58-459: Didone may refer to: Dido , also known as Didone, character in multiple operas and artworks Didone (opera) , of 1640 by Francesco Cavalli Didone (typography) , a genre of serif typeface See also [ edit ] Dido (disambiguation) Didone abbandonata (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with
116-406: A single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . Find sources: "Tunisian nationalism" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( November 2024 ) [REDACTED] Flag of Tunisia Tunisian nationalism refers to
174-410: A Greek writer. Others conjecture that Dido was indeed historical, as described in the following accounts. It is unknown who first combined the story of Dido with the tradition that connected Aeneas either with Rome or with earlier settlements from which Rome traced its origin. A fragment of an epic poem by Gnaeus Naevius who died at Utica in 201 BC includes a passage which might or might not be part of
232-516: A city on the mainland, years marked by conflict in which the Tyrians first built a small city on an island in the harbor. Additional information about Dido's activities after leaving Tyre are found in the Pygmalion article, along with a summary of later scholars who have accepted Peñuela's thesis. If chronological considerations thus help to establish the basic historicity of Dido, they also serve to refute
290-495: A conversation between Aeneas and Dido. Servius in his commentary (4.682; 5.4) cites Varro (1st century BC ) for a version in which Dido's sister Anna killed herself for love of Aeneas. Evidence for the historicity of Dido (which is a question independent of whether or not she ever met Aeneas) can be associated with evidence for the historicity of others in her family, such as her brother Pygmalion and their grandfather Balazeros. Both of these kings are mentioned, as well as Dido, in
348-823: A fierce whirlwind . This legend inspired the Renaissance drama Dido, Queen of Carthage by Christopher Marlowe . William Shakespeare refers to Dido twelve times in his plays: four times in The Tempest , albeit all in one dialogue, twice in Titus Andronicus , and also in Henry VI Part 2 , Antony and Cleopatra , Hamlet , Romeo and Juliet , A Midsummer Night's Dream and, most famously, in The Merchant of Venice , in Lorenzo's and Jessica's mutual wooing: In such
406-2964: A given ethnicity subscribe to that form of ethnic nationalism . v t e Arab nationalism Ideology Arab socialism Ba'athism Nasserism Pan-Arabism Third International Theory History Arab Revolt Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine Iraqi Revolt Arab separatism in Khuzestan 1979 Khuzestan insurgency Great Syrian Revolt 1941 Iraqi coup d'état Anglo-Iraqi War Arab–Israeli conflict Suez Crisis Six-Day War War of Attrition Yom Kippur War Israeli–Palestinian conflict 1952 Egyptian revolution Iraqi Intifada Algerian War 14 July Revolution 1959 Mosul uprising 1961 Syrian coup d'état Arab Cold War North Yemen Civil War Ramadan Revolution 1963 Syrian coup d'état Dhofar War November 1963 Iraqi coup d'état Aden Emergency 1966 Syrian coup d'état 17 July Revolution 1969 Sudanese coup d'état 1969 Libyan revolution Black September Lebanese Civil War Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Yemeni unification Concepts Arab identity Arab Union Arab world Arabization Personalities Butrus al-Bustani Michel Aflaq Jassem Alwan Yasser Arafat Abdul Rahman Arif Abdul Salam Arif Zaki al-Arsuzi Bashar al-Assad Hafez al-Assad Jamal al-Atassi Mansur al-Atrash Sultan al-Atrash Tariq Aziz Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr Ahmed Ben Bella Salah al-Din al-Bitar Izzat Darwaza Faisal I of Iraq Muammar Gaddafi Rashid Ali al-Gaylani George Habash Sati' al-Husri Hussein bin Ali, King of Hejaz Saddam Hussein Amin al-Husseini Salah Jadid Abd al-Rahman al-Kawakibi Mostéfa Merarda Gamal Abdel Nasser Adnan Pachachi Ameen Rihani Fuad al-Rikabi Abdullah Rimawi Hamdeen Sabahi Constantin Zureiq Organizations Al-Awda Al-Fatat Al-Mourabitoun Arab Ba'ath Arab Ba'ath Movement Arab Federation Arab Higher Committee Arab Islamic Republic Arab Liberation Army Arab Nationalist Movement Arab Socialist Action Party Arab Socialist Union (Egypt) Arab Socialist Union (Iraq) Arab Socialist Union (Libya) Arab Socialist Union Party (Syria) Arabian Peninsula People's Union Army of
