The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was signed into law on May 28, 1830, by United States President Andrew Jackson . The law, as described by Congress, provided "for an exchange of lands with the Indians residing in any of the states or territories, and for their removal east of the river Mississippi ". During the presidency of Jackson (1829–1837) and his successor Martin Van Buren (1837–1841) more than 60,000 Native Americans from at least 18 tribes were forced to move west of the Mississippi River where they were allocated new lands. The southern tribes were resettled mostly in Indian Territory ( Oklahoma ). The northern tribes were resettled initially in Kansas . With a few exceptions, the United States east of the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes was emptied of its Native American population. The movement westward of indigenous tribes was characterized by a large number of deaths occasioned by the hardships of the journey.
41-792: (Redirected from Devils Lake ) Devil's Lake or Devils Lake may refer to: Settlements [ edit ] Devil's Lake, Michigan , U.S. Devils Lake, North Dakota , U.S. Devils Lake station Lakes [ edit ] Devils Lake (Michigan) , U.S., the name of several lakes Devils Lake (Minnesota) , U.S. Devils Lake (North Dakota) , U.S. Devils Lake (Deschutes County, Oregon) , U.S. Devils Lake (Lincoln County, Oregon) , U.S. Devil's Lake (Wisconsin) , U.S. Teufelssee ('Devil's Lake'), Berlin, Germany Lake Chyortovo , Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Russia Other uses [ edit ] Devil's Lake State Park (disambiguation) Devils Lake Sioux Tribe , former name of
82-656: A genocide. The first removal treaty signed was the Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek on September 27, 1830, in which Choctaws in Mississippi ceded land east of the river in exchange for payment and land in the West. The Treaty of New Echota was signed in 1835 and resulted in the removal of the Cherokee on the Trail of Tears. The Seminoles and other tribes did not leave peacefully, as they resisted
123-556: A mass influx of settlers, that the federal government was unable to prevent. As Robert V. Remini stated: Jackson genuinely believed that what he had accomplished rescued these people from inevitable annihilation. And although that statement sounds monstrous, and although no one in the modern world wishes to accept or believe it, that is exactly what he did. He saved the Five Civilized Nations from probable extinction. Similarly, historian Francis Paul Prucha argued that removal
164-507: A policy of political and military action for the removal of Natives from these lands and worked toward enacting a law for "Indian removal". In his 1829 State of the Union address , Jackson called for Indian removal . The Indian Removal Act was put in place to annex Native land and then transfer that ownership to Southern states, especially Georgia . The Act was passed in 1830, although dialogue had been ongoing since 1802 between Georgia and
205-627: A practice of cultural assimilation, meaning that tribes such as the Cherokee were forced to adopt aspects of white civilization. This acculturation was originally proposed by George Washington and was well underway among the Cherokee and the Choctaw by the beginning of the 19th century. Native peoples were encouraged to adopt European customs. First, they were forced to convert to Christianity and abandon traditional religious practices. They were also required to learn to speak and read English , although there
246-552: A stop at Devil's Lake. In the late 20th century, the Manitou Beach region was devastated by two F4 tornadoes during the April 11, 1965 Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak . Most of what was destroyed was rebuilt, including the dance hall and two churches. Over the course of the past five decades, the resort has had few reminders of the tornado. The Devils Lake Drive-In-Church, a drive-in movie theater, closed its doors after 58 seasons due to
287-594: Is a census-designated place (CDP) in Lenawee County in the U.S. state of Michigan . The population of the CDP was 2,032 at the 2020 census . It is located within Rollin Township to the south and Woodstock Township to the north. The census-designated place consists of the unincorporated communities of Devils Lake, Geneva, and Manitou Beach and includes the larger lakes of Devils Lake and Round Lake. Devil's Lake
328-521: Is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 2,080 people, 898 households, and 600 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 297.3 inhabitants per square mile (114.8/km ). There were 1,732 housing units at an average density of 247.5 per square mile (95.6/km ). The racial makeup of the CDP was 98.08% White , 0.19% African American , 0.14% Native American , 0.14% Asian , 0.19% from other races , and 1.25% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino residents of any race were 1.25% of
369-585: The French and British colonies. New France , which was established in the Great Lakes region , generally pursued a cooperative relationship with the Native tribes, with the existence of certain traditions such as marriage à la façon du pays , a marriage between tradesmen ( coureur des bois ) and Native women. This tradition was seen as a fundamental social and political institution that helped maintain relations and bond
410-587: The House of Representatives . The Indian Removal Act was supported by President Jackson and the Democratic Party, southern and white settlers, and several state governments, especially that of Georgia . Indigenous tribes and the Whig Party opposed the bill, as did other groups within white American society (e.g., some Christian missionaries and clergy). Legal efforts to allow Indian tribes to remain on their land in
451-449: The North 's history regarding Native nations within their claimed territory. Jackson stated that "progress requires moving forward." Humanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country and philanthropy has long been busily employed in devising means to avert it, but its progress never has for a moment been arrested, and one by one have many powerful tribes disappeared from
