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51-456: It was the capital of the sovereign County of Diepholz and the principal seat of the Noble Lords, later Counts, of Diepholz. Diepholz consists of the core city of Diepholz (44.59 km²), which comprises several boroughs, as well as the incorporated villages of Aschen (32.01 km²), Sankt Hülfe (15.75 km²) and Heede (12.12 km²). Aschen is located 4 km north of the core town of Diepholz between

102-520: A local election . In addition to the 32 members elected in the municipal council election, the full-time mayor also has voting rights in the council. The results of the 2021 local election led to the following seat distribution: On June 10, 2018, Florian Marré (independent), supported by the CDU and FDP, was elected as the Mayor in a runoff election with 50.65% of the votes, succeeding Thomas Schulze. According to

153-481: A vassal who held it in fealty (or "in fee") in return for a form of feudal allegiance and service, usually given by the personal ceremonies of homage and fealty . Therefore feudal deeds are an important source not only for the existence of noble families, but also for their rank and status. Witness lists, for instance, mostly enumerate edelfreie witnesses first, followed by ministeriales witnesses, mostly denoted as eques (knight) or something similar. In contrast,

204-543: A battle, yet sometimes also to simple men-at-arms . A ministeriales family however was considered a "knightly family" only after three subsequent generations of knights (or at least of leading a "knightly way of life", including equal marriage). Since it is a coincidence from what period of time documents have been received or not, the initially more strict definition, as described in Der Große Brockhaus in 1928 (vol. 1, s.v. "Adel"), which required an attestation prior to

255-581: A continuous genealogy of the dynasty only starts with Gottschalk I (cited 1177–1205). The continuity in ownership of the feudal domains around Drebber, Barnstorf and Goldenstedt, which later belonged to the Noble Lords of Diepholz, suggests that the dynasty descended from or was related to Folcred , who donated a manor in Barnstorf with its serfs around 890–900 to the Abbey of Corvey for the salvation of his brother Alfric 's soul. In 1070, another Folker , undoubtedly

306-545: A descendant of the first, and his wife Badeloch, donated a manor in Goldenstedt to the Bishop of Osnabruck. The first members of the dynasty of the Noble Lords of Diepholz who can be identified with certainty are domina Gysela , heiress of Drebber and Molbergen, her brother Gottschalk (cited 1080/1088) and his son, Gottschalk , Bishop of Osnabruck (1110-1118). It remains uncertain whether they are agnatic or uterine forebears of

357-565: A secondary nature, and they were not subordinated to any other families or dynasties, apart from the German King or Holy Roman Emperor . In contrast, the ministeriales , meaning originally "servitors" or "agents", were unfree nobles , however trained knights who made up a large majority of what could be described as the German knighthood during that time. These people were raised up from serfdom to be placed in positions of power and responsibility in

408-448: A son and a daughter. Their son, Friedrich II , died in 1585, but only left a daughter, Anna Margaretha (died without issue in 1629), by his marriage to Anastasia of Waldeck , who was unable to succeed according to the strictures of Saxon inheritance law. As a result of the 1510 treaty recognising the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as its liege lord, most of the county was therefore absorbed into

459-507: A very tumultuous period in the region. In 1350, together with his sons and grandchildren, he founded the parish church of Diepholz (which had previously been in Drebber), which he dedicated to Saints Nicholas, Catherine and Elisabeth. In 1380, Johann III (cited 1373–1422), the grandson of Rudolf IV, granted town rights to Diepholz. His reign was marked by continuous tensions and conflict with and between neighbouring territories in which Diepholz

510-586: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lordship, later County, of Diepholz The County of Diepholz ( West Low German : Deefholt ), that was first known as the Lordship of Diepholz, was a territory in the Holy Roman Empire in the Lower-Rhenish-Westphalian Circle . It was ruled by the Noble Lords, later Counts, of Diepholz from the late tenth century until 1585, when it

561-857: Is a genealogical term introduced in late 18th-century Germany to distinguish those families whose noble rank can be traced to the 14th century or earlier. The word stands opposed to Briefadel , a term used for titles of nobility created in the early modern period or modern history by letters patent . Since the earliest known such letters were issued in the 14th century, those knightly families in northern European nobility whose noble rank predates these are designated Uradel . Uradel and Briefadel families are generally further divided into categories with their ranks of titles: adlig (untitled nobility ), freiherrlich ( baronial ), gräflich ( comital ), fürstlich ( princely ) and herzoglich ( ducal ) houses. The latter two are also referred to as Hochadel (High Nobility). The first use of