464-494: A grove where her former husband Sychaeus waits. Virgil has included most of the motifs from the original: Iarbas who desires Dido against her will, a deceitful explanation for the building of the pyre, and Dido's final suicide. In both versions Dido is loyal to her original husband in the end. But whereas the earlier Elissa remained always loyal to her husband's memory, Virgil's Dido dies as a tortured and repentant woman who has fallen away from that loyalty. Virgil consistently uses
522-580: A modern Israeli accent. In 2019, Dido was made the leader of Phoenicia in Civilization VI: Gathering Storm , with Tyre as its capital and Carthage as an available name for subsequent cities. In honor of Dido, the asteroid 209 Dido , discovered in 1879, was named after her. Another dedication of Queen Dido is the Mount Dido in Antarctica . Remembrance of the story of the bull's hide and
580-583: A native king of the Maxitani or Mauritani (manuscripts differ), demanded Dido for his wife or he would make war on Carthage. Still, she preferred to stay faithful to her first husband, and after creating a ceremonial funeral pyre and sacrificing many victims to his spirit in pretense that this was a final honoring of her first husband in preparation for marriage to Iarbas, Dido ascended the pyre, announced that she would go to her husband as they desired, and then slew herself with her sword. After this self-sacrifice, Dido
638-415: A night Stood Dido with a willow in her hand Upon the wild sea banks and waft her love To come again to Carthage. The story of Dido and Aeneas remained popular throughout the post-Renaissance era and was the basis for many operas, with the libretto by Metastasio , Didone abbandonata , proving especially popular with composers throughout the eighteenth century and beyond: Also from the 17th century
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#1732852189059696-400: A pyre under the pretence of burning all that reminded her of Aeneas, including weapons and clothes that Aeneas had left behind and (what she calls) their bridal bed (though, according to Aeneas , they were never officially married.) (4.584f) When Dido sees Aeneas' fleet leaving she curses him and his Trojans and proclaims endless hate between Carthage and the descendants of Troy , foreshadowing
754-447: A symbol of Rome's erstwhile rival Carthage. As an example, when the streets of new quarters in Rome were named after the characters of Virgil's Aeneid , only the name Dido did not appear. Tunisian currency depicting Dido (Elissa) was issued in 2006. Tunisian nationalism [REDACTED] This article relies largely or entirely on
812-502: A wish to move into Pygmalion's palace, but she then ordered the attendants whom Pygmalion sent to aid in the move, to throw all Acerbas' bags of gold into the sea, apparently as an offering to his spirit. In fact, these bags contained only sand. Dido then persuaded the attendants to join her in flight to another land rather than face Pygmalion's anger when he discovered what had supposedly become of Acerbas' wealth. Some senators also joined her in her flight. The party arrived at Cyprus, where
870-489: A younger brother of Dido according to Silius Italicus in his Punica (1.71–7). The Augustan History ("Tyrrani Triginta" 27, 30) claims that Zenobia , queen of Palmyra in the late third century, was descended from Cleopatra , Dido and Semiramis . In the Divine Comedy , Dante puts the shade of Dido in the second circle of Hell, where she is condemned (on account of her consuming lust) to be blasted for eternity in
928-502: Is a ballad inspired by the relationship between Dido and Aeneas. The ballad, often printed on a broadside , is called " The Wandering Prince of Troy ", and it alters the end of the relationship between the two lovers, rethinking Dido's final sentiment for Aeneas and rewriting Aeneas's visit to the underworld as Dido's choice to haunt him. In 1794 Germany, Charlotte von Stein wrote her own drama named Dido , with an autobiographical element—as von Stein had been forsaken by her own lover,
986-449: Is a hypocoristicon of the historical father of Pygmalion and Dido, Mattan I , also known as MTN-BʿL ( Matan-Baʿal , 'Gift of the Lord'). Virgil (1.343f) adds that the marriage between Dido and Sychaeus , as Virgil calls Dido's husband, occurred while her father was still alive. Pygmalion slew Sychaeus secretly due to his wealth and Sychaeus appeared to Dido in a dream in which he told
