Misplaced Pages

#851148

69-817: Dharampura sits on the western bank of the Lahore Canal , between the Walled City of Lahore and the Lahore Cantonment . It is a largely working class neighbourhood. The area was largely populated by Hindus and Sikhs prior to the Partition of British India . The locality is also the ancestral home of Sushma Swaraj , who was a lawyer of the Supreme Court of India and a Minister of External Affairs of India . Baba Sain Mir Mohammed Sahib, popularly known as Mian Mir ,

138-585: A blood test that detects hepatitis B surface antigen ( HBsAg ). If HBsAg is present, a second test – usually done on the same blood sample – that detects the antibody for the hepatitis B core antigen (anti- HBcAg ) can differentiate between acute and chronic infection. People who are high-risk whose blood tests negative for HBsAg can receive the hepatitis B vaccine to prevent future infection. The CDC , WHO , USPSTF , AASLD , and ACOG recommend screening people at high risk for hepatitis C infection. These populations include people who are: For people in

207-422: A broad spectrum of presentations that range from a complete lack of symptoms to severe  liver failure . The acute form of hepatitis, generally caused by viral infection, is characterized by  constitutional symptoms  that are typically self-limiting. Chronic hepatitis presents similarly, but can manifest signs and symptoms specific to liver dysfunction with long-standing inflammation and damage to

276-423: A disturbed pH balance and several other imbalances” because of the chemicals being thrown into the canal. The report found that all of the pollutants were in excess of the limit set by national environment quality standards. The citizens who swim in that water and even drink from it were oblivious to the fact that this polluted water can cause diseases like hepatitis and various skin diseases. In early 2008, water

345-455: A higher level of detail, allowing visualization and characterize such structures as vessels and tumors within the liver. Unlike steatosis and cirrhosis, no imaging test is able to detect liver inflammation (i.e. hepatitis) or fibrosis. Liver biopsy is the only definitive diagnostic test that is able to assess inflammation and fibrosis of the liver. Viral hepatitis is primarily diagnosed through blood tests for levels of viral antigens (such as

414-492: A variety of mechanisms, including direct cell damage , disruption of cell metabolism, and causing structural changes. Some drugs such as paracetamol exhibit predictable dose-dependent liver damage while others such as isoniazid cause idiosyncratic and unpredictable reactions that vary by person. There are wide variations in the mechanisms of liver injury and latency period from exposure to development of clinical illness. Many types of drugs can cause liver injury, including

483-545: Is inflammation of the liver tissue . Some people or animals with hepatitis have no symptoms, whereas others develop yellow discoloration of the skin and whites of the eyes ( jaundice ), poor appetite , vomiting , tiredness , abdominal pain , and diarrhea . Hepatitis is acute if it resolves within six months, and chronic if it lasts longer than six months. Acute hepatitis can resolve on its own , progress to chronic hepatitis, or (rarely) result in acute liver failure . Chronic hepatitis may progress to scarring of

552-803: Is a canal that runs through the east of the city of Lahore , Punjab in Pakistan . It diverges from the Bambawali-Ravi-Bedian (BRB) Canal. This 37 miles (60 km) long waterway was initially built by the Mughals. It was then upgraded by the British in 1861. It is an important part of the city's cultural heritage. The canal is managed by the Lahore Zone of the Punjab Irrigation Department . The canal, aside from its importance for irrigation , forms

621-611: Is a rare and life-threatening complication of acute hepatitis that can occur in cases of hepatitis B, D, and E, in addition to drug-induced and autoimmune hepatitis. The complication more frequently occurs in instances of hepatitis B and D co-infection at a rate of 2–20% and in pregnant women with hepatitis E at rate of 15–20% of cases. In addition to the signs of acute hepatitis, people can also demonstrate signs of coagulopathy (abnormal coagulation studies with easy bruising and bleeding) and encephalopathy (confusion, disorientation, and sleepiness ). Mortality due to fulminant hepatitis

690-498: Is a significant cause of hepatitis and is the most common cause of cirrhosis in the U.S. Alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease . This ranges in order of severity and reversibility from alcoholic steatosis (least severe, most reversible), alcoholic hepatitis , cirrhosis, and liver cancer (most severe, least reversible). Hepatitis usually develops over years-long exposure to alcohol, occurring in 10 to 20% of alcoholics. The most important risk factors for

