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29-471: Devichye Pole acquired its name from Novodevichy Convent (established 1524). In the 17th century, it housed a court garden for medicinal herbs, and later the court of Eudoxia Lopukhina , estranged first wife of Peter I . Thus, the main street (now Bolshaya Pirogovskaya) was called Tsarytsinskaya . In the late 18th century, Trubetskoy , Apraksin and other families set their country estates in Devichye Pole;

58-496: A Dutch beauty, Anna Mons . Eudoxia's letters to Peter were full of complaints and expressions of unrequited love. In 1696, during his prolonged journey to Western Europe , Peter asked his Naryshkin relatives to persuade Eudoxia to enter a monastery . This could not be effected until 1698, when she was finally banished to the Intercession Convent of Suzdal . The local hegumen , however, allowed her to live there much as

87-507: A lay woman would. She even found herself a lover, an officer named Stepan Glebov. Nine years later, when Peter the Great learned about their affair, he sentenced Glebov to execution by impalement . According to the legend, the Emperor also ordered the soldiers to force Eudoxia to watch her lover's death. Gradually, Eudoxia and her son became the centre of opposition to Peter's reforms, primarily from

116-597: A peak. Tented roofs, a hallmark of medieval religious architecture, were widely used to cover churches with steep, conical roof structures. In the Queen Anne Victorian style , it took the form of a wooden turret with an octagonal base with steeply pitched slopes rising to a peak, usually topped with a finial . A distinctive local adaptation of this roof style was widely used in 16th- and 17th-century Russian architecture for churches , although there are examples of this style also in other parts of Europe. It took

145-578: A public contest, saving time and ensuring architect's dependence. Professors Alexander Makeyev, Fyodor Erismann, Vladimir Snegirev and Nikolay Sklifosovskiy and Bykovsky formed the project management board. In 1884-1885, Bykovsky, Erismann and Snegirev travelled Europe, inspecting the best institutions of their time. Master plan was ready by the end of 1885, but the national government released its share 2.15 million roubles only in July 1887. Thus, state-funded construction lagged behind private-funded clinics. The campus

174-491: Is a national type of church that was developed in late medieval Russia. It marks a sharp departure from the traditions of Byzantine architecture which never put emphasis on verticality. Sergey Zagraevsky has argued that tented roofs have something in common with European Gothic spires . This architectural development has been described as a Russian parallel to the Gothic architecture of Western Europe. In this local adaptation of

203-577: The Nativity church at Putinki ( Moscow ) this trend was pushed to its limit, as there are five major and three minor tents used in the construction. It is said that Patriarch Nikon , who often passed near Putinki church on his way to the Trinity , considered the monument to be in violation of canonical rules of Byzantine architecture and proscribed building tented churches altogether. During his time at office, many beautiful tented churches were demolished, notably

232-513: The Novodevichy Convent until her death in 1731. After the death of Peter II, who had died before her in 1730, she was among the nominated candidates for the new monarch, but she declined, in favor of her niece-in-law Empress Anna , so Anna continued to honor her. By Peter I, she had three sons: Tented roof A tented roof (also known as a pavilion roof ) is a type of polygonal hipped roof with steeply pitched slopes rising to

261-583: The Red Square (1561). The latter church unites nine hipped roofs in a striking circular composition. In the 17th century tented roofs were placed in a row, sometimes producing astonishing decorative effects. The first instance of this type is the Marvellous Church in Uglich , whose three graceful tents remind one of three burning candles. They also became a typical architectural solution for church bell towers. In

290-576: The Russian Revolution of 1905 , the City and businesspeople realized the imminent social danger of growing disparity in overcrowded cities and focused on education for the masses. Devichye Pole, already having the necessary infrastructure, provided plenty of free land for the new institutions. Most important project of this time were the 1910-1913 High Courses for the Women. At that time, full University education