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612-410: Is of 1458. Hochadel is not a synonym for Uradel . Whereas Uradel (medieval or feudal nobility before AD 1400) is opposed to Briefadel (nobility by letters – or patent – of nobility, mostly from the post-medieval period after AD 1400), Hochadel (high nobility) is opposed to Niederer Adel (lower nobility). The differentiation of Uradel from Briefadel is age-based, whereas

663-500: The Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg as his liege lord in return for the promise of his protection. This agreement was only formally recognised as valid by the Emperor Maximilian I in 1517. The moor-covered territory of Diepholz had never been particularly wealthy and from Rudolf VIII's reign onwards the dynasty continuously struggled to cover the costs of its administration and the obligations of their semi-sovereign lifestyle. After

714-635: The Dümmer See (lake). The distance from the northernmost point to the southernmost point of the county was about 47 kilometers whilst the distance from east to west was 22 kilometers at its widest point. The towns of Diepholz , Drebber and Lemförde , as well as the area around the Auburg Castle (most notably Wagenfeld ) fell directly under the allodial rule of the Noble Lords of Diepholz. Their properties in Barnstorf , Goldenstedt and Colnrade fell under

765-578: The Gothaisches Genealogisches Handbuch continue to differentiate between Uradel and Briefadel families. According to the German genealogical reference work of the nobility ( Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels , 1951) the noble houses which count as Uradel are those families whose ancestral lineage can be demonstrated to date at least as far back as the year 1400 (in the Late Middle Ages ), belonging at that time to

816-599: The Mediatized Houses of Germany, which lost their semi-sovereignty within the Holy Roman Empire during the period of German mediatization between 1803 and 1815. The third section included the titular princely and ducal houses of Europe that never ruled as sovereigns. Very few German Hochadel families belong to the Briefadel instead of Uradel , such as the Fugger , Eggenberg , Biron and Wrede families that rose to

867-808: The Reformation into the County of Diepholz. When Friedrich I died in 1529, whilst visiting his sister Imgard in the Abbey of Essen , his brother, Johann VI , returned from Cologne and seized power in Diepholz. He formally agreed with his sister-in-law, Eva of Regenstein, that he would conclude a morganatic marriage in order not to impinge on the rights of his nephew, Rudolf IX, son of Friedrich I, when he came of age. Johann VI also took care to sign his edicts and charters on behalf of both himself and his nephew. Count Rudolf IX succeeded his uncle in 1545, and married his cousin, Margarete of Hoya-Nienburg , in 1549, by whom he had

918-599: The Welf duchy. Auburg and its surrounding territories fell to the Landgraviate of Hesse . Irmgard of Diepholz , daughter of Rudolf VIII and Elisabeth of Lippe, had entered Essen Abbey as a religious in 1505 and slowly rose through the ranks to become Princess-Abbess in 1561. Her election as Princess-Abbess procured far greater wealth and influence than her family in Diepholz enjoyed, and she generously dispensed patronage to her niece, Anna von Diepholt , daughter of Friedrich I, who

969-591: The aristocracy , the earliest letters patent conferring nobility in Germany were issued under Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor , in the late 14th century. A similar term used more often than Uradel in Austria is alter Adel ("old nobility"). The term Uradel can be found in Scandinavian genealogy from the early 20th century. The contrasting term Briefadel was calqued as brevadel . The 1926 edition of

1020-425: The knightly (German ritterbürtigen ) nobility. The latter includes edelfreie families (free noblemen) as well as ministeriales , a lower and in their origins mostly unfree order which arose rapidly and managed within the 14th century to elevate themselves to the lesser nobility (see: Estates of the realm ) . The modern concept of aristocracy ( Uradel ) must not be confused with the term edelfrei , since

1071-520: The stem duchy of Saxony . In contrast to neighbouring noble dynasties they were not appointed as territorial counts ( Latin : comes ; German : Graf ) or imperial officeholders by the Holy Roman Emperor but exercised allodial power locally as noble landowners. Whilst their origins go further back in time, the family name first appears in 1160 (in Latinised German) as de Thefholte , and