759-603: Is also present over the canal. After crossing the Thokar Niaz Baig, it turns left and moves parallel to the Raiwind road. Flowing between the main highways, the canal also serves as the chief artery of the city. The canal is an important part of Lahore's culture. Hundreds of people come to swim in the canal during summer. On local, national and religious festivals, such as Jashn-e-Baharan (the welcoming of spring ), Basant , Eid , Pakistan's Independence Day and Pakistan Day

SECTION 10

#1732855382852

828-608: Is attributable to a variety of causes, some of which are not typically seen in adults. Congenital or perinatal infection with the hepatitis viruses, toxoplasma , rubella , cytomegalovirus , and syphilis can cause neonatal hepatitis. Structural abnormalities such as biliary atresia and choledochal cysts can lead to cholestatic liver injury leading to neonatal hepatitis. Metabolic diseases such as glycogen storage disorders and lysosomal storage disorders are also implicated. Neonatal hepatitis can be idiopathic , and in such cases, biopsy often shows large multinucleated cells in

897-413: Is best understood in the case of hepatitis B and C. The viruses do not directly activate apoptosis (cell death). Rather, infection of liver cells activates the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system leading to an inflammatory response which causes cellular damage and death, including viral-induced apoptosis via the induction of the death receptor-mediated signaling pathway. Depending on

966-425: Is concurrent obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. In this case, alcoholic and nonalcoholic hepatitis can be distinguished by the pattern of liver enzyme abnormalities; specifically, in alcoholic steatohepatitis AST>ALT with ratio of AST:ALT>2:1 while in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis ALT>AST with ratio of ALT:AST>1.5:1. Liver biopsies show identical findings in patients with ASH and NASH, specifically,

1035-412: Is considered immune from the virus via either prior infection and recovery or prior vaccination. In the case of hepatitis B, blood tests exist for multiple virus antigens (which are different components of the virion particle ) and antibodies. The combination of antigen and antibody positivity can provide information about the stage of infection (acute or chronic), the degree of viral replication, and

1104-583: Is instead strongly associated with metabolic syndrome , obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes , and hypertriglyceridemia. Over time, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease can progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis , which additionally involves liver cell death, liver inflammation and possible fibrosis. Factors accelerating progression from NAFLD to NASH are obesity, older age, non-African American ethnicity, female gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, higher ALT or AST level, higher AST/ALT ratio, low platelet count, and an ultrasound steatosis score . In

1173-612: Is mainly sexually transmitted , but may also be passed from mother to baby during pregnancy or childbirth and spread through infected blood . Hepatitis C is commonly spread through infected blood such as may occur during needle sharing by intravenous drug users . Hepatitis D can only infect people already infected with hepatitis B. Hepatitis A, B, and D are preventable with immunization . Medications may be used to treat chronic viral hepatitis. Antiviral medications are recommended in all with chronic hepatitis C, except those with conditions that limit their life expectancy. There

1242-455: Is no specific treatment for NASH; physical activity, a healthy diet , and weight loss are recommended. Autoimmune hepatitis may be treated with medications to suppress the immune system . A liver transplant may be an option in both acute and chronic liver failure. Worldwide in 2015, hepatitis A occurred in about 114 million people, chronic hepatitis B affected about 343 million people and chronic hepatitis C about 142 million people. In

1311-571: Is recognized as the third most common cause of liver disease in the United States. Autoimmune hepatitis is a chronic disease caused by an abnormal immune response against liver cells. The disease is thought to have a genetic predisposition as it is associated with certain human leukocyte antigens involved in the immune response. As in other autoimmune diseases, circulating auto-antibodies may be present and are helpful in diagnosis. Auto-antibodies found in patients with autoimmune hepatitis include

