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39-610: In the administrative divisions of Somaliland , it is a C-class district according to the 2019 Local Government Law. In the administrative division of Puntland, the district is the capital of the Haylan region . In April 2012, Somaliland forces in Dhahar district paid their soldiers' salaries in Somaliland shillings for the first time, having previously been paid in Somali shillings . In July 2015,

78-481: A Protectorate Advisory Council was established on a tribal basis, with representatives of other communities and official members as well. In 1957, a Legislative Council and an Executive Council were created. From 1959, there were elections to the Legislative Council. A new constitution was introduced in 1960, shortly before independence. In 1991, after a bloody civil war for independence in the northern part of

117-541: A colourful sandal. A "kullah" is a type of cap. A "puggree" is typically a strip of cloth wound around the upper portion of a hat or helmet, particularly a pith helmet, and falling down from behind to act as a shade for the back of the neck. Following the defeat of the Dervish resistance, the two fundamental goals of British policy in British Somaliland were the preservation of stability and the economic self-sufficiency of

156-578: A decades-long resistance movement mounted by the Dervish resistance movement. The movement was led by Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan , a Somali religious leader referred to colloquially by the British as the "Mad Mullah". Repeated military expeditions were unsuccessfully launched against Hassan and his Dervishes before World War I . On 9 August 1913, the Somaliland Camel Constabulary suffered

195-682: A dependency of the Government of India. From 1898 it was under the purview of the Foreign Office , and from 1905 onward (with the exception of a period of military administration until 1948 following the Italian invasion) it was administered by the Colonial Office . Until 1957, executive and legislative power were solely vested in the Governor, although he had a non-statutory council to advise him. In 1947,

234-409: A knitted woollen pullover and drill patches on the shoulders. Shorts were worn with woollen socks on puttees and "chaplis", boots or bare feet. Equipment consisted of leather ammunition bandolier and a leather waist belt. The officers wore pith helmets and khaki drill uniforms. Other ranks wore a "kullah" with " puggree " which ended in a long tail which hung down the back. A "chaplis" is typically

273-576: A knowledge contest was held in Dhahar City with representatives from six areas of Dhahar District, with Horseed area taking first place, Hodman area taking second place, and New Dhahar area taking third place. In May 2018, the Puntland forces left Af Urur village in Dhahar district, and in June 2019, al-Shabaab militants took over the village. In February 2020, construction began on the first 1.5 km paved road in

312-477: A police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading

351-402: A protectorate. Many of these clans had signed the protection treaties with the British in response to Ethiopian Emperor Menelik's Invasions . The agreements dictated the protection of Somali rights and the maintenance of independence. The British garrisoned the protectorate from Aden and administered it from their British India colony until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by

390-575: A serious defeat at the Battle of Dul Madoba at the hands of the Dervishes. Hassan had already evaded several attempts to capture him. At Dul Madoba, his forces killed or wounded 57 members of the 110-man Constabulary unit, including the British commander, Colonel Richard Corfield . In 1914, the British created the Somaliland Camel Corps to assist in maintaining order in British Somaliland. In 1920,

429-650: Is A grade. The district where the state capital is located is always Class A (Article 9 of the Local Government Law). The region with the most districts is Awdal , Sool and conversely the region with the fewest is Sahil . British Somaliland British Somaliland , officially the Somaliland Protectorate ( Somali : Maxmiyadda Dhulka Soomaalida ), was a protectorate of the United Kingdom in modern Somaliland . During its existence,

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468-510: The Foreign Office until 1905 and afterwards by the Colonial Office . Generally, the British did not have much interest in the resource-barren region. The stated purposes of the establishment of the protectorate were to "secure a supply market, check the traffic in slaves, and to exclude the interference of foreign powers." The British principally viewed the protectorate as a source for supplies of meat for their British Indian outpost in Aden through