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1122-533: The 14th century, the edelfrei and ministerialis classes finally mixed and intermarried. Those ministeriales who directly served the German king or emperor (the "ministeriales of the Empire" or Reichsministerialen ) often accumulated large imperial fiefs, later sometimes enabling them to rise to comital or princely rank. Ministeriales mostly rose by elevation to the knightly status. Knightings were usually granted to squires having bravely fought as armored horsemen in

1173-688: The Bishop of Minden, despite the fact that the Archbishop of Cologne, the Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor had issued Inhibitoria instructing the bishop to cease hostilities. In 1519 Friedrich I joined the coalition of the Prince-Bishop of Hildesheim in the Hildesheim Diocesan Feud ( German : Hildesheimer Stiftsfehde ), which led to him and his allies being placed under the imperial ban by Emperor Charles V . To further protect his estates while under

1224-462: The Federal Roads B 69 and the B 51 . There is the local museum of Aschen, where large and small agricultural equipment, household items and workshops are displayed. The City Council of Diepholz consists of 32 councilwomen and councilmen. This is the prescribed number for a municipality with a population between 15,001 and 20,000 inhabitants. Council members are elected for five-year terms through

1275-740: The Frisian noblewoman, Anna Remets Ubbena , sister of Dr. Hayo "Hermannus Phrysius" Hompen, humanist scholar, Imperial Councillor and correspondent of Erasmus , and half-sister of Wilhelm Ubbena, Chancellor of East-Frisia. Otto was initially a commander of the forces of Count Edzard I of East-Frisia in the Saxon Feud , but later became a supporter and legate of the Habsburg dynasty in the Netherlands, who appointed him as imperial warden in Amersfoort in 1538. He

1326-436: The Netherlands and Germany. Jost von Diepholt (died after 1573), Otto's second son, married Almuth Ukena , whose father was a bastard son of Count Uko Cirksena of East-Frisia (brother of Edzard I ). This couple became the ancestors of the noble Von Diepholt family of East-Frisia. Uradel Uradel ( German: [ʔuːɐ̯ˈʔaːdl̩] , German : "ancient nobility"; adjective uradelig or uradlig )

1377-529: The Noble Lords of Diepholz extended their reach to the north and south from their initial allodial holdings around the town and castle of Diepholz , Drebber, Barnstorf and Goldenstedt. The territory's expansion was however constrained by the moors that surrounded it and by the ambitions of its more powerful neighbours, most notably the Counts of Hoya and the Bishops of Minden. The dynasty tended to conclude marriages with

1428-428: The Noble Lords of Diepholz was greatly enhanced by the many members of the family who held high ecclesiastical offices, thus enhancing the dynasty's prestige and allowing it to act with increasing independence within its own domains. Under the joint rule of the brothers Rudolf II and Konrad V (cited 1267–1302), the borders of the Lordship were forcefully expanded and sovereignty attained within their core territories by

1479-469: The Swedish Nordisk familjebok also cites 1350 as the required date, because "the oldest known letter patent dates to 1360". The letters patent referred to here is that issued by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV to Wicker Frosch, a burgher of Frankfurt , on 30 September 1360. Svenska Akademiens ordbok mentions "circa 1420" as the threshold date. In Norway, one of the earliest known letters patent

1530-541: The acquisition in 1291 of the Vicecomitat of Sudholte, which gave them full jurisdiction over their subjects in the parishes of Drebber, Barnstorf and Goldenstedt. In addition, in 1285, Konrad V, inherited the rich patrimony of the Lords of Blankena from his cousin, Hermann von Blankena. Konrad V's son, Rudolf IV (cited 1300–1350), continued to actively extend his possessions by his forceful and considered interventions during

1581-499: The census conducted in 2011, 59,1% of the city's inhabitants were Evangelical Christians , 13,3% were Roman Catholic , and 27,6 % were irreligious , belonged to a different religious community or preferred not to say. On December 31, 2019, of 17.577 inhabitants, 47,3 % were Evangelical Christians, 18,9 % Roman Catholic and 33,8 % of other confessions, or irreligious. Notable people associated with Diepholz include: This Diepholz district location article

