The Deer Rock , also called Peace Rock , is located on the right bank of the Chilkoot River in Southeast Alaska in the Haines Borough, Alaska of USA . In the language of the Raven Clan and Eagle Clan of the Tlingit Alaskan Indian tribes also known as the Chilkhat (Kukhwan) and the Chilkoot (Haines), the rock is called as the Gowakaan Teiyee , and is of great significance to them as they held negotiations on this rock to arrive at a peaceful settlement of the tragic conflicts of the past. TlukAxadi clan named the “rock” with the prefix “Deer”, as they believed that the Deer represented peace for now and always. A clan member who was chosen to mediate a settlement to end the conflict sat over this rock after truce in the battle between the clans, to think peacefully and to arrive at the most acceptable terms of settlement. Thereafter, with diplomatic finesse, in the presence of the Deer Rock, the warring clans settled their differences and since then no further conflicts have occurred between them. This Deer Rock was thus witness to peaceful settlement that saved countless members of the Raven and Eagle clans of the Tlingit tribe who would have otherwise died if the war had continued. Since then the Deer Rock has become a heritage monument of the Tlingit people.
34-604: Chilkhat (Kukhwan)and Chilkoot (Haines) are two Indian Tilgit Alaskan clans who live in the Haines Borough of Alaska; Chilkoots live to the west of Haines and the Chilkats to the east. There was a big village at the southern end of Chilkat Lake and temporary camps scattered all the way from Chilkoot to Haines. There existed forts between the two on the Chilkat River. The two groups though separate geographically and psychologically have
68-699: A blueprint for the protection and recovery of the southern Distinct Population Segment (DPS) of eulachon ( Thaleichthys pacificus ) using the best available science per the requirements of the Endangered Species Act . In Canada, the Central Pacific Coast and Fraser River populations were classified as endangered by the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada (COSEWIC) in 2011. At that time,
102-425: A common history. Free access of one community to that of the other existed and they greatly intermarried under Native law. However, at some time in the past, these two Tlingit communities were not in perfect harmony. In a battle that took place between the two ethnic groups, six people were killed from each group. The internecine fight ensued as a result of a Chilkoot cousin refusing the request of his Chilkat cousin for
136-429: A few hundreds who mixed with other groups. Around 120 people in 1945, though some 609 were reported in the 1970s, having by then mixed extensively with other groups. Language is now extinct. Chinook Jargon also flourished from 1790s–1830s, then experienced a flood of English and French new vocabulary. It was used by up to 100,000 speakers of 100 mother tongues in the 19th century. Then declined,
170-467: A film named Ha Shgaoon produced in 1980. The peace ceremony held at Chilkoot was to protest the demolition of traditional village, fishing sites as well as tomb sites (skeletons were exposed due to the bull dozing at site) that occurred due to road building. The script of the speech made by Austin on the occasion states: we are making only our requests that the peace rock or “Deer Rock” Guwakan teiyi, broken into pieces by road builders, be made whole; that
204-418: A part-whole relationship, or the owner. Aside from certain secondary irregularities in the third person dual and third person plural, the pronominal subject of the transitive verb differs from the pronominal subject of the intransitive verb only in the case of the third person singular masculine and feminine. The difference between the two sets of forms is for the most part indicated by position and, in part, by
238-614: A qualifying suffix, plural , and final suffix. Initial prefixes serve primarily as nominalizers. Masculine prefixes appear with nouns designating male persons, feminine with those denoting female persons. The neuter may indicate indefiniteness . All are used for nouns referring to objects as well. Masculine prefixes appear with the large animals; feminine for small ones. Masculine prefixes also appear with nouns expressing qualities. The gender -number prefixes are followed by possessive pronominal prefixes. These distinguish possessors by person , clusivity , and number. The possessive prefix for
272-414: A river which has large runs sees a year with no returns; the reasons for such variability are not known. The eulachon run is characteristic for the early portion being almost entirely male, with females following about midway through the run to its conclusion. Males are easily distinguished from females during spawning by fleshy ridges which form along the length of their bodies. Indigenous communities of
306-446: A single variety of the latter now survives: Wasco-Wishram (Wasco and Wishram were originally two separate, similar varieties). In 1990, there were 69 speakers (7 monolinguals) of Wasco-Wishram; in 2001, 5 speakers of Wasco remained; the last fully fluent speaker, Gladys Thompson, died in 2012. Chinook-speaking groups were once powerful in trade, before and during early European contact ( Lewis & Clark ), hence developed
