouët-Boigny made Yamoussoukro the political and administrative capital of Ivory Coast , as the city was his birthplace. This marked the fourth movement of

6348-403: The population, who continued to elect him. He was criticized for his emphasis on developing large-scale projects. Many felt the millions of dollars spent transforming his home village, Yamoussoukro , into the new political capital were wasted; others supported his vision to develop a centre for peace, education, and religion in the heart of the country. In the early 1980s, the world recession and

6440-563: The post-independence government considered increasingly troublesome whenever its international dealings extended beyond the Francophone sphere. Therefore, in April 1986, the government declared that Côte d'Ivoire (or, more fully, République de Côte d'Ivoire ) would be its formal name for the purposes of diplomatic protocol and has since officially refused to recognize any translations from French to other languages in its international dealings. Despite

6532-482: The presidency. This sparked violent protests in which his supporters, mainly from the country's north, battled riot police in the capital, Yamoussoukro. In the early hours of 19 September 2002, while Gbagbo was in Italy, an armed uprising occurred. Troops who were to be demobilised mutinied, launching attacks in several cities. The battle for the main gendarmerie barracks in Abidjan lasted until mid-morning, but by lunchtime

6624-503: The region. Beginning in 2001, the city was governed as part of the Yamoussoukro Department and incorporated into Lacs Region . In 2011, the department was abolished and the autonomous district of Yamoussoukro was created and separated from the rest of Lacs, which became a separate district . Unlike most districts of the country, the autonomous district of Yamoussoukro is not subdivided into regions . The district, however,

6716-511: The resolution provided for strengthening of Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny 's powers. Gbagbo said the next day that elements of the resolution deemed to be constitutional violations would not be applied. A peace accord between the government and the rebels, or New Forces , was signed on 4 March 2007, and subsequently Guillaume Soro , leader of the New Forces, became prime minister. These events were seen by some observers as substantially strengthening Gbagbo's position. According to UNICEF, at

6808-502: The rulers of the Agni kingdoms tried to retain their separate identity long after Ivory Coast's independence; as late as 1969, the Sanwi attempted to break away from Ivory Coast and form an independent kingdom. Compared to neighbouring Ghana, Ivory Coast, though practising slavery and slave raiding, suffered little from the slave trade . European slave and merchant ships preferred other areas along

6900-483: The second-highest GDP per capita in West Africa, behind Cape Verde . Despite this, as of the most recent survey in 2016, 46.1% of the population continues to be affected by multidimensional poverty . In 2020, Ivory Coast was the world's largest exporter of cocoa beans and had high levels of income for its region. The economy still relies heavily on agriculture, with smallholder cash-crop production predominating. Originally, Portuguese and French merchant-explorers in

6992-401: The small but influential Ivorian elite was sufficiently satisfied with the status quo to refrain from developing anti-French sentiments and calls for independence. Although strongly opposed to the practices of association, educated Ivorians believed that they would achieve equality in the French colonial system through assimilation rather than through complete independence from France. After

7084-551: The south. With 30.9 million inhabitants in 2023, Ivory Coast is the third-most populous country in West Africa . Its official language is French , and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété , Baoulé , Dyula , Dan , Anyin , and Cebaara Senufo . In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast . The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Islam , Christianity , and traditional faiths often entailing animism . Before its colonization, Ivory Coast

7176-517: The street; counter-claims stated that he and 15 others had been murdered at his home, and his body had been moved to the streets to incriminate him. Ouattara took refuge in the German embassy; his home had been burned down. President Gbagbo cut short his trip to Italy and on his return stated, in a television address, that some of the rebels were hiding in the shanty towns where foreign migrant workers lived. Gendarmes and vigilantes bulldozed and burned homes by

7268-532: The tax a humiliating symbol of submission. In 1905, the French officially abolished slavery in most of French West Africa. From 1904 to 1958, Ivory Coast was part of the Federation of French West Africa . It was a colony and an overseas territory under the Third Republic . In World War I, France organized regiments from Ivory Coast to fight in France, and colony resources were rationed from 1917 to 1919. Until

7360-470: The thousands, attacking residents. An early ceasefire with the rebels, which had the backing of much of the northern populace, proved short-lived and fighting over the prime cocoa-growing areas resumed. France sent in troops to maintain the cease-fire boundaries, and militias, including warlords and fighters from Liberia and Sierra Leone , took advantage of the crisis to seize parts of the west. In January 2003, Gbagbo and rebel leaders signed accords creating

