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49-441: Dial began as a brand of deodorant soap manufactured by Armour and Company , a Chicago , Illinois , meatpacking firm, and through a series of mergers, acquisitions, and divestitures, emerged by the 2000s as a stand-alone personal-care and household-cleaning products company. Henkel acquired The Dial Corporation in 2004. Dial soap remains one of the company's major brands. Dial was the first antibacterial soap introduced in

98-550: A spam email sent in 1999; however, there is no evidence to support the existence of such a link. The myth circulates in two forms: It is possible that there has been confusion between sweat glands, and the lymph nodes deep within the armpits which form part of the immune system and help filter toxins, but if so, there is no evidence at all of such "blocking" of lymph nodes, nor any scientifically plausible route by which this could result from deodorant use. The National Cancer Institute states that "no scientific evidence links

147-720: A consequence of Henkel's acquisition of Dial, Henkel divested its 29% stake in The Clorox Company for $ 2.84 billion in cash and assets, which included the Soft Scrub and Combat brands. In 2006, Dial acquired the Right Guard , Soft & Dri and Dry Idea deodorant brands from Procter & Gamble for $ 420 million. On March 1, 2006, Dial completed the sale of its food business for $ 183 million to Pinnacle Foods . The food business produces shelf-stable canned meat products (such as potted meat and Vienna sausages ) and ready meals under

196-470: A diversification strategy and relocated its headquarters to Phoenix, Arizona , the following year. James F. Phillips (November 20, 1930 – October 3, 2001) was an American environmental activist known in the Chicago area during the 1960s for his environmental direct action under the pseudonym The Fox . Phillips discovered Armour Dial ( Henkel Corporation ) had been polluting Mill Creek which emptied into

245-513: A high of about 150 in the 1990s. Brillo is manufactured in London, Ohio . In December 2019, Innovative Brands, a division of International Wholesale, agreed to a licensing agreement with Armaly Brands to launch Brillo Basics, a line of household cleaning products. The most famous example of Brillo in pop art is works by Andy Warhol in 1964. Warhol did artwork on boxes with the 1960s Brillo logo. In 1970 Harlan Ellison and Ben Bova published

294-409: A higher risk because of exposure to aluminum in the product." The agency warns people with kidney dysfunction to consult a doctor before using antiperspirants containing aluminum. If aerosol deodorant is held close to the skin for long enough, it can cause an aerosol burn —a form of frostbite . In controlled tests, spray deodorants have been shown to cause temperature drops of over 60 °C in

343-492: A more oily "heavy" sweat containing a proportion of waste proteins , fatty acids and carbohydrates , that can be metabolized by bacteria to produce compounds that cause body odor . In addition, the vagina produces secretions which are not a form of sweat but may be undesired and also masked with deodorants. Human perspiration of all types is largely odorless until its organic components are fermented by bacteria that thrive in hot, humid environments. The human underarm

392-470: A relationship exists". Another constituent of deodorant products that has given cause for concern are parabens , a chemical additive. However parabens do not cause cancer. The FDA has "acknowledge[d] that small amounts of aluminum can be absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and through the skin", leading to a warning "that people with kidney disease may not be aware that the daily use of antiperspirant drug products containing aluminum may put them at

441-422: A short period of time. Aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly , a common antiperspirant, can react with sweat to create yellow stains on clothing. Underarm liners are an antiperspirant alternative that does not leave stains. Brillo Pad Brillo is a trade name for a scouring pad , used for cleaning dishes , and made from steel wool filled with soap . The concept was patented in 1913, at

490-540: A time when aluminium pots and pans were replacing cast iron in the kitchen; the new cookware blackened easily. The company's website states the name Brillo is from the Latin word for "bright", although no such word exists in Latin. In Spanish the word brillo means the noun "shine"; however, German, Italian, French, and English do have words for "shine" or "bright" beginning with brill- deriving from Latin words for beryl . In