319-472: The Tsar by his mother Natalia Naryshkina primarily on account of Eudoxia's mother's relation to the famous boyar Fyodor Rtishchev . She was crowned Tsarina in 1689 and gave birth to Grand Duke Alexei Petrovich of Russia the following year. She had two more sons by Peter, Alexander in 1691 and Paul in 1693, but both died during infancy. The Tsar could not stand her conservative relatives and soon abandoned her for

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348-595: The birth of the first Russian Tsar Ivan IV , often is considered the first tented roof church built in stone. However, Zagraevsky has argued that the earliest use of the stone tented roof was in the Trinity Church in Alexandrov , built in 1510s. Tented roof design has been prone to most unusual interpretations. Some scholars, for example, view hipped roofs of this variety as phallic symbols . It's more likely, however, that this type of design symbolised high ambitions of

377-454: The church officials. In his sermons, Demetrius of Rostov referred to Eudoxia as "our great sovereign" and prophesied her impending return to the throne. This conservative party was shattered by Peter in 1718. During the prosecution of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich of Russia , all the bishops who supported her were executed, and Eudoxia was transferred to a convent in Ladoga . After Peter's death and

406-483: The city started demolition, destroyed the apse and northern chapel; public intervention saved the rest of the building, which was eventually rebuilt to original design in 1997-2002. In 1898, oncologist Lev Levshin (1842–1911) called the Board of University to set up an institution caring for the incurable patients. First installment of 150.000 roubles, again, was paid by Morozov family. The result, Moscow Oncology Institute,

435-437: The form of a polygonal spire but differed in purpose in that it was typically used to roof the main internal space of a church, rather than as an auxiliary structure. The same architectural form is also applied to bell towers . The term "tent roof" may also be applied in modern architecture to membrane and thin shell structures comprising roofs of modern materials and actual tents. The "tent-like church" (шатровая церковь)

464-428: The modernist City Kindergarten in 1911. At the same time, outskirts of Devichye Pole began attracting real estate developers. In 1914, shortly before World War I, an eight-story Cloudbreaker (Тучерез) apartment building was started at the northern end of the campus. Despite the war, it was completed in 1917. In the 1920s, the territories immediately south from the campus were developed into low-cost workers housing -

493-741: The nascent Russian state and liberation of the Russian art from Byzantine canons after Constantinople 's fall to the Turks . Tented churches were exceedingly popular during the reign of Ivan the Terrible. Two prime examples dating from his reign employ several tents of exotic shapes and colours arranged in a complicated design. These are the Church of St. John the Baptist in Kolomenskoye (1547) and Saint Basil's Cathedral on

522-461: The place remained a quiet country until the 1880s. One notable building was the wooden Pogodinskaya Cottage (1856, architect Nikolay Nikitin ), owned by historian Mikhail Pogodin , once the center of Moscow literary elite. Extant building is actually a side wing of a larger wooden estate. In 1882-1886, Tsaritsynskaya street acquired a two-story Archive Building, now the exhibition hall of Central Archive of Ancient Acts. Need for new hospitals for

551-663: The public and training facilities for Moscow State University was imminent since the 1870s. Proposals by professor Novatsky (1873) and Varvara Morozova (1882) were left unfulfilled, but in 1884 the initiative of professor Nikolay Sklifosovskiy was approved by the City Hall. City issued free land in Devichye Pole (originally, 18 hectares ), national government set aside 2 million roubles, the rest came from private sponsors (notably, Morozov, Khludov and Shelaputin families). University board picked Konstantin Bykovsky by internal vote, instead of

580-413: The rise of his second Empress consort Catherine I on the throne, Eudoxia was secretly moved to Shlisselburg Fortress near St. Petersburg , where she was under strict custody as a state prisoner in a dungeon. In 1727, her grandson Peter II ascended the Russian throne and immediately recalled her to Moscow . She returned to the former capital with a great pomp and was allowed to keep her own court at