1380-748: Is the gold standard for establishing the diagnosis: histopathologic analysis is able to reveal the precise extent and pattern of inflammation and fibrosis . Biopsy is typically not the initial diagnostic test because it is invasive and is associated with a small but significant risk of bleeding that is increased in people with liver injury and cirrhosis. Blood testing includes liver enzymes , serology (i.e. for autoantibodies), nucleic acid testing (i.e. for hepatitis virus DNA/RNA), blood chemistry , and complete blood count . Characteristic patterns of liver enzyme abnormalities can point to certain causes or stages of hepatitis. Generally, AST and ALT are elevated in most cases of hepatitis regardless of whether

1449-514: Is the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury, and paracetamol toxicity the most common cause of acute liver failure in the United States and Europe. Herbal remedies and dietary supplements are another important cause of hepatitis; these are the most common causes of drug-induced hepatitis in Korea. The United States–based Drug Induced Liver Injury Network linked more than 16% of cases of hepatotoxicity to herbal and dietary supplements. In

SECTION 20

#1732855382852

1518-974: Is the most common type of hepatitis worldwide, especially in Asia and Africa. Viral hepatitis is caused by five different viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E). Hepatitis A and hepatitis E behave similarly: they are both transmitted by the fecal–oral route , are more common in developing countries, and are self-limiting illnesses that do not lead to chronic hepatitis. Hepatitis B , hepatitis C , and hepatitis D are transmitted when blood or mucous membranes are exposed to infected blood and body fluids, such as semen and vaginal secretions. Viral particles have also been found in saliva and breastmilk. Kissing, sharing utensils, and breastfeeding do not lead to transmission unless these fluids are introduced into open sores or cuts. Many families who do not have safe drinking water or live in unhygienic homes have contracted hepatitis because saliva and blood droplets are often carried through

1587-474: Is the second most common cause of cirrhosis in the US (second to alcoholic hepatitis). In the 1970s and 1980s, blood transfusions were a major factor in spreading hepatitis C virus. Since widespread screening of blood products for hepatitis C began in 1992, the risk of acquiring hepatitis C from a blood transfusion has decreased from approximately 10% in the 1970s to 1 in 2 million currently. Parasites can also infect

1656-506: Is typically the result of various complications including cerebral edema , gastrointestinal bleeding , sepsis , respiratory failure , or kidney failure . Acute cases of hepatitis are seen to be resolved well within a six-month period. When hepatitis is continued for more than six months it is termed chronic hepatitis. Chronic hepatitis is often asymptomatic early in its course and is detected only by liver laboratory studies for screening purposes or to evaluate non-specific symptoms. As

1725-428: The analgesic paracetamol; antibiotics such as isoniazid, nitrofurantoin , amoxicillin-clavulanate , erythromycin , and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole ; anticonvulsants such as valproate and phenytoin ; cholesterol-lowering statins ; steroids such as oral contraceptives and anabolic steroids ; and highly active anti-retroviral therapy used in the treatment of HIV/AIDS . Of these, amoxicillin-clavulanate

1794-402: The hepatitis A vaccine . Those at high risk and in need of screening include: The presence of anti-hepatitis A IgG in the blood indicates past infection with the virus or prior vaccination. The CDC , WHO , USPSTF , and ACOG recommend routine hepatitis B screening for certain high-risk populations. Specifically, these populations include people who are: Screening consists of

1863-445: The hepatitis B surface or core antigen), anti-viral antibodies (such as the anti-hepatitis B surface antibody or anti-hepatitis A antibody), or viral DNA/RNA. In early infection (i.e. within 1 week), IgM antibodies are found in the blood. In late infection and after recovery, IgG antibodies are present and remain in the body for up to years. Therefore, when a patient is positive for IgG antibody but negative for IgM antibody, he

1932-607: The sensitive but less specific anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) , smooth muscle antibody (SMA), and atypical perinuclear antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (p-ANCA) . Other autoantibodies that are less common but more specific to autoimmune hepatitis are the antibodies against liver kidney microsome 1 (LKM1) and soluble liver antigen (SLA). Autoimmune hepatitis can also be triggered by drugs (such as nitrofurantoin , hydralazine , and methyldopa ), after liver transplant, or by viruses (such as hepatitis A, Epstein-Barr virus , or measles ). Autoimmune hepatitis can present anywhere within

