Misplaced Pages

#119880

42-712: The Empire of Great Fulo ( Fula : Deeniyankobe ; French : Grand Fulo ), also known as the Denanke Kingdom or Denianke Kingdom , was a Pulaar kingdom of Senegal , which dominated the Futa Toro region from the early 16th century to 1776. Tenguella , a Fula chief in Futa Toro, led an emigration in the 1450s to establish the Futa Kingi state. His actions disrupted trade, which threatened Mali 's communication lines, and led to conflict with Songhai . In 1512, Amar Konjago of

84-608: A Jihad to drive the French back across the Senegal River. In 1908 Colonel Gouraud, who had defeated a Tuareg resistance movement in the French Sudan (present day Mali ), took command of French forces as the government Commissioner of the new Civil Territory of Mauritania (created in 1904). He captured Atar , and received the submission of all the Adrar peoples the following year. By 1912,

126-521: A brother of Askia Mohammad I , in 1512 defeated and killed Tenguella in battle and destroyed his young state. Koli Tenguella led another armed migration north from his base in Futa Jallon, attacking many small states on his path. After re-establishing his family's rule in Futa Toro, he redirected the fledgling state's military away from Songhai towards the Jolof Empire with great success. The growth of

168-490: A campaign to counteract the influence of his two rivals—the southern marabouts, Shaykhs Sidiya and Saad—and to stop the advance of the French. Because Shaykh Ma al Aynin enjoyed military as well as moral support from Morocco, the French policy of peaceful pacification gave way to active conquest. In return for support, Shaykh Ma al Aynin recognized the Moroccan sultan's claims to sovereignty over Mauritania. This action has since been

210-444: A climax under Louis Faidherbe . "The Plan of 1854" was a series of interior ministerial orders given to Governor Protet; it was developed after petitions from the powerful Bordeaux -based Maurel and Prom company , the largest shipping interest in St. Louis . It required the construction of forts upriver in order to command more territory and end African control of the acacia gum trade from

252-519: A constutitional council, ensuring the smooth transition of power to the most competent candidates. Another batu was a sort of cabinet composed of members of the royal household, who each held specific dossiers such as tax collection and management of the royal estate. The heir presumptive or kamalenku , for example, administered the right bank of the Senegal, including the Moors who lived there. Royal control

294-455: A few slaves for domestic use. Nomadic societies have less use of slave labor than do sedentary societies. In some cases, the bidan used slaves to work on oasis plantations: farming dates , digging wells , etc. These interrelated tribes controlled distinct territories: the Emirates of Trarza, Brakna , and Tagant were the political reflection of Hassane-caste tribes in southern Mauritania. At

336-496: A large expeditionary force that crushed Muhammad's army. As a result, the French expanded their influence to the north of the Senegal River. In the 1840s and 1850s, the French in Saint-Louis implemented expansion along the Senegal river valley by building fortified trading posts and militarily enforcing protectorate treaties with the smaller states in the territory of today's Senegal . Governor Protet began this policy, but it reached

378-493: A term of obscure origin, has a different meaning in the Berber regions of Morocco.) The Haratin often lived serving affiliated bidan (white) families; in this role, they were considered part of the bidan tribe, and not having tribes of their own. Below them were enslaved persons. These were owned individually or in family groups. At most they could hope to be freed and rise to the status of Haratin. Rich bidan families generally held

420-467: The horma , a tributary tax of cattle or goods. While the zawiya were exploited in a sense, the relationship was often more or less symbiotic. Under both these groups, but still part of the Western Sahara society, were the znaga tribes, people who worked in lower caste occupations, such as fishermen (cf. Imraguen ), as well as peripheral semi-tribal groups working in the same fields (among them

462-839: The Battle of Danki , the Denianke received tribute from over a dozen vassal kingdoms. These included, at least for part of the period, the Kingdom of Jolof , Waalo , Cayor , Gajaaga , Diarra and Wagadu, among others. They reached the apex of their power in the early 17th century under Satigi Samba Lamu, when they controlled both the mouth of the Senegal and many of the trans-Saharan trade routes. The Denianke ruled animist monarchs over an increasingly Islamic populace. The Torodbe became increasingly influential, opposing Denianke leadership and calling for jihads against neighboring animist Mandinka states. The reign of Silatigi Siree Sawa Laamu (r.1669-1702) saw

