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69-603: Delirious New York: A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan is a 1978 book, written by Dutch architect Rem Koolhaas . The book serves as a retroactive manifesto for Manhattan between 1850 and 1960, analyzing the development of architecture and urban design throughout New York's history from the founding of New Amsterdam by the Dutch, to the design of the Headquarters of the United Nations by Le Corbusier . Rem Koolhaas describes

138-436: A "horizontal skyscraper" in the U.S. The building, popularly called "The Big Pants" by Beijing residents, was designed as a series of volumes which attempt to tie together the numerous departments onto the nebulous site, but also introduce routes (again, the concept of cross-programming) for the general public through the site, allowing them some degree of access to the production procedure. An unfortunate incident that highlighted

207-494: A "return to Nature." Reaction against the dominance of neoclassical architecture came to the fore in the 1820s with Augustus Pugin providing a moral and theoretical basis for Gothic Revival architecture , and in the 1840s John Ruskin developed this ethos. The American sculptor Horatio Greenough published the essay "'American Architecture" in August 1843, in which he rejected the imitation of old styles of buildings and outlined

276-491: A fragile world. How frustrating that the Guggenheim couldn’t force a little more intellectual rigor on this romp." With his Prada projects, Koolhaas ventured into providing architecture for the fleeting world of fashion and with celebrity-studded cachet: not unlike Garnier's Opera, the central space of Koolhaas' Beverly Hills Prada store is occupied by a massive central staircase, ostensibly displaying select wares, but mainly

345-453: A language which can be invented and re-invented every time it is used. This theory influenced the so-called deconstructivist architecture. In contrast, network society innovators, especially Silicon Valley software developers, have embraced Christopher Alexander 's emphasis on The Timeless Way of Building (1979) based on pattern languages that are optimized on-site as construction unfolds. Since 2000, architectural theory has also had to face

414-524: A profound influence on architects of the Renaissance , adding archaeological underpinnings to the rise of the Renaissance style , which was already under way. Renaissance architects such as Brunelleschi and Leon Battista Alberti found in De architectura their rationale for raising their branch of knowledge to a scientific discipline. Vastu shastra (vāstu śāstra - literally "science of architecture" are texts on

483-452: A treatise written in Latin and Greek on architecture, dedicated to the emperor Augustus. Probably written between 27 and 23 BC, it is the only major contemporary source on classical architecture to have survived. Divided into ten sections or "books", it covers almost every aspect of Roman architecture, from town planning, materials, decorations, temples, water supplies, etc. It rigorously defines

552-463: Is also a notable phenomenologist (especially in Heidegger studies). Others, like Beatriz Colomina and Mary McLeod, expand historical understandings of architecture to include lesser or minor discourses that have influenced the development of architectural ideas over time. Studies in feminism in architecture, and in sexuality and gender as potent cultural expressions, are also considered an integral part of

621-557: Is analysed according to "performance", a criterion involving variables with debatable credibility: density, newness, shape, size, money etc. In 2003, Content , a 544-page magazine-style book designed by &&& Creative and published by Koolhaas, gives an overview of the last decade of OMA projects including his designs for the Prada shops, the Seattle Public Library , a plan to save Cambridge from Harvard by rechanneling

690-511: Is often cited anachronistically today as a vehicle for the criticism of the Modern Movement . Also on the topic of artistic notions with regard to urbanism was Louis Sullivan 's The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered of 1896. In this essay, Sullivan penned his famous alliterative adage "form ever follows function"; a phrase that was to be later adopted as a central tenet of Modern architectural theory. While later architects adopted

759-418: Is plural and multicolored. There are different dominant schools of architectural theory which are based on linguistic analysis, philosophy, post-structuralism, or cultural theory. For instance, there is emerging interest in the re-discovery of the post-modernist project Sam Jacob, in the definition of new radical tendencies of architecture and its implication in the development of cities (Pier Vittorio Aureli), in

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828-708: Is the " Program ": with the rise of modernism in the 20th century the "Program" became the key theme of architectural design. The notion of the Program involves "an act to edit function and human activities" as the pretext of architectural design: epitomised in the maxim form follows function , first popularised by architect Louis Sullivan at the beginning of the 20th century. The notion was first questioned in Delirious New York , in his analysis of high-rise architecture in Manhattan. An early design method derived from such thinking