2001-626: The Lahore Conservation Society Information Secretary said, adding that the government was not sincerely concerned about the welfare of its people and was exposing them to the harmful water of the canal. Mustansar Hussain Tarar and others have criticized the road-widening project in Express News documentary film Bahao . Plans have been brought to convert parts of the canal into a proper swimming area. Experts believe that

2070-548: The United States, NASH affects about 11 million people and alcoholic hepatitis affects about 5 million people. Hepatitis results in more than a million deaths a year, most of which occur indirectly from liver scarring or liver cancer. In the United States, hepatitis A is estimated to occur in about 2,500 people a year and results in about 75 deaths. The word is derived from the Greek hêpar ( ἧπαρ ), meaning "liver", and -itis ( -ῖτις ), meaning "inflammation". Hepatitis has

2139-701: The United States, herbal and dietary supplements – unlike pharmaceutical drugs – are unregulated by the Food and Drug Administration . The National Institutes of Health maintains the LiverTox Archived 2019-07-24 at the Wayback Machine database for consumers to track all known prescription and non-prescription compounds associated with liver injury. Exposure to other hepatotoxins can occur accidentally or intentionally through ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. The industrial toxin carbon tetrachloride and

Dharampura - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-630: The canal is illuminated with lights and different types of décor are laid out into the water. Many companies like OMORÉ have also used the canal as a way to promote their brand. The canal water is said to be toxic and unhygienic. The samples of the canal water were examined at the Environment Department ’s specialized laboratory in Lahore and showed “excessive limits of sulfide, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, chlorine and sulphate;

2277-463: The centre of a unique linear park that serves as one of the longest public green belts and popular recreational destination spots in the area. The average depth of the Canal is 5 feet (1.5 m). The Canal Bank Road runs along the banks of this canal. . On local and national festivals, the canal is illuminated with lights and décor. The Bambawali Ravi-Bedian (BRB) Canal at the east of the city of Lahore

2346-470: The culmination of a cascade of events that began with injury. In the case of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis , this cascade is initiated by changes in metabolism associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and lipid dysregulation. In alcoholic hepatitis , chronic excess alcohol use is the culprit. Though the inciting event may differ, the progression of events is similar and begins with accumulation of free fatty acids (FFA) and their breakdown products in

2415-735: The development of alcoholic hepatitis are quantity and duration of alcohol intake. Long-term alcohol intake in excess of 80 grams of alcohol a day in men and 40 grams a day in women is associated with development of alcoholic hepatitis (1 beer or 4 ounces of wine is equivalent to 12g of alcohol). Alcoholic hepatitis can vary from asymptomatic hepatomegaly (enlarged liver) to symptoms of acute or chronic hepatitis to liver failure. Many chemical agents, including medications, industrial toxins, and herbal and dietary supplements, can cause hepatitis. The spectrum of drug-induced liver injury varies from acute hepatitis to chronic hepatitis to acute liver failure. Toxins and medications can cause liver injury through

2484-456: The early stages (as with NAFLD and early NASH), most patients are asymptomatic or have mild right upper quadrant pain, and diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal liver function tests . As the disease progresses, symptoms typical of chronic hepatitis may develop. While imaging can show fatty liver, only liver biopsy can demonstrate inflammation and fibrosis characteristic of NASH. 9 to 25% of patients with NASH develop cirrhosis. NASH

2553-425: The following major categories: infectious, metabolic, ischemic, autoimmune, genetic, and other. Infectious agents include viruses, bacteria, and parasites. Metabolic causes include prescription medications, toxins (most notably alcohol ), and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease . Autoimmune and genetic causes of hepatitis involve genetic predispositions and tend to affect characteristic populations. Viral hepatitis

2622-426: The infectivity of the virus. The most apparent distinguishing factor between alcoholic steatohepatitis (ASH) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a history of excessive alcohol use. Thus, in patients who have no or negligible alcohol use, the diagnosis is unlikely to be alcoholic hepatitis. In those who drink alcohol, the diagnosis may just as likely be alcoholic or nonalcoholic hepatitis especially if there

2691-498: The inflammation progresses, patients can develop constitutional symptoms similar to acute hepatitis, including fatigue, nausea, vomiting, poor appetite, and joint pain. Jaundice can occur as well, but much later in the disease process and is typically a sign of advanced disease. Chronic hepatitis interferes with hormonal functions of the liver which can result in acne, hirsutism (abnormal hair growth), and amenorrhea (lack of menstrual period) in women. Extensive damage and scarring of