SECTION 10

#1732858789120

504-558: The Franco-Prussian War of the 1870s, colonial expansion slowed. The Emirate of Trarza was undisturbed so long as it kept north the French possessions and did not interfere in trade. During the next thirty years, Trarza fell into internecine conflict with neighboring states over control of the Chemama , the area of agricultural settlements just north of the river. Traders in Saint-Louis profited by buying goods from Mauritania and selling

546-613: The Hassane , supposed descendants of the Beni Hassan Arab conquerors (cf. Oulad Delim ) maintained supremacy and comprised the aristocratic upper ranks. Below them were ranked the "scholarly" or "clerical" lineages, who preserved and taught Islam. These were called marabout (by the French) or zawiya tribes (cf. Oulad Tidrarine ). The zawiya tribes were protected by Hassane overlords in exchange for their religious services and payment of

588-560: The Imamate of Futa Toro . The Deniaankobe were the clan of Koli Tenguella . There are a variety of theories for the origin of the name either citing illustrious ancestors named Denia or Deeny or, more likely, Dena , the place where Koli's forces had settled in Futa Jallon before conquering Futa Toro. Great Fulo is the term given to the kingdom and its leader by the Portuguese. Tenguella

630-476: The Soninke kingdom of Gajaaga as well as cloth moving west; and salt, and European products coming east from the coast. The kingdom's main export was hides. Palm products and beeswax were also important early trade goods. In the 17th century French, English, and Dutch traders entered the market looking to purchase gold and ivory as well as slaves. Fula language Too Many Requests If you report this error to

672-471: The "professional" castes, mallemin and igawen ). All these groups were considered to be among the bidan , or Arab whites. Below them were ranked groups known as Haratin , a "black" population (ethnic sub-Saharan). They are generally considered descendants of freed slaves of sub-Saharan African origins; some sources suggest they were descendants of the first inhabitants of the Sahara. (Note that Haratin ,

714-578: The Denianke empire would hasten the breakup of the Jolof state into several warring kingdoms. He established a fixed capital in Tumbere-Jiinde in what is today Senegal's Futa Toro region and reconquered Kingi. Koli died in 1537 during a war against the kingdom of Bussa. Koli was succeeded by his brother Labba Tenguella, beginning the Denianke dynasty (or Denyanke). After the 1549 collapse of the Jolof Empire at

756-508: The French defeated a combined Waalo and Moorish force; they formally assimilated (the then depopulated) Waalo territory into the French colony. By 1860, Faidherbe had built a series of inland forts up the Senegal River , to Médine just below the Félou waterfall. He forced Trarza and their neighbors to accept the Senegal river as a formal boundary to their influence. But with the French defeat in

798-670: The French had put down all resistance in Adrar and southern Mauritania. As a result of the conquest of Adrar, the French established their military ability and assured the ascendancy of the French-supported marabouts over the warrior clans within Maure society. The fighting took a large toll on the animal herds of the nomadic Maures, who sought to replenish their herds in the traditional manner—by raiding other camps. From 1912 to 1934, French security forces repeatedly thwarted such raids. The last raid by

840-533: The French purchased in increasing quantities for its use in industrial fabric production. West Africa had become the sole supplier of world Gum Arabic by the 18th century. Its export at Saint-Louis doubled in amount in the decade of the 1830s alone. Trarza's collection of taxes and its threat to bypass Saint-Louis by sending gum to the British traders at Portendick , eventually brought the Emirate into direct conflict with

882-629: The French. A new emir, Muhammad al-Habib , had signed an agreement with the Waalo Kingdom , directly to the south of the river. In return for his promise of an end to raids in Waalo territory, the Emir took the heiress of Waalo as a bride. The prospect that Trarza might inherit control of both banks of the Senegal struck at the security of French traders. The French initiated the Franco-Trarzan War of 1825 with

SECTION 20

#1732858789120

924-601: The Fula there against Mande domination. By 1490 Tenguella's actions in the upper Gambia river basin were threatening the communication lines between the Mali Empire and their western provinces of Kaabu as well as the Bambuk gold fields. In 1511, after years of mounting tensions, Tenguella invaded the Kingdom of Diarra , the rulers of which called for help from the Songhai. Amar Konjago,