539-659: A wider range of body parts, at any place where sweat would be inconvenient or unsafe, since unwanted sweating can interfere with comfort, vision , and grip (due to slipping). Other types of deodorant allow sweating but prevent bacterial action on sweat, since human sweat only has a noticeable smell when it is decomposed by bacteria. In the United States , the Food and Drug Administration classifies and regulates most deodorants as cosmetics , but classifies antiperspirants as over-the-counter drugs . The first commercial deodorant, Mum ,

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588-403: Is among the most consistently warm areas on the surface of the human body, and sweat glands readily provide moisture containing a fraction of organic matter, which when excreted, has a vital cooling effect. When adult armpits are washed with alkaline pH soap, the skin loses its protective acid mantle (pH 4.5–6), raising the skin pH and disrupting the skin barrier. Many bacteria are adapted to

637-690: The Boraxo , Borateem and 20 Mule Team Borax brands from U.S. Borax . To reflect the parent company's new focus after the sale of Greyhound Lines , Greyhound was renamed Greyhound Dial Corporation in 1990 and renamed again, to The Dial Corp the following year. After the parent company was renamed The Dial Corp, the Dial consumer business was known as The Dial Corp Consumer Products Group . Greyhound also acquired Breck Shampoo from Shulton in 1990 and Renuzit from S. C. Johnson & Son in 1993. In late 1995, parent company The Dial Corp announced its intention to split

686-641: The Fox River , which violated a 1962 law that limited the amount of chemicals companies could dump into the surrounding water. Phillips created stickers issuing warnings that read "Armour Dial Kills our Water" or "Armour Dial Pollutes our air". He organized a group to travel to supermarkets around the United States and put these stickers on bars of Dial soap. Mike Royko , a Pulitzer Prize winning Chicago newspaper columnist, called Phillips's attack "the most ambitious anti pollution prank of his colorful career." The prank

735-458: The axillae , can cause irritation and may promote sensitization to other ingredients in the antiperspirant. Deodorant crystals containing synthetically made potassium alum were found to be a weak irritant to the skin. Unscented deodorant is available for those with sensitive skin. Frequent use of deodorants was associated with blood concentrations of the synthetic musk galaxolide . Many deodorants and antiperspirants contain aluminium in

784-423: The electrolytes in the sweat to form a gel plug in the duct of the sweat gland. The plugs prevent the gland from excreting liquid and are removed over time by the natural sloughing of the skin. The metal salts work in another way to prevent sweat from reaching the surface of the skin: the aluminium salts interact with the keratin fibrils in the sweat ducts and form a physical plug that prevents sweat from reaching

833-720: The Armour Star brand, had sales of approximately $ 230 million in fiscal 2005. In 2012, Henkel sold Dial's Coast , Pure & Natural and Soft & Dri brands to Brynwood Partners ' High Ridge Brands for an undisclosed amount. In 2016, Henkel acquired laundry detergent manufacturer Sun Products for $ 3.6 billion. In July 2017, Dial relocated its headquarters from Scottsdale, Arizona to Stamford, Connecticut in order to consolidate its operations with Sun Products and be closer to parent Henkel's North American headquarters (Henkel Corporation) in Rocky Hill, Connecticut . After consolidation,

882-617: The United States. It was developed by chemists from Armour and Company and introduced in the Chicago market in 1948. Armour had been producing soap since 1888, first as "Armour Family Soap." Armour's soap was made from tallow , a by-product of the meat production process. The name Dial was chosen because the soap advertised "'round-the-clock" protection against the odor caused by perspiration . Demand for this new soap exceeded expectations due to its deodorant effectiveness, its non-medicinal clover-like smell and bright golden yellow color. The brand

931-442: The antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941. This patent addressed the problem of the excessive acidity of aluminum chloride and its excessive irritation of the skin, by combining it with a soluble nitrile or a similar compound. This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of the early 1950s". "Stopette" gained its prominence as