340-590: A village site were also uprooted. This caused intense indignation among the native Indian tribes since their ancestral graves were dug up and human skeletons of their exposed. Moreover, the Deer Rock, which had great significance for restoring peace among the two clans in the past, was also blasted into several fragments. A strong protest agitation was organized by the native clans, led by Austin Hammond, objecting to this unwarranted destruction of their heritage and desecration of
374-494: A “pack load of eulachon ” and it flared up into a battle for “balance of honor.” In this battle, six people from each clan were killed. The clan leaders then decided to declare ceasefire to the conflict and then pursued for peace at the Deer Rock. In 1971, Deer Rock was bulldozed by the State Highway authorities to build a one-mile road along Chilkoot River to its head at Chilkoot Lake. During this construction, two cemeteries and
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#1732856066361408-460: Is also known as "halimotkw", which can be translated as "savior fish" or "salvation fish", due to its availability for fishing often coming at the end of winter, when food supplies typically run low. The unrelated sablefish Anoplopoma fimbria is also called "candlefish" in the United Kingdom . Eulachon are distinguished by the large canine-like teeth on the vomer bone and 19 to 31 rays in
442-569: Is some dispute over classification, and there are two ISO 639-3 codes assigned: chh (Chinook, Lower Chinook) and wac (Wasco-Wishram, Upper Chinook). For example, Ethnologue 15e classifies Kiksht as Lower Chinook, while others consider it instead Upper Chinook ( discussion ), and others a separate language. The vowels in the Chinookan languages are /a i ɛ ə u/ . Stress is marked as /á/ . As in many North American languages, verbs constitute complete clauses in themselves. Nominals may accompany
476-641: The Columbia , Fraser and Klinaklini rivers in 1994. Chinookan languages The Chinookan languages are a small family of extinct languages spoken in Oregon and Washington along the Columbia River by Chinook peoples . Although the last known native speaker of any Chinookan language died in 2012, the 2009-2013 American Community Survey found 270 self-identified speakers of Upper Chinook . Chinookan consisted of three languages with multiple varieties . There
510-788: The Nass / Skeena Rivers population was given threatened status, but this was downgraded to Special Concern status when the Nass / Skeena Rivers population was individually reassessed by COSEWIC in 2013. As of May 2023, a decision is pending on the listing of these populations under Schedule 1 of the Species at Risk Act . Overall, the species faces multiple threats, including overharvest , pollution, loss of freshwater spawning habitat due to logging , diversion and dam construction and climate change . Canadian spawning runs have been severely depleted compared to historic levels, while abrupt declines were reported in
544-538: The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) received a petition from the Cowlitz Tribe to list a distinct population segment (DPS) of eulachon from Washington , Oregon , and California , (the so-called Southern DPS) as an endangered or threatened species under the Endangered Species Act . (ESA). NMFS found that this petition presented enough information to warrant conducting a status review of
578-423: The anal fin . Like salmon and trout they have an adipose fin (aft of the dorsal); it is sickle-shaped. The paired fins are longer in male fish than in females. All fins have well-developed breeding parts (raised tissue "bumps") in ripe males, but these are poorly developed or absent in females. Adult coloration is brown or blue on the back extending to the top of the head, lighter to silvery white or light blue on
612-449: The candlefish , is a small anadromous species of smelt that spawns in some of the major river systems along the Pacific coast of North America from northern California to Alaska . The name "candlefish" derives from it being so fatty during spawning, with up to 15% of the total body weight in fat, that if caught, dried, and strung on a wick, it can be burned as a candle. This is
646-477: The "post-pronominal" -g-, the system is as follows: Verbs stems may be simplex or compound, the second member indicating direction, including motion out of, from water to shore or inland, toward water, into, down or up. Suffixes include repetitive, causative , involuntary passive , completive, stative , purposive, future, usitative , successful completive and so on. Nouns contain an initial prefix, pronominal prefix, possessive prefix, inner nominalizer , root,
680-501: The Chinook Jargon – a pre-European contact language, with lexicon from at least Chinook, Chehalis, and Nootka or Nuu-chah-nulth. Chinook people were quickly diminished by European diseases: Numbered around 800 persons in 1800; they mixed with Chehalis (in fact, the very word Chinook is a Chehalis word for those who lived on the south of the river). Most of the language family became extinct as separate groups by 1900, except