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#1732847650346492-528: The Shawnee , and the Lenape . The Indian Removal Act was controversial. Many Americans during this time favored its passage, but there was also significant opposition. Many Christian missionaries protested against it, most notably missionary organizer Jeremiah Evarts . In Congress, New Jersey Senator Theodore Frelinghuysen , Kentucky Senator Henry Clay , and Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett spoke out against
533-601: The United States Supreme Court handed down a decision stating that Indians could occupy and control lands within the United States but could not hold title to those lands. Jackson viewed the union as a federation of highly esteemed states , as was common before the American Civil War . He opposed Washington's policy of establishing treaties with Indian tribes as if they were sovereign foreign nations. Thus,
574-622: The Wilmot Proviso would have banned slavery in territories won from Mexico ... the Kansas-Nebraska bill would have failed." The Removal Act paved the way for the forced expulsion of tens of thousands of American Indians from their land into the West in an event widely known as the " Trail of Tears ," a forced resettlement of the Indian population. This forced resettlement has been characterized as
615-417: The federal government concerning the possibility of such an act. Ethan Davis states that "the federal government had promised Georgia that it would extinguish Indian title within the state's borders by purchase 'as soon as the such purchase could be made upon reasonable terms'". As time passed, Southern states began to speed up the expulsions by claiming that the deal between Georgia and the federal government
656-654: The Creator) The Manitou Beach post office was established on March 20, 1889, with Columbus F. Becker as the first postmaster. The office was discontinued on December 31, 1892, and reestablished on January 17, 1893. Manitou Beach was a station on the Cincinnati, Jackson and Mackinaw Railroad (later part of the Cincinnati Northern Railway). Devil's Lake was said to have been named by Potawatomi leader Meteau (or Mitteau) after his daughter drowned in
697-645: The House of Representatives passed the Act by a vote of 101 to 97. On May 28, 1830, the Indian Removal Act was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson. Historian Garry Wills has speculated that without the additional slave state votes in the House of Representatives due to the Three-Fifths Compromise , "slavery would have been excluded from Missouri ... Jackson's Indian removal policy would have failed ...
738-820: The Mississippi River. The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, especially in Georgia , which was the largest state in 1802 and was involved in a jurisdictional dispute with the Cherokee. President Jackson hoped that removal would resolve the Georgia crisis. Besides the Five Civilized Tribes , additional people affected included the Wyandot , the Kickapoo , the Potowatomi ,
779-482: The Spirit Lake Tribe of North Dakota See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Devils Lake All pages with titles beginning with Devil's Lake Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Devil's Lake . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to
820-406: The average family size was 2.81. In the CDP, 22.0% of the population was under the age of 18, 5.9% was from 18 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 30.5% from 45 to 64, and 14.1% was 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 102.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $ 37,938, and
861-536: The belief in European cultural and racial superiority was generally widespread among high ranking colonial officials and clergymen in this period. During American colonial times , many colonialists and particularly the English felt their civilization to be superior: they were Christians , and they believed their notions of private property to be a superior system of land tenure . Colonial and frontier encroachers inflicted
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#1732847650346902-528: The condition in which it was found by our forefathers. What good man would prefer a country covered with forests and ranged by a few thousand savages to our extensive Republic, studded with cities, towns, and prosperous farms, embellished with all the improvements which art can devise or industry execute, occupied by more than 12,000,000 happy people, and filled with all the blessings of liberty, civilization, and religion? According to historian H. W. Brands , Jackson sincerely believed that his population transfer
943-603: The creation of Indian jurisdictions was a violation of state sovereignty under Article IV, Section 3 of the Constitution. As Jackson saw it, either Indians comprised sovereign states (which violated the Constitution) or were subject to the laws of existing states of the Union. Jackson urged Indians to assimilate and obey state laws. Further, he believed he could only accommodate the desire for Native self-rule in federal territories, which required resettlement on Federal lands west of
984-452: The death of its operator. The Manitou Beach Inn, a long-time staple of the business community, was destroyed by fire January 3, 2010. When the inn was rebuilt, it helped start revitalization of the historic business district along Walnut Street. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 8.94 square miles (23.15 km ), of which 6.08 square miles (15.75 km ) is land and 2.86 square miles (7.41 km ) (31.99%)
1025-450: The earth... But true philanthropy reconciles the mind to these vicissitudes as it does to the extinction of one generation to make room for another... In the monuments and fortresses of an unknown people, spread over the extensive regions of the West, we behold the memorials of a once powerful race, which was exterminated or has disappeared to make room for the existing savage tribes… Philanthropy could not wish to see this continent restored to
1066-712: The eastern U.S. failed. Most famously, the Cherokee (excluding the Treaty Party ) challenged their relocation, but were unsuccessful in the courts; they were forcibly removed by the United States government in a march to the west that later became known as the Trail of Tears . Since the 21st century, scholars have cited the act and subsequent removals as an early example of state-sanctioned ethnic cleansing or genocide or settler colonialism ; some view it as all three. Many European colonists saw Native Americans as savages. However, euro-native relations varied, particularly between