1044-529: Is a hypocoristicon of Mattan I , who was also known as MTN-BʿL ( Matan-Baʿal , 'Gift of the Lord'). Even more important than the inscriptional and literary references supporting the historicity of Pygmalion and Dido are chronological considerations that give something of a mathematical demonstration of the veracity of the major feature of the Pygmalion/Dido saga, namely the flight of Dido from Tyre in Pygmalion's seventh year, and her eventual founding of
1102-459: Is a name repeatedly attested on Punic votives. It is composed of and Other works state that it is the feminine form of El. In Greek it appears as Theiossô , which translates Élissa: el becoming theos . The person of Dido can be traced to references by Roman historians to lost writings of Timaeus of Tauromenium in Sicily (c. 356–260 BC). Ancient historians gave various dates, both for
1160-405: Is about five centuries after the date given for the foundation of Carthage. Timaeus told the legends surrounding the founding of Carthage by Dido in his Sicilian History . By his account, Dido founded Carthage in 814 BC, around the same time as the foundation of Rome, and he alluded to the growing conflict between the two cities in his own day. Details about Dido's character, life, and role in
1218-501: Is rendered in the Greek tradition as Pygmalion, as the king of the general who was using the stone to record his victory over the local populace. On paleographic grounds, the stone is dated to the 9th century BC. (Cross's translation, with a longer discussion of the Nora stone, is found in the Pygmalion article). If Cross's interpretation is correct, this presents inscriptional evidence substantiating
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#17328521890591276-530: The Punic Wars . (4.642) Dido ascends the pyre, lies again on the couch which she had shared with Aeneas, and then falls on a sword that Aeneas had given her. (4.666) Those watching let out a cry; Anna rushes in and embraces her dying sister; Juno sends Iris from heaven to release Dido's spirit from her body. (5.1) From their ships, Aeneas and his crew see the glow of Dido's burning funeral pyre and can only guess what has happened. At least two scholars have argued that
1334-467: The nationalism of Tunisians and Tunisian culture . Tunisian nationalism's origins stretch back to the 19th century; however, Tunisian nationalism became a significant political force after 1908 with the founding of the Young Tunisians movement, and the more significant Destour (Arabic for "Constitution") Party established after World War I . The Destour Party called for Tunisian autonomy within
1392-599: The 3rd century AD. Justin , quoting or paraphrasing Trogus, states (18.4–6) that a king of Tyre , whom Justin does not name, made his very beautiful daughter Dido and son Pygmalion his joint heirs. But on his death, the people took Pygmalion alone as their ruler, though Pygmalion was yet still a boy. Dido married Acerbas her uncle, who, as priest of Heracles —that is, Melqart —was second in power to King Pygmalion. Rumor told that Acerbas had much wealth secretly buried, and King Pygmalion had Acerbas murdered in hopes of gaining this wealth. Dido, desiring to escape Tyre, expressed
1450-628: The French Empire and that France should not dominate Tunisia 's politics and society. France responded by banning the Destour Party in 1933, resulting in the rise of a more radical nationalist party, the Neo-Destour Party being formed in 1934 led by Habib Bourguiba . The Neo-Destour Party demanded independence of Tunisia from France, though it respected French and Western culture and sought to maintain close links with France after independence
1508-475: The Greek historian Timaeus ( c. 345 –260 BC), gives 814 BC for the founding of Carthage. Traditionally most modern scholars have preferred the 814 date. However, the publication of the Shalmaneser text mentioning tribute from Baal-Eser II of Tyre in 841 BC caused a re-examination of this question, since the best texts of Menander/Josephus only allow 22 years from the accession of Baal-Eser/Balazeros until
1566-648: The Liberation of Palestine Rejectionist Front Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation Unified Political Command Union of Arab Republics (1972) United Arab Republic United Arab States Literature The Arab Awakening The Battle for One Destiny On the Way of Resurrection Symbolism Coat of arms of the United Arab Republic Eagle of Saladin Flag of