897-578: Is the author of Delirious New York : A Retroactive Manifesto for Manhattan . He is seen by some as one of the significant architectural thinkers and urbanists of his generation, by others as a self-important iconoclast. In 2000, Rem Koolhaas won the Pritzker Prize . In 2008, Time put him in their top 100 of The World's Most Influential People . He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2014. Remment Koolhaas

966-622: Is usually seen in the context of the Jugendstil , his demand for "the elimination of ornament" joined the slogan " form follows function " as a principle of the architectural so-called Modern Movement that came to dominate the mid-20th century. Walter Gropius , Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Le Corbusier provided the theoretical basis for the International Style with aims of using industrialised architecture to reshape society. Frank Lloyd Wright , while modern in rejecting historic revivalism,

1035-404: Is why university courses on architecture theory may often spend just as much time discussing philosophy and cultural studies as buildings, and why advanced postgraduate research and doctoral dissertations focus on philosophical topics in connection with architectural humanities. Some architectural theorists aim at discussing philosophical themes, or engage in direct dialogues with philosophers, as in

1104-472: The Charles River , Lagos' future as Earth's third-biggest city, as well as interviews with Martha Stewart and Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown . In 2005, Rem Koolhaas co-founded Volume Magazine together with Mark Wigley and Ole Bouman . Volume Magazine – the collaborative project by Archis (Amsterdam), AMO and C-lab ( Columbia University NY) – is a dynamic experimental think tank devoted to

1173-655: The Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York City. Koolhaas first came to public and critical attention with OMA (The Office for Metropolitan Architecture), the office he founded in 1975 together with architects Elia Zenghelis , Zoe Zenghelis and (Koolhaas's wife) Madelon Vriesendorp in London. They were later joined by one of Koolhaas's students, Zaha Hadid – who would soon go on to achieve success in her own right. An early work which would mark their difference from

1242-722: The Parc de la Villette , Paris (1982) and the residence for the Prime Minister of Ireland (1979), as well as the Kunsthal in Rotterdam (1992). These schemes would attempt to put into practice many of the findings Koolhaas made in his book Delirious New York (1978), which was written while he was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York, directed by Peter Eisenman . Koolhaas's book Delirious New York set

1311-665: The UK , exemplified by the work of Charles Rennie Mackintosh , and influenced the Vienna Secession . On the Continent, the theories of Viollet-le-Duc and Gottfried Semper provided the springboard for enormous vitality of thought dedicated to architectural innovation and the renovation of the notion of style. Semper in particular developed an international following, in Germany , England , Switzerland , Austria , Bohemia , France , Italy and

1380-494: The United States . The generation born during the middle-third of the 19th century was largely enthralled with the opportunities presented by Semper's combination of a breathtaking historical scope and a methodological granularity. In contrast to more recent, and thus "modern", thematically self-organized theoretical activities, this generation did not coalesce into a "movement." They did, however, seem to converge on Semper's use of

1449-631: The nightlight near the Empire State Building is the torch of the Statue of Liberty and a used condom in the shape of a Goodyear Blimp can be seen lying on the bed, referencing the zeppelin docking station built on top of the tower. The 1994 republication of the book by The Monacelli Press changed the cover image to a black and white photo of the 1221 and 1251 Avenue of the Americas buildings as seen from 30 Rockefeller Plaza . Delirious New York

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1518-472: The 1st century BC, with the work of Vitruvius . This does not mean, however, that such works did not exist, given that many works never survived antiquity. Vitruvius was a Roman writer , architect , and engineer active in the 1st century BC. He was the most prominent architectural theorist in the Roman Empire known today, having written De architectura (known today as The Ten Books of Architecture ),

1587-497: The COVID-19 pandemic. Koolhaas was previously married to Madelon Vriesendorp , an artist who is the mother of his two children, Charlie, a photographer, and Tomas, a filmmaker. Koolhaas divorced Vriesendorp in 2012. He has known his current partner Petra Blaisse , an interior and landscape designer, since 1986. Architectural theory There is little information or evidence about major architectural theory in antiquity, until

1656-509: The City"; firstly the 720-page Mutations , followed by The Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping (2002) and The Great Leap Forward (2002). All three books published student work analysing what others would regard as "non-cities", sprawling conglomerates such as Lagos in Nigeria, west Africa, which the authors argue are highly functional despite a lack of infrastructure. The authors also examine