609-520: The so-called Usachevka Project. Some old clinics on the left side are in state of disrepair. The only building torn down in 2006 was a lowrise constructivist addition. In 2002, Trubetskoy estate on Usacheva Street was torn apart after arson in 2001, and replaced with an enlarged concrete replica. 55°43′58″N 37°34′12″E  /  55.73278°N 37.57000°E  / 55.73278; 37.57000 Eudoxia Lopukhina Tsarina Eudoxia Fyodorovna Lopukhina (9 August 1669 – 7 September 1731)

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638-661: The tent roof it took the form of either: Tented roofs are thought to have originated in the Russian North, as they prevented snow from piling up on wooden buildings during long winters. In wooden churches (even modern ones) this type of roof is still very popular. The earliest specimen of such a church was recently transported to an abbey in Vologda . Another notable example is an 18th-century church in Kondopoga , Karelia . The Ascension church of Kolomenskoye , built in 1532 to commemorate

667-427: Was 100.000 roubles), and late E.V. Solovyova, also an obstetrician. Makeyev commissioned architect M.I. Nikiforov who earlier built the same department building. The church, opened in 1897, became Moscow State University second temple, after Saint Tatiana 's. The church was looted in 1922 and closed in 1931; soon, it was converted to a library, than a warehouse, losing the tented roofs and all interior trim. In 1977,

696-627: Was a psychiatric clinic funded by Varvara Morozova (1886), now remembered partly by the Pyotr Gannushkin working there. This was followed by professor Snegirev's Gynecology clinic in 1889, funded by Morozov and Nosov families. This clinic was later built out from two to four-story, Snegirev monument by Sergey Konenkov installed in 1967. Other privately owned clinics followed, some linked to personal tragedies in sponsors' family life (Khludov and Bazanova endowments, 1896). An orphanage, paid for by Nikolai Mazurin and designed by Illarion Ivanov-Schitz

725-598: Was built in 1903 in Pogodinskaya Street in pseudo-Russian style. The same year, it acquired its first radium sample from Marie and Pierre Curie . A state-of-the-art clinic for its time, the institute originally had only 65 beds. After the revolution, the hospice service was cut off; eventually, all hospital beds relocated to another building. As of today, the 1903 building is scheduled for a complete reconstruction. The second round of Devichye Pole development focused on educational, rather than hospital, functions. After

754-567: Was completed in 1895 (now housing Embassy of Vietnam ). The last building of the first stage was the University Outpatient Clinic, funded by Varvara Alekseyeva, now housing the main building of Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy. The first hospital church was built in the 1880s, intended to care more after the dead than alive. The main church, dedicated to Archangel Michael, was built with personal funds of professor Alexander Makeyev, head of obstetrics department (initial outlay alone

783-549: Was for men only; the Courses were the alternative for women. The buildings were designed by Sergey Solovyov (1859–1912), Alexander Sokolov (1873–1951), and Vladimir Shukhov (structural engineering). Most visible, however, is the Devichye Pole City School (1909) at Bolshaya Pirogovskaya, 9, a Russian Revival fantasy by Anatoly Ostrogradsky (1872–1945) with St. George tile murals. Alexander Zelenko and Ivan Kondakov built

812-594: Was lined along Bolshaya Tsaritsynsksya (now Bolshaya Pirogovskaya) Street, with state-funded clinics on the right (north) side and privately funded clinics on the left. Construction of the first stage, launched in 1887, was generally completed by 1892 under general management of architect Konstantin Bykovsky (1841–1906). Bykovsky personally designed most of state-funded buildings. Additions were being built continuously after this date, most notably Roman Klein -designed Gynecology Institute (1896) and Pirogov monument by Vladimir Sherwood (1897). The first clinic to be opened

841-449: Was the first wife of Peter I the Great , and the last ethnic Russian and non-foreign wife of a Russian monarch. She was the mother of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich and the paternal grandmother of Peter II of Russia . Eudoxia was born to Feodor Abramovich Lopukhin and Ustinia Bogdanovna Rtishcheva, making her a member of the Lopukhin family and a noble. She was chosen as a bride for

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