507-664: The Italian guerrilla movement discontinued all resistance in British Somaliland by the autumn of 1943. The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was an uprising by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir , a Somali religious leader belonging to the Yeesif sub-division. On 2 July, Sheikh Hamza collected 25 of his followers in

546-428: The Somaliland government continued to use the six administrative regions covered by Somalia at the time of unification: Awdal, Waqooyi Gelbeed, Sanaag, Sool, Togdheer, Sahil. On March 22 of the same year, President Dahir Riyale Kahin issued the "Presidential Press Statement", announcing the establishment of 6 new administrative districts and 16 sub-districts from the original administrative divisions. On May 15 of

585-654: The Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somalia ) to form the Somali Republic . The government of Somaliland , an unrecognised independent state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia , regards itself as the successor state to British Somaliland. In the late 19th century, the United Kingdom signed agreements with the Gadabuursi , Issa , Habr Awal , Garhajis , Arap , Habr Je'lo and Warsangeli clans establishing

624-410: The British launched their fifth and final expedition against Hassan and his followers. Employing the then-new technology of military aircraft, the British finally managed to quell Hassan's twenty-year-long struggle. The British tricked Hassan into preparing for an official visit, then launched bombing raids in the city of Taleh where most of his troops were stationed, causing the mullah to retreat into

663-508: The British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured. Despite the death of Sheikh Hamza and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of Badhan and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout

702-571: The Dhahar district. In March 2021, Puntland forces used live ammunition against demonstrators supporting the Federal Government of Somalia in Dhahar district. The Federal Government condemned Puntland's actions. In June 2022, at a meeting in Erigavo city, which is effectively controlled by Somaliland, it was resolved that the Warsangali community is fully part of the Somaliland community and that

741-517: The Parliament. According to the 2019 Local Government Act, Somaliland is divided into six regions ( Somali : Gobolo ; Arabic : مناطق ). The territory of the region is based on British Somaliland and State of Somaliland administrative divisions, not Union-era. There are 22 districts ( Somali : Degmo ; Arabic : مقاطعة ). under the state. Each district is rated A, B, C, and D according to population, budget, and economic scale. The highest

780-582: The Somaliland government will elevate the Dhahar district to a region. In October 2022, Puntland's Minister of Rural Development visited Dhahar. According to this report, Dhahar is controlled by Puntland and is garrisoned by the Puntland Army. In February 2023, the Somaliland government accused the Puntland government of forcing the residents of Dhahar to participate in the Puntland elections. In September 2023, Puntland parliamentarians from Dhahar criticized Puntland's political parties for not being involved in

819-645: The Trust Territory of Somaliland to create the Somali Republic . On 1 July 1960 the legislature elected Haji Bashir , the old speaker of the Somaliland Assembly, as the first President of the new Republic of Somalia National Assembly, and also on that same day Aden Adde was elected as the President of the newly formed Somali Republic. Until 1898, Somaliland was administered by the British resident at Aden as

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858-458: The advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera . Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following. Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of Erigavo and called on them to revolt and join

897-433: The agreements made between them, claiming that this would delay the democratic process in Puntland. This Somaliland location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Administrative divisions of Somaliland The administrative division of Somaliland are organized into three hierarchical levels. consists of 6 regions and 22 districts . Districts in turn contain villages. In addition,

936-476: The authorities seized and impounded a total of 6,000 camels owned by the Habr Je'lo , the clan that Sheikh Bashir belonged to. The British authorities made the return of the livestock dependent on the turning over and arrest of the escaped rebels. The remaining rebels were subsequently found and arrested, and transported to the Saad-ud-Din archipelago , off the coast of Zeila in northwestern Somaliland. In 1947,

975-589: The capital Hargeisa has its own law (capital law) that is different from the law that defines administrative divisions. The administrative-territorial division of the country is established by the Law of Somaliland No. 23/2002 ( Somali : Xeerka Ismaamulka Gobolada iyo Degmooyinka ), which was finally approved in 2007. Somaliland is a self-declared unrecognized sovereign state in the Horn of Africa , internationally considered to be part of Somalia . Before March 21, 2008,