1624-548: The Men of the Naqshbandi Order Ba'ath Party Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) Fatah Federation of Arab Republics General Military Council for Iraqi Revolutionaries Independence Party (Mandatory Palestine) Islamic Legion Lebanese National Movement National Liberation Front (Algeria) Palestine Liberation Organization Popular Front for
1682-427: The city of Carthage. Classical authors give two dates for the founding of Carthage. The first is that of Pompeius Trogus , mentioned above, that says this took place 72 years before the foundation of Rome. At least as early as the 1st century BC, and then later, the date most commonly used by Roman writers for the founding of Rome was 753 BC. This would place Dido's flight in 753 + 72 = 825 BC. Another tradition, that of
1740-552: The early Renaissance into the 21st century. In the early 20th century, she became a national symbol for Tunisia , and Tunisian women can be poetically described as "Daughters of Dido". Many names in the legend of Dido are of Punic origin, which suggests that the first Greek authors who mention this story have taken up Phoenician accounts. One suggestion is that Dido is an epithet from the same Semitic root as David , which means "Beloved". Others state Didô means "the wanderer". According to Marie-Pierre Noël, "Elishat/Elisha"
1798-408: The essential historicity of at least the existence of Pygmalion and Dido as well as their rift in 825 BC that eventually led to the founding of Carthage. According to J. M. Peñuela, the difference in the two dates for the foundation of Carthage has an explanation if we understand that Dido fled Tyre in 825 BC, but eleven years elapsed before she was given permission by the original inhabitants to build
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1856-532: The existence of a 9th-century-BC king of Tyre named (in Greek) Pygmalion. Several scholars have identified Baa‘li-maanzer, the king of Tyre who gave tribute to Shalmaneser III in 841 BC, with 𐤁𐤏𐤋𐤏𐤑𐤅𐤓 Ba‘al-'azor (Phoenician form of the name) or Baal-Eser/Balazeros (Greek form of the name), Dido's grandfather. This lends credibility to the account in Josephus/Menander that names
1914-475: The fall of 968 BC when using the widely accepted date of 931/930 BC for the division of the kingdom after the death of Solomon. These chronological considerations therefore definitely favor the 825 date over the 814 date for Dido's departure from Tyre. More than that, the agreement of this date with the timing of the tribute to Shalmaneser and the year when construction of the First Temple began provide evidence for
1972-599: The famous Goethe , in a manner which she found reminiscent of Aeneas . Will Adams' 2014 thriller The City of the Lost assumes that Dido fled only as far as Cyprus and founded a city on the site of modern Famagusta , that she died there and that Carthage was founded later, when Dido's followers fled further west after a vengeful expedition arrived from Tyre. In this interpretation, the two flights - from Tyre to Cyprus and from Cyprus to Carthage - were combined in later historical memory and all attributed to Dido. In Adams' account,
2030-490: The form Dido as nominative, but derivates of Elissa for the oblique cases . Letter 7 of Ovid 's Heroides is a fictional letter from Dido to Aeneas written just before she ascends the pyre. The situation is as in Virgil's Aeneid . In Ovid's Fasti (3.545f) Ovid introduced a kind of sequel involving Aeneas and Dido's sister Anna. See Anna Perenna . The Barcids , the family to which Hannibal belonged, claimed descent from
2088-470: The foundation of Carthage and the foundation of Rome. Appian , in the beginning of his Punic Wars , claims that Carthage was founded by a certain Zorus and Carchedon, but Zorus looks like an alternative transliteration of the city name Tyre, while Carchedon is just the Greek form of Carthage . Timaeus made Carchedon's wife Elissa the sister of King Pygmalion of Tyre . Archaeological evidence of settlement on
2146-527: The foundation of Carthage is preserved in mathematics in connection with the Isoperimetric problem which is sometimes called Dido's Problem (and similarly the Isoperimetric theorem is sometimes called Dido's Theorem). It is sometimes stated in such discussion that Dido caused her thong to be placed as a half circle touching the sea coast at each end (which would add greatly to the area) but the sources mention