1725-460: The Enlightenment include Julien-David Le Roy , Abbé Marc-Antoine Laugier , Giovanni Battista Piranesi , Robert Adam , James Stuart, Georg Friedrich Hegel and Nicholas Revett . A vibrant strain of Neoclassicism , inherited from Marc-Antoine Laugier 's seminal Essai, provided the foundation for two generations of international activity around the core themes of classicism, primitivism and

1794-616: The Enlightenment witnessed considerable development in architectural theory on the European continent. New archaeological discoveries (such as those of Pompeii and Herculaneum ) drove new interest in Classical art and architecture. Thus, the term neoclassicism , exemplified by the writings of Prussian art critic Johann Joachim Winckelmann , arose to designate 18th-century architecture, which looked to these new classical precedents for inspiration in building design. Major architectural theorists of

1863-489: The abbreviated phrase "form follows function" as a polemic in service of functionalist doctrine, Sullivan wrote of function with regard to biological functions of the natural order. Another influential planning theorist of this time was Ebenezer Howard , who founded the garden city movement . This movement aimed to form communities with architecture in the Arts and Crafts style at Letchworth and Welwyn Garden City and popularised

1932-526: The architectural collective Archigram . In 1972, after obtaining a grant to study at Cornell University , Koolhaas moved to New York in an effort to research the city. In doing so, Koolhaas collected magazines, books and postcards from Manhattan for research and joined a postcard collectors' club. Furthermore, Koolhaas joined the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies . In an interview with Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown , Koolhaas cites their book Learning from Las Vegas as being an influence on

2001-688: The attempt to develop a new formal language. Another trend is the exploration of those computational techniques that are influenced by algorithms relevant to biological processes and sometimes referred to as Digital morphogenesis . Trying to utilize Computational creativity in architecture, Genetic algorithms developed in computer science are used to evolve designs on a computer, and some of these are proposed and built as actual structures. Since these new architectural tendencies emerged, many theorists and architects have been working on these issues, developing theories and ideas such as Patrick Schumacher's Parametricism. Contemporary architecture's theoretical world

2070-549: The case of Peter Eisenman 's and Bernard Tschumi 's interest in Derrida 's thought, or Anthony Vidler 's interest in the works of Freud and Lacan , in addition to an interest in Gaston Bachelard 's Poetics of Space or texts by Gilles Deleuze . This has also been the case with educators in academia like Dalibor Vesely or Alberto-Perez Gomez , and in more recent years this philosophical orientation has been reinforced through

2139-453: The classical orders of architecture . It also proposes the three fundamental laws that architecture must obey, in order to be so considered: firmitas, utilitas, venustas , translated in the 17th century by Sir Henry Wotton into the English slogan firmness, commodity, and delight (meaning structural adequacy, functional adequacy, and beauty). The rediscovery of Vitruvius' work in 1414 had

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2208-521: The concept of Realismus , and they are thus labelled proponents of architectural realism. Among the most active Architectural Realists were: Georg Heuser, Rudolf Redtenbacher, Constantin Lipsius , Hans Auer , Paul Sédille , Lawrence Harvey (architect)|Lawrence Harvey, Otto Wagner and Richard Streiter. In 1889 Camillo Sitte published Der Städtebau nach seinem künstlerischen Grundsätzen (translated as City Planning According to Artistic Principles ) which

2277-482: The concept of 'Manhattanism', the theory of the creation and functioning of the city of New York, at length in the book. The first drafts for the book originate from 1969 in a manifesto by Rem Koolhaas titled 'The Surface'. Koolhaas had been studying at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London since 1968 and wrote the manifesto as a reaction against lectures by Tony Dugdale of

2346-541: The covers, these versions do not differ from the original text. Rem Koolhaas Remment Lucas Koolhaas ( Dutch pronunciation: [rɛm ˈkoːlɦaːs] ; born 17 November 1944) is a Dutch architect, architectural theorist , urbanist and Professor in Practice of Architecture and Urban Design at the Graduate School of Design at Harvard University . He is often cited as a representative of Deconstructivism and

2415-433: The creative artist as unique genius. This limited the relevance of his theoretical propositions. Towards the end of the century postmodern architecture reacted against the austerity of High Modern (International Style) principles, viewed as narrowly normative and doctrinaire. In contemporary architectural discourse theory has become more concerned with its position within culture generally, and thought in particular. This