2760-416: The likelihood of transmission to others. Hepatitis A causes an acute illness that does not progress to chronic liver disease. Therefore, the role of screening is to assess immune status in people who are at high risk of contracting the virus, as well as in people with known liver disease for whom hepatitis A infection could lead to liver failure. People in these groups who are not already immune can receive

2829-553: The liver ( cirrhosis ), liver failure , and liver cancer . Hepatitis is most commonly caused by the virus hepatovirus A , B , C , D , and E . Other viruses can also cause liver inflammation , including cytomegalovirus , Epstein–Barr virus , and yellow fever virus . Other common causes of hepatitis include heavy alcohol use , certain medications, toxins, other infections, autoimmune diseases , and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Hepatitis A and E are mainly spread by contaminated food and water. Hepatitis B

Dharampura - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-544: The liver , variable degrees of fibrosis and Mallory bodies . Diagnosis of hepatitis is made on the basis of some or all of the following: a person's signs and symptoms, medical history including sexual and substance use history, blood tests, imaging , and liver biopsy . In general, for viral hepatitis and other acute causes of hepatitis, the person's blood tests and clinical picture are sufficient for diagnosis. For other causes of hepatitis, especially chronic causes, blood tests may not be useful. In this case, liver biopsy

2967-420: The liver and activate the immune response, resulting in symptoms of acute hepatitis with increased serum IgE (though chronic hepatitis is possible with chronic infections). Of the protozoans , Trypanosoma cruzi , Leishmania species, and the malaria -causing Plasmodium species all can cause liver inflammation. Another protozoan, Entamoeba histolytica , causes hepatitis with distinct liver abscesses. Of

3036-477: The liver as in shock, heart failure, or vascular insufficiency. The condition is most often associated with heart failure but can also be caused by shock or sepsis . Blood testing of a person with ischemic hepatitis will show very high levels of transaminase enzymes ( AST and ALT ). The condition usually resolves if the underlying cause is treated successfully. Ischemic hepatitis rarely causes permanent liver damage. Hepatitis can also occur in neonates and

3105-400: The liver cells in a process called steatosis . This initially reversible process overwhelms the hepatocyte 's ability to maintain lipid homeostasis leading to a toxic effect as fat molecules accumulate and are broken down in the setting of an oxidative stress response . Over time, this abnormal lipid deposition triggers the immune system via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) resulting in

3174-454: The liver over time defines cirrhosis , a condition in which the liver's ability to function is permanently impeded. This results in jaundice, weight loss, coagulopathy, ascites (abdominal fluid collection), and peripheral edema (leg swelling). Cirrhosis can lead to other life-threatening complications such as hepatic encephalopathy , esophageal varices , hepatorenal syndrome , and liver cancer . Causes of hepatitis can be divided into

3243-482: The liver tissue. This disease is termed giant cell hepatitis and may be associated with viral infection, autoimmune disorders, and drug toxicity. The specific mechanism varies and depends on the underlying cause of the hepatitis. Generally, there is an initial insult that causes liver injury and activation of an inflammatory response, which can become chronic, leading to progressive fibrosis and cirrhosis . The pathway by which hepatic viruses cause viral hepatitis

3312-499: The liver, which can lead to cirrhosis. In Wilson's disease, excess amounts of copper accumulate in the liver and brain, causing cirrhosis and dementia. When the liver is involved, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and Wilson's disease tend to present as hepatitis in the neonatal period or in childhood. Hemochromatosis typically presents in adulthood, with the onset of clinical disease usually after age 50. Ischemic hepatitis (also known as shock liver) results from reduced blood flow to

3381-540: The liver. Genetic causes of hepatitis include alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency , hemochromatosis , and Wilson's disease . In alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, a co-dominant mutation in the gene for alpha-1-antitrypsin results in the abnormal accumulation of the mutant AAT protein within liver cells, leading to liver disease. Hemochromatosis and Wilson's disease are both autosomal recessive diseases involving abnormal storage of minerals. In hemochromatosis, excess amounts of iron accumulate in multiple body sites, including