980-560: The business was renamed Henkel North American Consumer Goods in 2018. In June 2021, Henkel sold the Right Guard and Dry Idea deodorant brands to Thriving Brands LLC. Henkel's Consumer Goods brands include: Deodorant A deodorant is a substance applied to the body to prevent or mask body odor caused by bacterial breakdown of perspiration , for example in the armpits , groin , or feet . A subclass of deodorants, called antiperspirants , prevents sweating itself, typically by blocking sweat glands . Antiperspirants are used on

1029-428: The company and spin off the Dial consumer products business. After the spin off, Dial's now former parent company was renamed Viad Corp , consisting of the service businesses. The Dial consumer business was reborn as the new Dial Corporation, relocating its corporate offices to Scottsdale, Arizona , adjacent to its long-time research and development facility. Under new CEO, Malcolm Jozoff, a former P&G executive,

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1078-502: The early 1900s, in New York, an unnamed cookware peddler and his brother-in-law, an unnamed jeweller, were working on a solution to clean blackened cookware. Using jewellers' rouge , with soap and fine steel wool from Germany, they developed a method to scour the backsides of cooking utensils when they began to blacken. The method worked and the peddler added this new product, soap with steel wool, into his line of goods for sale. Demand for

1127-405: The early 1950s". Use of deodorant with aluminium compounds has been suspected of being linked to breast cancer, but research has not proven any such link. The human body produces perspiration (sweat) via two types of sweat gland : eccrine sweat glands which cover much of the skin and produce watery odourless sweat, and apocrine sweat glands in the armpits and groin , which produce

1176-488: The early 1970s. However, the late 1970s saw two developments which greatly reduced the popularity of these products. First, in 1977 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned the active ingredient used in aerosols, aluminium zirconium chemicals, due to safety concerns over long term inhalation. Second, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency limited the use of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) propellants used in aerosols due to awareness that these gases can contribute to depleting

1225-452: The first and long-time sponsor of the game show What's My Line? ; it was later eclipsed by many other brands once the 1941 patent expired. Between 1942 and 1957, the market for deodorants increased 600 times to become a $ 70 million market. Deodorants were originally marketed primarily to women, but by 1957 the market had expanded to male users, and estimates were that 50% of men were using deodorants by that date. The Ban Roll-On product led

1274-437: The following active ingredients: Deodorants and antiperspirants come in many forms. What is commonly used varies in different countries. In Europe, aerosol sprays are popular, as are cream and roll-on forms. In North America, solid or gel forms are dominant. After using a deodorant containing zirconium, the skin may develop an allergic , axillary granuloma response. Antiperspirants with propylene glycol , when applied to

1323-485: The form of aluminium salts such as aluminium chlorohydrate . The US Food and Drug Administration , in a 2003 paper discussing deodorant safety, concluded that "despite many investigators looking at this issue, the agency does not find data from topical and inhalation chronic exposure animal and human studies submitted to date sufficient to change the monograph status of aluminum containing antiperspirants", therefore allowing their use and stating they will keep monitoring

1372-485: The form of aluminum sulphate salts ) and contact dermatitis. Vaginal deodorant, in the form of sprays, suppositories , and wipes, is often used by women to mask vaginal secretions . Vaginal deodorants can sometimes cause dermatitis . In the United States, deodorants combined with antiperspirant agents are classified as drugs by the FDA. Antiperspirants attempt to stop or significantly reduce perspiration and thus reduce

1421-544: The jeweller and the attorney became known as the Brillo Manufacturing Company , with headquarters and production operations in New York City. By 1917, the company was selling packaged boxes of six pads, with a cake of soap included. During World War I , it helped with needed efforts of field operations. In 1921, the company moved its production facility to London, Ohio . It was only in the 1930s that soap

1470-421: The market in sales. In the early 1960s, the first aerosol antiperspirant in the marketplace was Gillette 's Right Guard , whose brand was later sold to Henkel in 2006. Aerosols were popular because they let the user dispense a spray without coming in contact with the underarm area. By the late 1960s, half of all the antiperspirants sold in the U.S. were aerosols, and continued to grow in all sales to 82% by