966-603: The Hassane rulers for protection. Their leaders' grievances with Trarza's rulers were skillfully exploited by the French. During this period, three noted marabouts had great influence in Mauritania: Shaykh Sidiya Baba , whose authority was strongest in Trarza, Brakna , and Tagant ; Shaykh Saad Bu , whose importance extended to Tagant and northeast Senegal ; and Shaykh Ma al Aynin , who exerted leadership in Adrar and

1008-417: The Saint-Louis commercial companies, to whom pacification meant the end of the lucrative arms trade. But, by 1904 Coppolani had peacefully subdued Trarza, Brakna, and Tagant; he also had established French military posts across the central region of southern Mauritania. As Faidherbe had suggested fifty years earlier, the key to the pacification of Mauritania lay in the Adrar. There, Shaykh Ma al Aynin had begun

1050-409: The Songhai defeated Tenguella, ending his state. Tenguella's son, Koli, led further migrations, and redirected military efforts against the Jolof Empire , hastening its collapse. After Koli's reign, the Denianke dynasty ruled a large empire but later on succession struggles, foreign intervention, and instability followed. In 1776, Sulayman Bal led a revolution, overthrowing the dynasty and establishing

1092-504: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.132 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 389691593 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 05:39:49 GMT Trarza Emirate The Emirate of Trarza was a pre-colonial state in what is today southwest Mauritania . It has survived as a traditional confederation of semi-nomadic people to

1134-501: The basis in the late 20th century for much of Morocco's claim to Mauritania. In May 1905, before the French column could set out for Adrar, Coppolani was killed in Tidjikdja . With the death of Coppolani, the tide turned in favor of Shaykh Ma al Aynin, who rallied many of the Maures with promises of Moroccan help. The French government hesitated for three years while Shaykh Ma al Aynin urged

1176-546: The beginning of the 20th century, the French used tensions within this system to overthrow the rulers of Trarza and its neighbors and establish colonial administration. In the 17th century, the French had established a trading post at the island Saint-Louis in the mouth of the Senegal River. The Bedouins of Mauritania came to control much of the trade from the interior that reached the French post. Trarza and other emirates profited from their raids against non-Muslims to their south by

1218-450: The interior. Trarza had renewed its alliance with Waalo, and Muhammed's son Ely was enthroned in Waalo as brak (king). Trarza had also formed a pact with former rival and neighbor, the Emirate of Brakna , to resist French expansion. They almost took Saint-Louis in a raid in 1855, but the French punitive expedition was swift and decisive. At the Battle of Jubuldu on 25 February 1855,

1260-616: The local Berber Bedouins and the Arab conquerors of the Maghreb , was organized as a semi-nomadic state led by a Muslim Prince, or Emir . Trarza was one of three powerful emirates that controlled the northwest bank of the Senegal River from the 17th to the 19th centuries CE; the others were the emirates of Brakna , and the Tagant . The Arab conquests had resulted in a society divided according to ethnicity and caste. The "warrior" lineages or clans ,

1302-490: The next few decades with the Moors holding the real power. The dynasty was overthrown in a revolution led by Sulayman Bal in 1776. He stepped down once the holy war was won and was replaced by Abdul Qadir ibn Hammadi , first almamy of the Imamate of Futa Toro . The silatigi was generally the oldest male of Tenguella's line, but inheritance had to be approved by the batu Fuuta , an assembly of nobles, which also functioned as

Empire of Great Fulo - Misplaced Pages Continue

1344-470: The north bank of the Senegal and the lucrative trade in gum arabic . The French in Saint-Louis attempted the same, and instability and foreign intervention became endemic in Futa Toro and much of the Senegal river valley. The well-known ceddo war chief Samba Gelaajo Jeegi took power with the backing of both major powers in 1725, but was unable to break free of their influence and was driven out in 1731. Satigis succeeded each other with bewildering speed for

1386-470: The north, as well as in Spanish Sahara and southern Morocco . By enlisting the support of Shaykhs Sidiya and Saad against the depredations of the warrior clans and in favor of a Pax Gallica , Coppolani was able to exploit the fundamental conflicts in Maure society. He was opposed by both the French colonial administration in Senegal, which saw no value in the wastelands north of the Senegal River , and by

1428-584: The outbreak of the Char Bouba war , an Islamist uprising against traditionalist monarchies in the Senegal river valley that sparked a civil war among the Deniankes. Futa Toro had no clear rules on the succession of the satigi , leading to regular power struggles and civil wars. Beginning in the early 18th century, the Trarza Moors , supported by the sultan of Morocco Moulay Ismail , attempted to exert control over