2204-618: The founding of Carthage are best known from Virgil 's epic poem, the Aeneid , written around 20 BC, which tells the legendary story of the Trojan hero Aeneas . Dido is described as a clever and enterprising woman who flees her ruthless and autocratic brother, Pygmalion , after discovering that he was responsible for her husband's death. A wise leader, she founds Carthage and makes it prosper. Dido has been an enduring figure in Western culture and art from
2262-515: The founding of Carthage) occurred 143 years and eight months after Hiram of Tyre sent assistance to Solomon for the building of the Temple. Using the 825 date, this Tyrian record would then date the start of Temple construction in 969 or 968 BC, in agreement with the statement in 1 Kings 6:1 that Temple construction began in Solomon's fourth regnal year. Solomon's fourth year can be calculated as starting in
2320-526: The hill in Punic was probably just a derivation from Semitic brt "fortified place". But that does not prevent other details in the story from being Carthaginian, albeit still not necessarily historical. Michael Grant in Roman Myths (1973) claims that "Dido-Elissa was originally a goddess", and that she was converted from a goddess into a mortal (if still legendary) queen sometime in the later fifth century BCE by
2378-631: The idea that she could have had any liaison with Aeneas . Aeneas fought in the Trojan War , which is conventionally dated anywhere from the 14th to the 12th centuries BC, far too early for Aeneas to have been alive in the time of Dido. Even with the date of 864 BC that historical revisionist David Rohl gives for the end of the Trojan War, Aeneas would have been about 77 years old when Dido fled Tyre in 825 BC and 88 when she began to build Carthage in 814 (following Peñuela's reconstruction), hardly consistent with
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2436-459: The inclusion of the pyre as part of Dido's suicide—otherwise unattested in epic and tragedy—alludes to the self-immolation that took the life of Carthage's last queen (or the wife of its general Hasdrubal the Boetharch ) in 146 BC. (6.450f) During his journey in the underworld Aeneas meets Dido and tries to excuse himself, but Dido does not deign to look at him. Instead she turns away from Aeneas to
2494-523: The kings of Tyre from Abibaal and Hiram I down to the time of Pygmalion and Dido. Another possible reference to Balazeros is found in the Aeneid . It was a common ancient practice of using the hypocoristicon or shortened form of the name that included only the divine element, so that the "Belus" that Virgil names as the father of Dido in the Aeneid may be a reference to her grandfather, Baal-Eser II/Balazeros. Classicist T. T. Duke suggests that instead it
2552-589: The list of Tyrian kings given in Menander of Ephesus 's list of the kings of Tyre, as preserved in Josephus 's Against Apion , i.18. Josephus ends his quotation of Menander with the sentence "Now, in the seventh year of his [Pygmalion's] reign, his sister fled away from him and built the city of Carthage in Libya." The Nora Stone , found on Sardinia, has been interpreted by Frank Moore Cross as naming pmy[y]tn or p‘mytn, which
2610-407: The oxhide into fine strips so that she had enough to encircle an entire nearby hill, which was therefore afterwards named Byrsa ("hide"). (This event is commemorated in modern mathematics: The " isoperimetric problem " of enclosing the maximum area within a fixed boundary is often called the "Dido Problem" in modern calculus of variations .) That would become their new home. Many of the locals joined
2668-477: The priest of Jupiter joined the expedition. There, the exiles also seized about eighty young women who were prostituting themselves on the shore, in order to provide wives for the men in the party. Eventually Dido and her followers arrived on the coast of North Africa, where Dido asked the king Iarbas for a small bit of land for a temporary refuge until she could continue her journeying, only as much land as could be encompassed by an oxhide. They agreed. Dido cut
2726-693: The romantic intrigues between Dido and Aeneas imagined by Virgil in the Aeneid . According to Velleius Paterculus , Cádiz and Utica (roughly meaning "Old Town" opposed to Carthage meaning "New Town") were founded more than 80 years after the Trojan War and before Carthage which he claimed was founded 65 years before Rome (753 + 65 = 818 BC). Virgil's references in the Aeneid generally agree with what Justin's epitome of Trogus recorded. Virgil names Belus as Dido's father, this Belus sometimes being called Belus II by later commentators to distinguish him from Belus son of Poseidon and Libya in earlier Greek mythology . Classicist T. T. Duke suggests that this