3450-480: The months of December and January. Lahore Bachao Tehreek ’s (Save Lahore Movement) case against the widening of the Lahore Canal iss still pending before the Supreme Court . Until now, no steps have been taken to purify the waters of the canal. “ The water in the canal is made to look clean and purified when VIPs have to go along the canal route, after which there is a return to the dismal conditions ,” Dr Ijaz of

3519-568: The organ. Acute viral hepatitis follows three distinct phases: Both drug-induced hepatitis and autoimmune hepatitis can present very similarly to acute viral hepatitis, with slight variations in symptoms depending on the cause. Cases of drug-induced hepatitis can manifest with systemic signs of an allergic reaction including rash, fever, serositis (inflammation of membranes lining certain organs), elevated eosinophils (a type of white blood cell), and suppression of bone marrow activity . Fulminant hepatitis, or massive hepatic cell death ,

SECTION 50

#1732855382852

3588-420: The person shows any symptoms. The degree of elevation (i.e. levels in the hundreds vs. in the thousands), the predominance for AST vs. ALT elevation, and the ratio between AST and ALT are informative of the diagnosis. Ultrasound , CT , and MRI can all identify steatosis (fatty changes) of the liver tissue and nodularity of the liver surface suggestive of cirrhosis. CT and especially MRI are able to provide

3657-413: The plan while other departments including Tourism , Communication and Works and Irrigation would execute the proposed development work later. “ We will develop a state-of-the-art facility for the public with a lot of trees, which will not only beautify the spots but improve the environmental condition of the historic city ,” PHA Director General Dr Raheel Ahmad Siddiqui said. Hepatitis Hepatitis

3726-647: The plan will have a positive impact on the lifestyle of the citizens who have been deprived of any such facility for a long time. Under the proposed plan, the government would stop the flow of water for a few weeks to properly clean the basin of the Canal and design it to avoid any accidents. Stairs would be built in the Canal at different points with boards set up on sides mentioning the Canal’s depth to prohibit children from swimming in some places. Moreover, proper lifeguards, lifejackets, medical teams, swimming accessories and other required facilities would also be made available at

3795-459: The presence of polymorphonuclear infiltration, hepatocyte necrosis and apoptosis in the form of ballooning degeneration , Mallory bodies , and fibrosis around veins and sinuses. The purpose of screening for viral hepatitis is to identify people infected with the disease as early as possible, even before symptoms and transaminase elevations may be present. This allows for early treatment, which can both prevent disease progression and decrease

3864-401: The primary drivers of the initial innate response and create a cytokine environment that results in the recruitment of CD4 T-helper and CD8 cytotoxic T-cells . Type I interferons are the cytokines that drive the antiviral response. In chronic Hepatitis B and C, natural killer cell function is impaired. Steatohepatitis is seen in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver disease and is

3933-523: The production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF that cause liver cell injury and death. These events mark the transition to steatohepatitis and in the setting of chronic injury, fibrosis eventually develops setting up events that lead to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Microscopically, changes that can be seen include steatosis with large and swollen hepatocytes ( ballooning ), evidence of cellular injury and cell death (apoptosis, necrosis), evidence of inflammation in particular in zone 3 of

4002-400: The risk for cirrhosis, and the risk for liver cancer is increased by about 1% for each year of the disease. Many people with autoimmune hepatitis have other autoimmune diseases . Autoimmune hepatitis is distinct from the other autoimmune diseases of the liver, primary biliary cirrhosis and primary sclerosing cholangitis , both of which can also lead to scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis of

4071-713: The spectrum from asymptomatic to acute or chronic hepatitis to fulminant liver failure. Patients are asymptomatic 25–34% of the time, and the diagnosis is suspected on the basis of abnormal liver function tests. Some studies show between 25% and 75% of cases present with signs and symptoms of acute hepatitis. As with other autoimmune diseases, autoimmune hepatitis usually affects young females (though it can affect patients of either sex of any age), and patients can exhibit classic signs and symptoms of autoimmunity such as fatigue, anemia, anorexia, amenorrhea , acne, arthritis, pleurisy , thyroiditis , ulcerative colitis , nephritis , and maculopapular rash . Autoimmune hepatitis increases