1519-409: The moist climate in which bacteria thrive. Aluminium chloride , aluminium chlorohydrate , and aluminium - zirconium compounds, most notably aluminium zirconium tetrachlorohydrex gly are frequently used in antiperspirants. Aluminium chlorohydrate and aluminium-zirconium tetrachlorohydrate gly are the most frequent active ingredients in commercial antiperspirants. Aluminium-based complexes react with

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1568-498: The moisture away from the skin and aids in keeping the skin dry enough to prevent or diminish bacterial colonization. The hair is less susceptible to bacterial growth and therefore reduces bacterial odor. The apocrine sweat glands are inactive until puberty , which is why body odor often only becomes noticeable at that time. Deodorant products work in one of two ways – by preventing sweat from occurring, or by allowing it to occur but preventing bacterial activity that decomposes sweat on

1617-520: The name Ban Roll-On. The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the U.S., but it is once again available at retailers in the U.S. under the brand Ban. In the UK it is sold under the names Mum Solid and Mum Pump Spray. Chattem acquired the Ban deodorant brand in 1998 and subsequently sold it to Kao Corporation in 2000. In 1903, the first commercial antiperspirant was Everdry. The modern formulation of

1666-575: The new Dial Corporation underwent major layoffs in the fall of 1996 and a series of financially disastrous acquisitions the following four years. In 1997, Dial sold the Brillo business to Church & Dwight . Between 1999 and 2000, Dial formed two joint-ventures with German company Henkel . The first, Dial/Henkel LLC, was established in 1999 which introduced Purex Advanced laundry detergent and acquired Custom Cleaner home dry cleaning products. The second joint venture company, Dial/Henkel Mexico S.A. de C.V.

1715-622: The odor of perspiration. Some of the first patented deodorants used zinc oxide , acids, ammonium chloride , sodium bicarbonate , and formaldehyde (which is now known as a carcinogen ), and some of these ingredients were messy, irritating to the skin. Over-the-counter products, often labeled as "natural deodorant crystal", contain the chemical rock crystals potassium alum or ammonium alum , which prevents bacterial action on sweat. These have gained popularity as an alternative health product, in spite of concerns about possible risks related to aluminum (see below – all alum salts contain aluminum in

1764-757: The ozone layer. As the popularity of aerosols slowly decreased, stick antiperspirants became more popular. In the United States, deodorants are classified and regulated as cosmetics by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and are designed to eliminate odor. Deodorants are often alcohol -based. Alcohol initially stimulates sweating but may also temporarily kill bacteria. Other active ingredients in deodorants include sodium stearate , sodium chloride , and stearyl alcohol . Deodorants can be formulated with other, more persistent antimicrobials such as triclosan that slow bacterial growth or with metal chelant compounds such as EDTA . Deodorants may contain perfume fragrances or natural essential oils intended to mask

1813-548: The parts of the body which are commonly shaved and also commonly treated with deodorants, such as the armpits , contain substantial deposits of subcutaneous fat . Shaving cuts would be extremely unlikely to penetrate sufficiently beyond the very outer layers of the skin, for much if any product to enter the bloodstream. A 2014 review of 469 peer-reviewed studies examining the effect of exposure to aluminum products concluded "that health risks posed by exposure to inorganic Al[uminum] depend on its physical and chemical forms and that

1862-473: The response varies with route of administration, magnitude, duration and frequency of exposure. These results support previous conclusions that there is little evidence that exposure to metallic Al, the Al oxides or its salts increases risk for Alzheimer's disease , genetic damage or cancer". The claim that breast cancer is believed to be linked with deodorant use has been widely circulated and appears to originate from