7452-496: The union members united to recruit migrant workers for their own farms. Houphouët-Boigny soon rose to prominence and was elected to the French Parliament in Paris within a year. A year later, the French abolished forced labour . Houphouët-Boigny established a strong relationship with the French government, expressing a belief that Ivory Coast would benefit from the relationship, which it did for many years. France appointed him as

7544-521: The war, and it was observed that Ouattara had inherited a formidable challenge to rebuild the economy and reunite Ivorians . Gbagbo was taken to the International Criminal Court in January 2016. He was declared acquitted by the court but given a conditional release in January 2019. Belgium has been designated as a host country. Ouattara has ruled the country since 2010. President Ouattara

7636-476: The world: The Basilica of Our Lady of Peace , consecrated by Pope John Paul II on 10 September 1990. The city is served by Yamoussoukro International Airport . The main activities in the city are fishing, forestry, and perfume industries. Yamoussoukro features a tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) under the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system . The city features a lengthy wet season covering

7728-596: Was established in the 17th century by an Akan group, the Abron, who had fled the developing Ashanti confederation of Asanteman in what is present-day Ghana. From their settlement south of Bondoukou , the Abron gradually extended their hegemony over the Dyula people in Bondoukou, who were recent arrivals from the market city of Begho . Bondoukou developed into a major centre of commerce and Islam. The kingdom's Quranic scholars attracted students from all parts of West Africa. In

7820-717: Was founded in 1996. The city hosted the 2019 World Draughts Championship in draughts and is home to the Ivory Coast Open tennis tournament. The city's two football teams SOA and ASC Ouragahio share the Yamoussoukro Stadium . FC Bibo play in the suburb of Kossou . SOA's basketball club plays in the top division. The city was scheduled to host group stage games for the AFCON 2023, delayed due to weather conditions to January 2024. Ivory Coast Ivory Coast , also known as Côte d'Ivoire and officially

7912-417: Was granted to all African "subjects", the right to organize politically was recognized, and various forms of forced labour were abolished. Between 1944 and 1946, many national conferences and constituent assemblies took place between France's government and provisional governments in Ivory Coast. Governmental reforms were established by late 1946, which granted French citizenship to all African "subjects" under

8004-469: Was held in October 2000 in which Laurent Gbagbo vied with Guéï, but it was not peaceful. The lead-up to the election was marked by military and civil unrest. Following a public uprising that resulted in around 180 deaths, Guéï was swiftly replaced by Gbagbo. Ouattara was disqualified by the country's Supreme Court because of his alleged Burkinabé nationality. The constitution did not allow noncitizens to run for

8096-585: Was home to several states, including Gyaaman , the Kong Empire , and Baoulé . The area became a protectorate of France in 1843 and was consolidated as a French colony in 1893 amid the Scramble for Africa . It achieved independence in 1960, led by Félix Houphouët-Boigny , who ruled the country until 1993. Relatively stable by regional standards, Ivory Coast established close political-economic ties with its West African neighbours while maintaining close relations with

8188-677: Was named Resident of the Establishment of Ivory Coast. In 1886, to support its claims of effective occupation, France again assumed direct control of its West African coastal trading posts and embarked on an accelerated program of exploration in the interior. In 1887, Lieutenant Louis-Gustave Binger began a two-year journey that traversed parts of Ivory Coast's interior. By the end of the journey, he had concluded four treaties establishing French protectorates in Ivory Coast. Also in 1887, Verdier's agent, Marcel Treich-Laplène , negotiated five additional agreements that extended French influence from

8280-473: Was re-elected in the 2015 presidential election . In November 2020 , he won a third term in office in elections boycotted by the opposition. His opponents argued it was illegal for Ouattara to run for a third term. Ivory Coast's Constitutional Council formally ratified President Ouattara's re-election to a third term in November 2020. In December 2022, Ivory Coast's electric production company, Compagnie ivoirienne d'électricité  [ fr ] launched

8372-880: Was replaced with a district governor appointed by the head of state. Also noteworthy are the Kossou Dam , the PDCI-RDA House , the schools of the Félix Houphouët-Boigny National Polytechnic Institute , the Town Hall, the Protestant Temple, the Mosque, and the Palace of Hosts . The Yamoussoukro International Airport had an average of six hundred passengers and 36 flights in 1995. It is one of two airports in Africa (with Gbadolite ) that could accommodate

8464-554: Was very careful to avoid any ethnic conflict and left access to administrative positions open to immigrants from neighbouring countries, Bedié emphasized the concept of Ivoirité to exclude his rival Alassane Ouattara , who had two northern Ivorian parents, from running for the future presidential election. As people originating from foreign countries are a large part of the Ivorian population, this policy excluded many people of Ivorian nationality. The relationship between various ethnic groups became strained, resulting in two civil wars in

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