2784-588: The rumour of the love affair comes to King Iarbas the Gaetulian, "a son of Jupiter Ammon by a raped Garamantian nymph", Iarbas prays to his father, blaming Dido who has scorned marriage with him yet now takes Aeneas into the country as her lord. (4.222f) Jupiter dispatches Mercury to send Aeneas on his way and the pious Aeneas sadly obeys. Mercury tells Aeneas of all the promising Italian lands and orders Aeneas to get his fleet ready. (4.450f) Dido can no longer bear to live. (4.474) She has her sister Anna build her
2842-472: The settlement, and both they and envoys from the nearby Phoenician city of Utica urged the building of a city. In digging the foundations, an ox's head was found, indicating a city that would be wealthy but subject to others. In response to this portent, another area of the hill was dug instead, where a horse's head was found, indicating that the city would be powerful in war. But when the new city of Carthage had been established and become prosperous, Iarbas,
2900-475: The seventh year of Pygmalion, and measuring back from 814 BC would not allow any overlap of Balazeros with the 841 tribute to Shalmaneser. With the 825 date for the seventh year of Pygmalion, however, Balazeros's last year would coincide with 841 BC, the year of the tribute. Additional evidence in favor of the 825 date is found in the statement of Menander, repeated by Josephus as corroborated from Tyrian court records ( Against Apion i.17,18), that Dido's flight (or
2958-418: The site of Carthage before the last quarter of the 8th century BC has yet to be found. That the city is named 𐤒𐤓𐤕 𐤇𐤃𐤔𐤕 ( Qart-hadasht , or "New City") at least indicates it was a colony. The only surviving full account before Virgil's treatment is that of Virgil's contemporary Gnaeus Pompeius Trogus in his Philippic histories as rendered in a digest or epitome made by Junianus Justinus in
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#17328521890593016-608: The startling discovery of Dido's hideout and her well-preserved body happens accidentally during an attempted Coup D'etat by Turkish Army officers based in Cyprus. In another modern interpretation, Dido appears in Sid Meier 's strategy games Civilization II and Civilization V , as the leader of the Carthaginian civilization, although she appears alongside Hannibal in the former. In Civilization V , she speaks Phoenician, with
3074-727: The thong only and say nothing about the sea. Carthage was the Roman Republic 's greatest rival and enemy, and Virgil's Dido in part symbolises this. Even though no Rome existed in her day, Virgil's Dido curses the future progeny of the Trojans. In Italy during the Fascist administration of the 1920s to 1940s, she was regarded as a rival and sometimes negative figure, perhaps not only as a symbol of Rome's nemesis, but because she represented together at least three other unpleasant qualities: her reputation for promiscuity, her "Semitic race" , and for being
3132-685: The title Didone . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Didone&oldid=930135577 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Dido Dido ( / ˈ d aɪ d oʊ / DY -doh ; Ancient Greek : Διδώ Greek pronunciation: [diː.dɔ̌ː] , Latin pronunciation: [ˈdiːdoː] ), also known as Elissa ( / ə ˈ l ɪ s ə / ə- LISS -ə , Ἔλισσα ),
3190-474: The truth about his death, urged her to flee the country, and revealed to her where his gold was buried. She left with those who hated or feared Pygmalion. None of these details contradicts Justin's epitome, but Virgil very much changes the import and many details of the story when he brings Aeneas and his followers to Carthage. (1.657f) Dido and Aeneas fall in love by the management of Juno and Venus , acting in concert, though for different reasons. (4.198f) When