2484-466: The design for the Sphinx Hotel at Times Square (1975). In a 1993 interview with architecture critic Cynthia Davidson, Koolhaas stated that the aim of publishing Delirious New York was to lay the written foundation to work from as an architect, before actually starting out as one. In this sense, Koolhaas has been described as being a paper architect around this time, given that his first built design

2553-525: The embrace of the idea of discipline and in a new formalist approach to architecture through the appropriation of concepts from the Object Oriented philosophy. It is too early, however, to say whether any of these explorations will have widespread or lasting impact on architecture. In the second decade of the twenty-first century, there is the emergence of architectural theory based on the frameworks of social reproduction theory and care ethics. This approach

2622-694: The family moved to Jakarta in 1952. "It was a very important age for me," Koolhaas recalls "and I really lived as an Asian." In 1969, Koolhaas co-wrote The White Slave , a Dutch film noir, and later wrote an unproduced script for American soft-porn king Russ Meyer . He was a journalist in 1963 at age 19 for the Haagse Post before starting studies in architecture in 1968 at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London, followed, in 1972, by further studies with Oswald Mathias Ungers at Cornell University in Ithaca , New York, followed by studies at

2691-404: The folly of the circulation scheme (no effective fire egress for people on the upper floors), was the construction fire that nearly destroyed the building and a nearby hotel in 2009. In February 2020, his exhibition Countryside, The Future opened at the Guggenheim in New York City. The exhibition closed within a month, after New York City closed all its major art institutions in connection with

2760-427: The functional relationship between architecture and decoration. These theories anticipated the development of Functionalism in modern architecture . Towards the end of the century, there occurred a blossoming of theoretical activity. In England, Ruskin's ideals underpinned the emergence of the Arts and Crafts movement exemplified by the writings of William Morris . This in turn formed the basis for Art Nouveau in

2829-456: The influence of shopping habits and the recent rapid growth of cities in China. Critics of the books have criticised Koolhaas for being cynical, – as if Western capitalism and globalization demolish all cultural identity – highlighted in the notion expounded in the books that "In the end, there will be little else for us to do but shop". Perhaps such caustic cynicism can be read as a "realism" about

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2898-478: The laborious nature of transcription, few examples of architectural theory were penned during this time. Most written works during this period were theological, and were transcriptions of the Bible. Since the architectural theories were on structures, fewer of them were transcribed. The Abbot Suger 's Liber de rebus in administratione sua gestis was an architectural document that emerged with Gothic architecture . Another

2967-820: The late nineties he worked on the design for the new headquarters for Universal. Indeed, online marketing and propaganda has been a hallmark of OMA 's rise in the current century. It has also led to pointed criticism, such as the critique by New York Magazine critic Justin Davidson, who found the 2020 Guggenheim exhibition Countryside, the Future "mildly amusing if it weren’t such terrible waste — of attention, of gallery square footage, of resources, talent, and expertise. Bored with being an architect and building things, Koolhaas lets his fingertips graze important topics, genuine insights, and actual lives. He treats them all as ironic bric-a-brac, meaningless souvenirs of his meanderings through

3036-401: The latter 20th-century theoretical discourse, and are associated with such persons as Dolores Hayden, Catherine Ingraham, Jennifer Bloomer and Sylvia Lavin. The notion that theory entails critique also stemmed from post-structural literary studies in the work of many other theorists and architects, such as Mark Wigley and Diana Agrest, among others. In their theories, architecture is compared to

3105-586: The modern ages. From Alberti, good architecture is validated through the Vitruvian triad , which defines its purpose. This triplet conserved all its validity until the 19th century. A major transition into the 17th century and ultimately to the Age of Enlightenment was secured through the advanced mathematical and optical research of the celebrated architect and geometer Girard Desargues , with an emphasis on his studies on conics, perspective and projective geometry. The Age of

3174-518: The most costly and celebrated OMA projects of the new century were the massive Central China Television Headquarters Building in Beijing, China, and the new building for the Shenzhen Stock Exchange . In his design for the new CCTV Headquarters in Beijing (2009), Koolhaas did not opt for the stereotypical skyscraper, often used to symbolise and landmark such government enterprises; he patented