1470-480: The particularly effective and far-ranging northern nomads, the Reguibat , occurred in 1934 and covered a distance of 6,000 kilometers. They netted 800 head of cattle, 270 camels, and 10 slaves. Yet, except for minor raids and occasional attacks, the Maures generally acquiesced to French authority. They did attack Port-Etienne (present-day Nouadhibou ) in 1924 and 1927. With pacification, the French took on administering

1512-463: The present day. Its name is shared with the modern Region of Trarza . The population, a mixture of Berber tribes, had been there for a long time before being conquered in the 11th century by Hassaniya Arabic speakers from the north. Europeans later called these people Moors / Maures , and thus have titled this group "the Trarza Moors". Trarza, founded in the midst of the final wars between

1554-642: The seizure of slaves for sale and by the taxes they levied on Muslim states of the area. From the mid-18th to the 19th centuries, Trarza became involved deeply in the internal politics of the south bank of the Senegal. It raided and briefly conquered or backed political factions in the kingdoms of Cayor , Djolof , and Waalo . As the Atlantic Slave Trade was banned by Great Britain and the United States in 1808, Trarza and its neighbors' collected taxes on trade, especially acacia gum ( Gum Arabic ), which

1596-507: The space of four years (1901–1905), Coppolani traveled the area signing protectorates over much of what is now Mauritania , and beginning the expansion of French forces. The Zawiya tribes, descendants of the earlier Berber-led tribes conquered in the 17th century, remained a religious caste within Moorish society. They produced leaders whom the French called (perhaps erroneously) marabouts . Having been disarmed for centuries, they relied upon

1638-503: The various Moorish forces weapons, and the French rarely interfered. In 1901, French administrator Xavier Coppolani began a plan of "peaceful penetration" into the territories of Trarza and its fellow emirates. This consisted of a divide-and-conquer strategy in which the French promised the Zawiya tribes and, by extension the Haratin , greater independence and protection from the Hassane . In

1680-1415: The vast territory of Mauritania. c.1640 Trarza confederation founded. 15 Dec 1902 French protectorate. c.1660 - 1703, Addi I 1703 - 1727, Ali Sandura 1727 - c.1758, `Umar c. 1758 - 17.., Mukhtar Ould `Umar 17.. - 17.., Muhammad Babana 17.. - 17.., Addi II 1795 - 1800, `Umar Ould Mukhtar "Ould Kumba" 1800 - 1827, `Umar Ould Mukhtar: distinct from preceding 1827 - 1860, Muhammad Ould `Umar al-Habib (d. 1860) 1860 - Jul 1871, Sidi Mubayrika Ould Muhammad (d. 1871) Jul 1871 - 1873, Ahmed Salem Ould `Umar (d. 1873) 1873 - Oct 1886, `Ali Dyombot Ould Muhammad (d. 1886) Oct 1886 - Dec 1886, Muhammad Fadil Ould `Ali (d. 1886) Dec 1886 - 1891, `Umar Salem Ould `Umar (d. 1893) 1891 - 18 Apr 1905, Ahmed Salem Ould `Ali (d. 1905) bef.1903, Muhammad Salem Ould Ibrahim ( in rebellion ) 1903 - 1917, > 1932 - 1944, Ahmed Ould Deid (d. 1944) 1944 - 1958, Vacant? 1958 -  ?, Muhammad Fall Ould `Umayr . [REDACTED] This article incorporates text from this source, which

1722-400: Was a Fula silatigi , a religious leader and political chief, in Futa Toro . Pushed by an expansionist Jolof Empire, in the 1450s he led an emigration eastwards, establishing a state known as Futa Kingi in the lands of the Kingdom of Diarra . From this base, Tenguella militarily intervened in a number of neighboring areas and disrupted trade. His son Koli went to Futa Jallon to organize

Empire of Great Fulo - Misplaced Pages Continue

1764-506: Was loose and administration was decentralized, with revenues shared between the satigi and the provincial governors The king with his large herds of horses was highly mobile. Thus the capital, to the extent that there was one, moved frequently. Futa Tooro benefited from extensive trade networks, with horses and donkeys moving south from the pasturelands of the Sahel ; kola nuts , iron, and slaves moving north from Kaabu ; gold from Bambuk and

#119880