3248-8359: Was achieved. See also [ edit ] Algerian nationalism Arab nationalism Egyptian nationalism Libyan nationalism References [ edit ] ^ Motyl 2001 , pp. 549. Bibliography [ edit ] Motyl, Alexander J. (2001). Encyclopedia of Nationalism, Volume II . Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-227230-7 . v t e Ethnic nationalism Nationalisms in Africa North Africa Arab Berber Coptic Egyptian Pharaonism Kabyle Sahrawi East Africa Acholi Amhara Hutu Somali Tigrayan Nigeria Igbo Ogoni Southern Africa Afrikaner Americas North America Chicano Greenlandic Indigenous Canadian Lakota Québécois Sequoyahan Caribbean Haitian Puerto Rican South America Argentine Criollo Mapuche Peruvian Asia Middle East Arab Assyrian Iranian Iraqi Jewish Diaspora Zionism Jordanian Kurdish Lebanese Palestinian Syrian Turkish in Cyprus Zaza Eastern Asia Cantonese Chinese Han chauvinist Hongkonger Japanese Korean Manchu Okinawan Ryukyu Taiwanese Tibetan Southern Asia Assamese Bengali in Bangladesh Bodo Dravidian Hazara Meitei Naga Punjabi Sindhi Sinhalese Tamil in Sri Lanka Tripuri South-eastern Asia Filipino Khmer Malay Mon Shan Thai Vietnamese Northern & Middle Asia Baloch Mongolian South Mongolia Pan-Turkism Pashtun Siberian Uyghur Yakut South Caucasus Armenian Azerbaijani Georgian Laz Europe Southeastern Europe Albanian in Albania in Kosovo in North Macedonia Aromanian Bosniak Croatian Greek in Cyprus Macedonian Moldovan Montenegrin Romani (Gypsy) Romanian Serbian Central Europe Austrian Bavarian Czech Frisian German in Austria Völkisch Hungarian Polish Silesian Slovak Slovenian Eastern Europe Belarusian Russian Ukrainian Yiddish North Caucasus Balkar and Karachay Circassian Ingush Lezgin Ossetian Volga Region Chuvash Tatar Western Europe Breton Dutch Flemish French Irish Occitan Walloon United Kingdom British Cornish English Scottish Ulster Welsh Southern Europe Arpitan Basque Corsican Italy Italian Lombard Padanian Sardinian Sicilian Venetian Spain Spanish Andalusian Aragonese Asturian Basque Canarian Castilian Catalan Galician Navarrese Valencian Northern Europe Estonian Faroese Finnish Icelandic Lithuanian Norwegian Oceania Australian Hawaiian Indigenous Australian Māori Pan-nationalism African Arab Asian Bangladeshi Celtic Chinese Congolese European Finnic Germanic Hispanic Iberian Indian Iranian Iraqi Korean Latin Libyan Mongolian Native American Nigerian Nordic Oceanian Pakistani Russian Scandinavian Slavic South Slavic Tunisian Turanian Turkic Ugandan Movements Alsace independence movement Assam separatist movements Assyrian independence movement Catalan independence movement Champa independence movement East Turkestan independence movement Faroese independence movement Flemish Movement Free Aceh Movement Free Papua Movement Future of Åland Galician independence movement (Spain) Greenlandic independence Guangdong Independence Movement Hawaiian sovereignty movement Inner Mongolian independence movement Kashubian Association Māori protest movement Mapuche separatist movement Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines) National Liberation Front of Corsica Patani United Liberation Organisation Ryukyu independence movement Scottish independence Siberian regionalism Silesian Autonomy Movement Székely autonomy movement Taiwan independence movement Tibetan independence movement Vojvodina Autonomist Movement Wallmapuwen Walloon Movement Welsh independence Projects Arakan Assyria Azawad Balawaristan Balochistan Bangsamoro Basque Country (greater region) Catalan Countries Chameria Champa Chechen Republic of Ichkeria Circassia Crimea Hatay State Hazarajat Danzig Donetsk East Turkestan Herzeg-Bosnia Hutu Power Ilirida Karakalpakstan Karelia Katarism Ketuanan Melayu Kurdistan Lezgistan Luhansk Manchukuo Marathi Abhimaangeet Northern Epirus Occitania Ossetia Pashtunistan Republika Srpska Santa Cruz Sápmi Saraikistan Silesia Sindhudesh Székely Land Tamil Eelam Tibet Other Local (China) Racial American Indigenous Black German Indigenous White Note : Forms of nationalism based primarily on ethnic groups are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with
3306-474: Was deified and was worshipped as long as Carthage endured. In this account, the foundation of Carthage occurred 72 years before the foundation of Rome. Servius in his commentary on Virgil's Aeneid gives Sicharbas as the name of Dido's husband in early tradition. The oxhide story which explains the name of the hill is most likely of Greek origin since Byrsa means "oxhide" in Greek, not in Punic . The name of
3364-856: Was the legendary founder and first queen of the Phoenician city-state of Carthage (located in Tunisia ), in 814 BC. In most accounts, she was the queen of the Phoenician city-state of Tyre (located in Lebanon ) who fled tyranny to found her own city in northwest Africa. Known only through ancient Greek and Roman sources, all of which were written well after Carthage's founding, her historicity remains uncertain. The oldest references to Dido are attributed to Timaeus , who lived in Taormina in Sicily , and died around 260 BC, which
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