3243-535: The most important issue was not the architectural shape or form of a building but the quality of the urban spaces that buildings collectively enclose, the whole being more than the sum of its parts. The Modern Movement rejected these thoughts and Le Corbusier energetically dismissed the work. Nevertheless, Sitte's work was revisited by post-modern architects and theorists from the 1970s, especially following its republication in 1986 by Rizzoli, in an edition edited by Collins and Collins (now published by Dover ). The book

3312-406: The omnipotent forces of urbanism into unique design forms and connections organised along the lines of present-day society. Koolhaas continuously incorporates his observations of the contemporary city within his design activities: calling such a condition the ‘culture of congestion’. Again, shopping is examined for "intellectual comfort", whilst the unregulated taste and densification of Chinese cities

3381-512: The pace for his career. Koolhaas analyzes the "chance-like" nature of city life: "The City is an addictive machine from which there is no escape" "Rem Koolhaas...defined the city as a collection of 'red hot spots'." ( Anna Klingmann ). As Koolhaas himself has acknowledged, this approach had already been evident in the Japanese Metabolist Movement in the 1960s and early 1970s. A key aspect of architecture that Koolhaas interrogates

3450-488: The past decade, there has been the emergence of the so-called "Digital" Architecture. Several currents and design methodologies are being developed simultaneously, some of which reinforce each other, whereas others work in opposition. One of these trends is Biomimicry , which is the process of examining nature, its models, systems, processes, and elements, to emulate or take inspiration from them in order to solve human problems. Architects also design organic-looking buildings in

3519-436: The process of spatial and cultural reflexivity. It goes beyond architecture's definition of ‘making buildings’ and reaches out for global views on architecture and design, broader attitudes to social structures, and creating environments to live in. The magazine stands for a journalism which detects and anticipates, is proactive and even pre-emptive – a journalism which uncovers potentialities, rather than covering done deals. In

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3588-447: The rapid rise of urbanism and globalization . By developing a new understanding of the city, many theorists developed new understandings of the urban conditions of our planet (E.G. Rem Koolhaas 's Bigness ). Interests in fragmentation and architecture as transient objects further affected such thinking (e.g. the concern for employing high technology), but also related to general concerns such as ecology , mass media , and economism. In

3657-427: The research of a new generation of theorists (E.G. Jeffrey Kipnis or Sanford Kwinter ). Similarly, we can refer to contemporary architects who are interested in philosophy and cultural studies. Some are interested in phenomenology and neuroaesthetics , like Sarah Williams Goldhagen , Sarah Robinson, and Christian Norberg-Schulz , or specialize as philosophers and historians of science, such as Nader El-Bizri who

3726-636: The shoppers themselves. The notion of selling a brand rather than marketing clothes was further emphasised in the Prada store on Broadway in Manhattan, New York, which had previously been owned by the Guggenheim : the museum signs were not removed during the outfitting of the new store, as if emphasizing the premises as a cultural institution. The Broadway Prada store opened in December 2001, cost €32 million to build, and has 2,300 square meters of retail space. Probably

3795-476: The style as domestic architecture. In Vienna , the idea of a radically new modern architecture had many theorists and proponents. An early use of the term modern architecture in print occurred in the title of a book by Otto Wagner , who gave examples of his own work representative of the Vienna Secession with Art Nouveau illustrations, and didactic teachings to his students. Soon thereafter, Adolf Loos wrote Ornament and Crime , and while his own style

3864-680: The textual part of Vastu Vidya - the broader knowledge about architecture and design theories from ancient India. Varahamihira's Brihat Samhita dated to about the sixth century CE is among the earliest known Indian texts with dedicated chapters with principles of architecture. For example, Chapter 53 of the Brihat Samhita is titled "On architecture", and there and elsewhere it discusses elements of vastu sastra such as "planning cities and buildings" and "house structures, orientation, storeys, building balconies" along with other topics. Other ancient Vastu shastra works includes Manasara etc. Following

3933-638: The then dominant postmodern classicism of the late 1970s, was their contribution to the Venice Biennale of 1980, curated by Italian architect Paolo Portoghesi , titled "Presence of the Past". Each architect had to design a stage-like "frontage" to a Potemkin -type internal street; the façades by Costantino Dardi  [ it ] , Frank Gehry and OMA were the only ones that did not employ Post-Modern architecture motifs or historical references. Other early critically received (yet unbuilt) projects included