4140-569: The strength of the immune response, the types of immune cells involved and the ability of the virus to evade the body's defense, infection can either lead to clearance (acute disease) or persistence (chronic disease) of the virus. The chronic presence of the virus within liver cells results in multiple waves of inflammation , injury and wound healing that over time lead to scarring or fibrosis and culminate in hepatocellular carcinoma . People with impaired immune response are at greater risk of developing chronic infection. Natural killer cells are

4209-466: The swimming points. Proper food stalls and greenery in sitting places with proper maintenance would also be ensured to entertain visitors who do not know how to swim. The government would provide facilities at par with international standards, keeping in mind the domestic cultural norms at the same time. The facility would be provided on selected points depending on the depth of the canal. The Parks and Horticulture Authority (PHA) would be spearheading

SECTION 60

#1732855382852

4278-434: The time. Acute hepatitis is caused by Neisseria meningitidis , Neisseria gonorrhoeae , Bartonella henselae , Borrelia burgdorferi , salmonella species, brucella species and campylobacter species. Chronic or granulomatous hepatitis is seen with infection from mycobacteria species, Tropheryma whipplei , Treponema pallidum , Coxiella burnetii , and rickettsia species. Excessive alcohol consumption

4347-619: The water and blood-borne illnesses spread quickly in unsanitary settings. Hepatitis B and C can present either acutely or chronically. Hepatitis D is a defective virus that requires hepatitis B to replicate and is only found with hepatitis B co-infection. In adults, hepatitis B infection is most commonly self-limiting, with less than 5% progressing to chronic state, and 20 to 30% of those chronically infected developing cirrhosis or liver cancer. Infection in infants and children frequently leads to chronic infection. Unlike hepatitis B, most cases of hepatitis C lead to chronic infection. Hepatitis C

4416-467: The wild mushroom Amanita phalloides are other known hepatotoxins. Non-alcoholic hepatitis is within the spectrum of non-alcoholic liver disease (NALD), which ranges in severity and reversibility from non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to cirrhosis to liver cancer, similar to the spectrum of alcoholic liver disease. Non-alcoholic liver disease occurs in people with little or no history of alcohol use, and

4485-606: The worms, the cestode Echinococcus granulosus , also known as the dog tapeworm, infects the liver and forms characteristic hepatic hydatid cysts . The liver flukes Fasciola hepatica and Clonorchis sinensis live in the bile ducts and cause progressive hepatitis and liver fibrosis. Bacterial infection of the liver commonly results in pyogenic liver abscesses , acute hepatitis, or granulomatous (or chronic) liver disease. Pyogenic abscesses commonly involve enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and are composed of multiple bacteria up to 50% of

4554-474: Was a famous Sufi Muslim saint who resided in Dharampura. Mustafabad Bazar is a popular bazar also known as Dharampura Bazar in Lahore.  It is a famous food bazaar of the city, similar to Gawalmandi. It is also well known for groceries and clothes. This Pakistan location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Lahore Canal Lahore Canal ( Urdu / Punjabi : لاہور نہر )

4623-569: Was constructed during the Mughal Era . During the British Colonial Rule of India , the British sliced through the BRB Canal and extended it westward to the town of Raiwind , located south of Lahore. The idea to extend the canal may have possibly emerged because an irrigation system was felt necessary after the disastrous Agra famine hit the subcontinent in 1837-38. Nearly ten million rupees

4692-593: Was spent on relief works, resulting in considerable losses to the British East India Company . The Lahore Canal starts from BRB canal , just a few yards away from the Khaira Village, dividing the old neighborhoods of Lahore (on the west-side of the Canal) from the trendy areas of the rich (on the east side of the Canal). Metrobus (Lahore) also crosses it through a flyover on the way. The Muslim Town Flyover

4761-465: Was stopped from flowing into the canal to carry out de- silting and cleaning up any mess from the canal-bed. Cranes were seen digging out all the mud and filling truck-loads on the canal banks. After the process had been completed and the canal bed looked uniform, the irrigation officials let the water flow again on February 10, 2008. The canal is de-silted annually by the Punjab Irrigation in

#851148