1911-817: The scientific literature. Members of the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) of the European Commission concluded similarly in 2015, that "due to the lack of adequate data on dermal penetration to estimate the internal dose of aluminium following cosmetic uses, risk assessment cannot be performed." In the light of new data in 2020 the SCCS considered aluminium compounds safe up to 6.25% in non-spray deodorants or non-spray antiperspirants and 10.60% in spray deodorants or spray antiperspirants. Common myths and marketing claims for aluminium in deodorants (including aluminum in alum products) include claims: Of note,

1960-555: The skin's surface. Aluminium salts also have a slight astringent effect on the pores; causing them to contract, further preventing sweat from reaching the surface of the skin. The blockage of a large number of sweat glands reduces the amount of sweat produced in the underarms, though this may vary from person to person. Methenamine in the form of cream or spray is effective in the treatment of excessive sweating and attendant odor. Antiperspirants are usually best applied before bed. Common and historical formulations for deodorants include

2009-457: The skin. In 1888, the first modern commercial deodorant, Mum , was developed and patented by a U.S. inventor in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Edna Murphey ; the small company was bought by Bristol-Myers in 1931. In the late 1940s, Helen Barnett Diserens developed an underarm applicator based on the newly invented ball-point pen . In 1952, the company began marketing the product under

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2058-455: The slightly alkaline environment within the human body, so they can thrive within this elevated pH environment. This makes the skin more than usually susceptible to bacterial colonization. Bacteria on the skin feed on the waste proteins and fatty acids in the sweat from the apocrine glands and on dead skin and hair cells, releasing trans -3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid in their waste, which is the primary cause of body odor. Underarm hair wicks

2107-402: The steel wool, copper spun and soap with jewellers' rouge increased quickly. The peddler and the jeweller decided to patent the product. Because they lacked the money to pay for legal services, they offered New York attorney Milton Loeb an interest in their business. Loeb accepted and in 1913, he secured a patent for the product under the name Brillo. The partnership formed between the peddler,

2156-401: The use of these products to the development of breast cancer" and that "no clear evidence show[s] that the use of aluminum-containing underarm antiperspirants or cosmetics increases the risk of breast cancer", but also concludes that "[b]ecause studies of antiperspirants and deodorants and breast cancer have provided conflicting results, additional research would be needed to determine whether

2205-460: Was contained within the pad. The company merged with Purex Industries in 1962. The Dial Corporation acquired Purex Industries in 1985. Church and Dwight acquired the Brillo business from Dial in 1997. In 2010, Armaly Brands of Walled Lake, Michigan , primarily a manufacturer of sponges , purchased the Brillo business from Church & Dwight. At that time there were about 50 employees, down from

2254-537: Was established for operations in Mexico . By 2002, both ventures were discontinued because of losses and Dial sold its stake in the Mexico venture to Henkel. In 2000, Jozoff resigned and was replaced by Herbert Baum with a mandate from the board of directors to find a suitable buyer for the company. That same year, Dial acquired Coast soap and Zout stain remover. In December 2003, Dial was acquired by Henkel for $ 2.9 billion. As

2303-463: Was introduced and patented in the late nineteenth century by an inventor in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , Edna Murphey . The product was briefly withdrawn from the market in the US. The modern formulation of the antiperspirant was patented by Jules Montenier on January 28, 1941. This formulation was first found in "Stopette" deodorant spray, which Time magazine called "the best-selling deodorant of

2352-431: Was rolled out nationally in 1949, and in time became the leading deodorant soap brand in the United States. Because of the popularity and strong sales of Dial soap, fueled by magazine, radio, and television advertising, Armour's consumer products business was incorporated as Armour-Dial, Inc. in 1967. In 1970, The Greyhound Corporation purchased Armour and Company (including Armour-Dial, Inc.) for $ 400 million as part of

2401-424: Was so successful, it started an independent boycott of all Armour-Dial products. Phillips's seven-year battle with Armour Dial led to the state of Illinois suing Armour Dial's Montgomery plant for violating Illinois pollution standards. In 1985 Greyhound acquired the consumer products business of Purex Industries, Inc. , which was combined with Armour-Dial to form The Dial Corporation . In 1988, Greyhound acquired

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