4002-546: The tradition of Vastu shastra , several scholars wrote architectural texts during medieval times which includes Manushyalaya Chandrika , dealing with domestic architecture authored by Thirumangalath Neelakanthan Musath, Samrangana Sutradhara written by Bhoja of Dhar , a poetic treatise on classical Indian architecture among others. Throughout the Middle Ages, architectural knowledge was passed by transcription, word of mouth and technically in master builders' lodges. Due to

4071-406: The traditional Indian system of architecture. These texts describe principles of design, layout, measurements, ground preparation, space arrangement, and spatial geometry. The designs aim to integrate architecture with nature, the relative functions of various parts of the structure, and ancient beliefs utilising geometric patterns ( yantra ), symmetry, and directional alignments. Vastu Shastra are

4140-408: The transformation of cultural life, where airports and even museums (due to finance problems) rely just as much on operating gift shops. It does, however, demonstrate one of the architect's characteristic devices for deflecting criticism: attack the client or subject of study after completing the work. When it comes to transforming these observations into practice, Koolhaas mobilizes what he regards as

4209-481: The writing of Delirious New York during this period at Cornell. Delirious New York was published three years after Koolhaas founded the Office for Metropolitan Architecture with Elia Zenghelis , Zoe Zenghelis and Madelon Vriesendorp in London in 1975. During this period, Koolhaas further collaborated with Elia Zenghelis on several hypothetical projects in Manhattan, such as redeveloping Roosevelt Island (1975) or

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4278-477: Was Villard de Honnecourt 's portfolio of drawings from about the 1230s. In Song dynasty China, Li Jie published the Yingzao Fashi in 1103, which was an architectural treatise that codified elements of Chinese architecture . The first great work of architectural theory of this period belongs to sabona, De re aedificatoria , which placed Vitruvius at the core of the most profound theoretical tradition of

4347-514: Was "cross-programming", introducing unexpected functions in room programmes, such as running tracks in skyscrapers. More recently, Koolhaas unsuccessfully proposed the inclusion of hospital units for the homeless into the Seattle Public Library project (2003). Koolhaas' next publications were a by-product of his position as professor at Harvard University , in the Design school 's "Project on

4416-477: Was born on 17 November 1944 in Rotterdam , Netherlands, to Anton Koolhaas (1912–1992) and Selinde Pietertje Roosenburg (born 1920). His father was a novelist, critic, and screenwriter. His maternal grandfather, Dirk Roosenburg (1887–1962), was a modernist architect who worked for Hendrik Petrus Berlage , before opening his own practice. Rem Koolhaas has a brother, Thomas, and a sister, Annabel. His paternal cousin

4485-627: Was first published as a hardcover in 1978 by the New York division of the Oxford University Press and was printed in France. A paperback version with a new cover was published in 1994 by New York based Monacelli Press for distribution in the United States and Rotterdam based 010 Publishers for Europe. Further versions by the Monacelli Press have been printed in 1997, 2005, 2014. Aside from

4554-462: Was idiosyncratic in his theory, which he conveyed in copious writing. Wright did not subscribe to the tenets of the International Style, but evolved what he hoped would be an American, in contrast to a European, progressive course. Wright's style, however, was highly personal, involving his particular views of man and nature. Wright was more poetic and firmly maintained the 19th-century view of

4623-531: Was in 1985. The cover image of the first edition of the book was designed by Madelon Vriesendorp . The painting 'Flagrant Délit' depicts the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building laying in bed, with 30 Rockefeller Plaza intruding on them. The gridiron street pattern of Manhattan is shown through the window, with the rooftops of skyscrapers being faces looking at the ordeal. Furthermore,

4692-520: Was not exactly a criticism of architectural form but an aesthetic criticism (inspired by medieval and Baroque town planning) of 19th-century urbanism. Mainly a theoretical work, it had an immediate impact on architecture, as the two disciplines of architecture and planning intertwined. Demand for it was so high that five editions appeared in German between 1889 and 1922 and a French translation came out in 1902. (No English edition came out until 1945.) For Sitte,

4761-465: Was the architect and urban planner Teun Koolhaas (1940–2007). The family lived consecutively in Rotterdam (until 1946), Amsterdam (1946–1952), Jakarta (1952–1955), and Amsterdam (from 1955). His father strongly supported the Indonesian cause for autonomy from the colonial Dutch in his writing. When the war of independence was won, he was invited over to run a cultural programme for three years and

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