1014-409: The death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack. The British campaign against Sheikh Hamza troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept on the move. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than

1053-648: The desert. Hassan and his Dervish supporters fled to the Ogaden, where Hassan died in 1921. The Somaliland Camel Corps , also referred to as the Somali Camel Corps, was a unit of the British Army based in British Somaliland. It lasted from the early 20th century until 1944. The troopers of the Somaliland Camel Corps had a distinctive dress. It was based on the standard British Army khaki drill but included

1092-521: The district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary. The British authorities was not finished with the rebels even after most of them had died and continued its counter-insurgency campaign. The authorities had quickly learned the names and identities of all the followers of Sheikh Bashir and tried to convince the locals to turn them in. When they refused, the authorities invoked the Collective Punishment Ordinance , under which

1131-540: The entire budget for the administration of the British Somaliland protectorate was only £213,139. In May 1960, the British Government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then Somaliland protectorate. The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence. The legislative councils of the territory agreed to this proposal. In April 1960, leaders of

1170-637: The interwar period was a battalion of the Indian Army 4th Bombay Grenadiers . In August 1940, during the East African campaign in World War II , British Somaliland was invaded by Italy. The few British forces that were present attempted to defend the main road to Berbera, but were dislodged from their positions and retreated after losing the Battle of Tug Argan . During this period, the British rounded up soldiers and governmental officials to evacuate them from

1209-461: The maintenance of order in the coastal areas and protection of the caravan routes from the interior. Hence, the region's nickname of "Aden's butcher's shop". Colonial administration during this period did not extend administrative infrastructure beyond the coast, and contrasted with the more interventionist colonial experience of Italian Somalia . Beginning in 1899, the British were forced to expend considerable human and military capital to contain

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1248-466: The news travelled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior. The latter course was decided upon and during the first months of 1945,

1287-536: The protectorate. The second goal remained particularly elusive because of local resistance to taxation that might have been used to support the protectorate's administration. By the 1930s, the British presence had extended to other parts of British Somaliland. Growth in commercial trade motivated some livestock herders to subsequently leave the pastoral economy and settle in urban areas. Customs taxes also helped pay for British India's patrol of Somalia's Red Sea Coast. Among military units in British Somaliland during

1326-621: The rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized a substantial number of people armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town. The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilized

1365-420: The same year, the President announced the establishment of the 13th administrative district. In June 2014, Somaliland President Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud announced the establishment of a 14th administrative district and 4 sub-districts. The new administrative district called Haysimo is composed of Sur and Sanaq in the east. However, the administrative divisions established by the two presidents were not approved by

1404-416: The territory through Berbera. In total, 7,000 people, including civilians, were evacuated. The Somalis serving in the Somaliland Camel Corps were given the choice of evacuation or disbandment; the majority chose to remain and were allowed to retain their arms. In March 1941, after a six-month Italian occupation, British forces recaptured the protectorate during Operation Appearance . The final remnants of

1443-621: The territory was bordered by Italian Somalia , French Somali Coast and Abyssinia (temporarily Italian Ethiopia ). From 1940 to 1941, it was occupied by the Italians and was part of Italian East Africa . On 26 June 1960, British Somaliland was formally granted independence by the United Kingdom as the State of Somaliland . Five days later, on 1 July 1960, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with

1482-437: The town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao , where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of Burao District , Major Chambers, resulting in

1521-489: The two territories met in Mogadishu and agreed to form a unitary state. An elected president was to be head of state. Full executive powers would be held by a prime minister answerable to an elected National Assembly of 123 members representing the two territories. On 26 June 1960, the British Somaliland protectorate gained independence as the State of Somaliland . Five days later on 1 July 1960 Somaliland officially merged with

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