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1632-488: The county includes most of the modern municipalities of Altes Amt Lemförde , Barnstorf , Rehden , Diepholz und Wagenfeld . The former District County of Diepholz ( Landkreis Grafschaft Diepholz ) was named after the territory. The family belonged to the Germanic Uradel (ancient nobility) and originated from the border area between the districts ( German : Gau ) of Westphalia and Angria ( German : Engern ) in

1683-415: The course of the fifteenth century. Rudolf VIII (died 1510) was the first dynast to describe himself as Count of Diepholz in 1482, and Carl Heinrich Niedberding claims that this pretension was recognised by the Emperor Maximilian I . His son, Friedrich I (died 1529), also regularly used the title in his charters and edicts. The comtal title only came to be generally recognised under Count Johann VI. After

1734-486: The death of Rudolf VIII of Diepholz in 1510, his three sons, Friedrich I , Konrad XII and Johann VI initially ruled over Diepholz as co-sovereigns. The limited means which the territory disposed over however led the brothers to sign a treaty in 1514 recognising Friedrich I as sole ruler and making financial arrangements for the two other brothers to become canons in Cologne. Friedrich's territories were constantly under attack by

1785-653: The distinction between Hochadel and Niederer Adel is based on the rank of titles, with Hochadel including all royal, princely and ducal houses of Europe, as well as the former German Imperial Counts , as far as they ruled an Imperial State with a seat on one of the four "benches of counts" in the Imperial Diet until 1806. The Almanach de Gotha (followed by subsequent series) differentiates between three sections of Hochadel . The first section listed Europe's sovereign houses, whether they reigned as emperor, king, grand duke, duke or prince. The second section contained

1836-472: The dynasty's hold on the lands around Auburg castle to the east of their territories. This marriage would also form the basis of the Count of Diepholz's later claims to Bronkhorst when that dynasty died out in 1553. In accordance with their sovereign status and motivated by their marital alliances with neighbouring sovereign counts, the Noble Lords of Diepholz started titling themselves as Counts of Diepholz during

1887-541: The extinction of the main line of the Lords of Bronkhorst in 1553, the Counts of Diepholz also laid claim to that territory based on their descent from Heilwig of Bronkhorst, and subsequently titled themselves Counts of Diepholz and Bronkhorst. Under constant threat from his more powerful neighbours and after endless hostilities with the Bishop of Minden, Rudolf VIII , son of Otto IV and Heilwig van Bronkhorst, abdicated his absolute sovereignty over Diepholz in 1510 and recognised

1938-592: The former term's scope is much broader: all families that can prove they belonged to the knightly aristocracy by no later than around 1400 (whether originally edelfrei or ministeriales ) are counted today as Uradel . In fact, most of the families in the former Uradel volumes of the Gotha are of ministerialis origin, including even some of the later princely houses ("Hochadel", see below ). Edelfrei families were members of an ancient, dynastic aristocratic line, free noble families independent of legal obligations of

1989-539: The full jurisdiction of the Noble Lords from 1291 in their capacity as holders of the Vicecomitat of Sudholte but was a fief of the Bishop of Munster. The Lords of Diepholz were vassals of the Count of Ravensberg for the tithes of Weddeschen and vassals of the Abbey of Corvey for various smaller goods, such as the "wood tithes" in Bosel. Their tithes in Aschen and Ostenbeck were fiefs of the Counts of Tecklenburg. The territory of

2040-490: The imperial ban, Friedrich I, relinquished sovereignty over the territories around Auburg to Landgrave Philip I of Hesse in 1521, who subsequently re-enfeoffed him with them, thus losing the last vestige of full allodial sovereignty that had not already been abdicated to the Dukes of Brunswick-Calenberg. In 1523 Friedrich I married Eva von Regenstein , by whom he had a son and daughter, and under whose influence in 1528 he introduced

2091-477: The later dynasty. Around 1085 Gysela swapped various goods around Drebber and Diepholz with the Bishop of Osnabruck in return for the manor in Goldenstedt which had previously belonged to Folker. The German historian Carl Heinrich Niedberding speculated, based on the geographical location of these earliest known estates, that the Noble Lords of Diepholz might descend from the Saxon leader Widukind , but noted that there