1107-650: The greatest number of and most powerful tribes tended to side with the French, though other tribes such as the Iroquois supported the English for various strategic reasons. For strategic economic and military purposes, the French also had a practice of building forts and trading posts within Native villages, such as that of Fort Miami in Indiana within the Miami village of Kekionga . However,
1148-480: The historical comparisons between the United States concept of manifest destiny and Nazi Germany 's concept of Lebensraum and how American removal policy served as a model for racial policy during Generalplan Ost . An alternative view posits that the Indian Removal Act, despite the deaths and forced relocation, it benefitted those peoples by saving their societies from a worse fate that likely awaited them were they to remain in their home territories to face
1189-416: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Devil%27s_Lake&oldid=1092445122 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Devil%27s Lake, Michigan Manitou Beach–Devils Lake
1230-412: The lake and her body was never recovered. As she had been an able swimmer, Meteau believed her to have been taken by evil spirits. The first European-American, or white, settlers arrived here in 1833. The Devils Lake post office was established on October 19, 1885, with John B. Allen as the first postmaster. The office was discontinued on October 31, 1936. The Detroit, Toledo and Milwaukee Railroad had
1271-573: The legislation. The Removal Act passed only after a bitter debate in Congress. Clay extensively campaigned against it on the National Republican Party ticket in the 1832 United States presidential election . Jackson viewed the demise of Native nations as inevitable, pointing to the steady expansion of European-based lifestyles and the decimation of Native nations in the U.S.'s northeast region. He called his Northern critics hypocrites, given
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1312-402: The median income for a family was $ 63,810. Males had a median income of $ 39,375 versus $ 29,167 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 24,561. About 4.3% of families and 6.8% of the population were below the poverty line , including 2.6% of those under age 18 and 12.9% of those age 65 or over. Indian Removal Act The U.S. Congress approved the Act by a narrow majority in
1353-485: The newspaper he edited, The Cherokee Phoenix . Despite the adoption of white cultural values by many natives and tribes, the United States government began a systematic effort to remove Native peoples from the Southeast. The Chickasaw , Choctaw , Muscogee-Creek , Seminole , and original Cherokee nations had been established as autonomous nations in the southeastern United States. Andrew Jackson sought to renew
1394-515: The north end of the lake. Steam launches ferried tourists from the depot to the hotels and attractions, which included bath houses, a dance pavilion, pleasure craft rental facilities, a water slide, picnic areas and eating establishments. The name 'Manitou Beach' is derived from the Potawatomi name of Devils Lake, " Michemanetue'", meaning, "Lake of God ( Michi Mantitou is a variation of the Ojibwe word for
1435-407: The population. There were 898 households, out of which 25.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.7% were married couples living together, 6.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.1% were non-families. 28.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.32 and
1476-694: The removal along with fugitive slaves . The Second Seminole War lasted from 1835 to 1842 and resulted in the government allowing them to remain in south Florida swampland. Only a small number remained, and around 3,000 were removed in the war. In the 21st century, scholars have cited the act and subsequent removals as an early example of state sanctioned ethnic cleansing or genocide or settler colonialism or as all three Forms of these. Historian Richard White wrote that because of "claimed parallels between ethnic cleansing and Indian removal, any examination of Indian removal will inevitably involve discussions of ethnic cleansing." Other scholarship has focused on
1517-517: The two cultures. Many of the missionaries were also known to teach the tribes how to use iron tools, build European-style homes, and improve farming techniques; teachings the Wyandot , who maintained a century long friendship with French Canadians , would spread on to other tribes as they relocated to the Maumee Valley . Throughout the 17th and 18th century during the Beaver and French and Indian Wars ,
1558-481: Was a Potawatami village until about 1830. Most of the people were forced west of the Mississippi River after passage of the Indian Removal Act that year under President Andrew Jackson . Manitou Beach was first noted by Euro-American settlers in the early 1830s. By the turn of the 20th century, it became a favored resort in southeast Michigan. It quickly outgrew the comparably sized community of Devils Lake at
1599-507: Was a "wise and humane policy" that would save the Native Americans from "utter annihilation". Jackson portrayed the removal as a paternalistic act of mercy. According to Robert M. Keeton, proponents of the bill used biblical narratives to justify the forced resettlement of Native Americans. On April 24, 1830, the Senate passed the Indian Removal Act by a vote of 28 to 19. On May 26, 1830,
1640-575: Was interest in creating a writing and printing system for a few Native languages , especially Cherokee , exemplified by Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary . The Native Americans also had to adopt settler values, such as monogamous marriage and abandon non-marital sex. Finally, they had to accept the concept of individual ownership of land and other property (including, in some instances, African people as slaves). Many Cherokee people adopted all, or some, of these practices, including Cherokee chief John Ross , John Ridge , and Elias Boudinot , as represented by
1681-460: Was invalid and that Southern states could pass laws extinguishing Indian title themselves. In response, the federal government passed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830, in which President Jackson agreed to divide the United States territory west of the Mississippi River into districts for tribes to replace the land from which they were removed. In the 1823 case of Johnson v. McIntosh ,