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2142-530: The service of lords, counts or bishops. From about 1200 they gradually accumulated power and fiefs, at some point more than the Edelfrei knights. Poorer Edelfrei knights passed into ministerialis service, primarily to be granted new administrative positions and fiefs. The powerful overlords, mostly edelfrei themselves, had no interest in raising any competition to their power by sharing it with their peers, rather attempting to subject these by making them their vassals. In

2193-550: The sovereigns of neighbouring territories such as the Counts of Oldenburg , Hoya and Rietberg , and in 1285 Noble Lord Rudolf II of Diepholz (died 1303/04) married the daughter of the Swedish King Valdemar (died 1302). In order to prevent a division of the territory's modest resources, younger sons tended to enter religious life as canons in neighbouring bishoprics such as Osnabrück, Minden, Bremen and Cologne, where some of them also ruled as bishops. The prosperity of

2244-672: The word Uradel to designate the oldest nobility dates from 1788, and it had assumed its present-day meaning by no later than 1800. The term Uradel was used officially from the 19th century by the Royal Prussian Herald Office ( königlich-preußische Heroldsamt ). The term is found in the Almanach de Gotha from 1907, in which it is applied to all persons and families known to have been "noble" or "knightly" before 1400. The subsequent German-language publications Genealogisches Handbuch des Adels (GHdA) and since 2015

2295-450: The year 1350 to establish Uradel status, has been extended to the year 1400 because even the knightly families documented as dating from the Late Middle Ages (between about 1350 and 1400) are likely to have had already at least a century of possessing that status. Many have in fact risen to noble or knightly status already before 1300. Uradel is also closely connected with the system of medieval fiefs , granted by an overlord to

2346-401: The younger Briefadel are families of the post-medieval nobility, probably originally of bourgeois ( Bürger , burgher ) or peasant origin, ennobled in the modern era by letters patent issued by a monarch , usually with the award of a coat of arms if they did not already have one. Said to have been modelled on the earlier French practice of raising officials (especially lawyers) to

2397-519: Was buried in Emden around 1540. Otto's eldest son, Coenraat van Diepholt (died 1572), married Fransken van IJsselstein , daughter of Christoffel van IJsselstein and the illegitimate niece of Floris van Egmont, Count of Buren . He was Marshal of the Nether-Bishopric ( Nedersticht ) of Utrecht and Montfoort and acted as castellan of Abcoude . Coenraat's children, Floris and Francisca, left progeny in

2448-465: Was largely spared any major depredation. His son, Konrad IX , died as an ally of the Archbishop of Bremen in a battle near Detern in 1426, whilst engaging the Frisian forces of Focko Ukena . In 1441 Otto IV , Konrad IX's son, married Heilwig van Bronkhorst , thanks to the diplomatic efforts of his uncle, Bishop Rudolf van Diepholt of Utrecht. The marriage dowry included properties in the surroundings of Wagenfeld, Bokel and Struten, which consolidated

2499-548: Was married to a local nobleman, Adolf von Schuren, Lord of Horst an der Ruhr (died 1552). Anna's son, Evert von Schuren, and his cousins, Count Friedrich II and his sister, Anna, the Coadjutrix of Bassum, were the only heirs of Irmgard when she died in 1575. Rudolf IV, succeeded his father as sovereign of Diepholz in 1484, thanks to the premature death of his older brother, Konrad XI (died 1483), who had left progeny by an unknown partner. Konrad XI's son, Otto von Diepholt , married

2550-560: Was mostly incorporated into the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg . The territory of the County of Diepholz at its greatest extent in the sixteenth century stretched from Colnrade and Goldenstedt in the north to Wehdem, Dielingen and Lemförde in the south. The eastern border was marked by the Wietings Moor (near Barver) and the Neustädter Moor (near Wagenfeld). The western border lay to the west of

2601-501: Was no firm proof for such a descent. The title used by the Noble Lords ( German : edler Herr / Edelherr ) of Diepholz was identical to that of their close neighbours, the Noble Lords of Lippe, and underlined their credentials as sovereign territorial lords and as members of the ancient Saxon nobility. After the fall of Henry the Lion in the late twelfth century, smaller Saxon territories were able to expand their dominions and influence, and

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