714-590: The Pacific Coast from California to Alaska made eulachon an important part of their diet, as well as a valuable trade item with peoples whose territories did not include spawning rivers. The species was caught using traps, rakes, and nets. The harvest continues today, with other residents taking part in the exploitation of the large runs. Today harvested eulachon are typically stored frozen and thawed as needed. They may also be fried, dried, smoked, or canned. Eulachon were also processed for their rich oil. The usual process
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#1732856066361748-401: The dative to the indirect object . Reflexive prefixes can serve as reciprocals and as medio-passives . When the reflexive follows can ergative–absolutive pronoun sequence, it indicates that one indirectly affected is the same as the ergative. When it follows an absolutive–dative pronoun sequence, it indicates that one indirectly affected is associated with the absolutive, perhaps as the whole in
782-469: The diet of many ocean and shore predators, and serves as a prominent food source for people living near its spawning streams. Eulachon, as anadromous fish, spend most of their adult lives in the ocean but return to their natal freshwater streams and rivers to spawn and die. As such, one stream may see regular large runs of eulachon while a neighboring stream sees few or none at all. Regular annual runs are common but not entirely predictable, and occasionally
816-525: The fish weir be removed, that our sacred burial grounds be protected so never again will be bones of our ancestors lay scattered and disturbed; and we ask that we may lawfully catch salmon for our subsistence in this river, a heritage denied to us that is rightfully ours. Eulachon The eulachon ( / ˈ j uː l ə k ɒ n / ( Thaleichthys pacificus ), also spelled oolichan / ˈ uː l ɪ k ɑː n / , ooligan / ˈ uː l ɪ ɡ ə n / , hooligan / ˈ h uː l ɪ ɡ ə n / ), or
850-454: The headman of l’koot, held a traditional peace ceremony along with the people of the native Tlingits at Deer Rock and renewed the pledge for “maintaining brotherhood between Chilkat and Chilkoot people, and also with their white neighbors.” Thus, Deer Rock has become a symbol of a saga of amicable compromise. The peace ceremony held at the Deer Rock was explained by the Clan leader Austin Hammond, in
884-478: The languages. Kiksht shows six way tense distinctions: mythic past , remote past, recent past, immediate past, present , and future . The pronominal prefixes are obligatory, whether free nominals occur in the clause or not. Three can be seen in the Kathlamet verb. The ergative refers to the agent of a transitive verb , the absolutive to the patient of a transitive or the single argument of an intransitive , and
918-518: The name most often used by early explorers. The name eulachon (occasionally seen as oolichan , ooligan , oulachon , and uthlecan ) is from the Chinookan language and the Chinook Jargon based on that language. One of several theories for the origin of the name of the state of Oregon is that it was a corruption from the term "Oolichan Trail", the native trade route for oolichan oil. In some parts it
952-621: The revered graves of their ancestral people. In order to appease the Indians, the State Legislature got the rock fragments cemented together with allocation of funds for the purpose. In addition, Land Use Plans were also developed to protect the Chilkoot Lake area. They also held a formal service at the location for maintaining peace. However, many Native Indian leaders abstained from this service. Eventually, about one month later, Austin Hammond ,
986-534: The sides, and white on the ventral surface; speckling is extra fine, sparse, and restricted to the back. Adults can reach maximum lengths of 30 cm (12 in) but most adults are between 15 and 20 cm (6 and 8 in). Adults have striae on their operculum that aid in distinguishing Thaleichthys pacificus from other smelt. They feed on plankton but only while at sea. Eulachon feed primarily on plankton as well as fish eggs , insect larvae, ocean debris and small crustaceans. It forms an important part of
1020-613: The species. Based on the status review NMFS proposed listing this species as threatened on March 13, 2009. On March 16, 2010, NOAA announced that the Southern DPS of eulachon will be listed as threatened under the ESA, effective on May 17, 2010 (See: the Federal Register notice published on May 18, 2010, at 74 FR 3178). On September 6, 2017, the NMFS approved a recovery plan intended to serve as
1054-693: The third person singular is -ga- when the noun itself is feminine, neuter, dual, or plural. It is -tca- when the noun itself is masculine. It is preceded by the gender-number prefixes: The possessive prefix for the first person singular ("my") is –gE (Wishram -g-, -k-; -x̩- before k-stops) when the noun is feminine, neuter, dual or plural, but -tcE-, -tci- (Wishram -tc-) when the noun is masculine. The possessive prefixes are followed by noun stem, perhaps including another nominalizer. Nominal suffixes indicate emphasis or contrast, specificity, succession in time, definiteness, plurality, and time, location, or similarity. There were Lower and Upper Chinookan groups, but only
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1088-452: The use of a "post-pronominal" particle -g- which indicates that the preceding pronominal element is used as the subject of a transitive verb. The phonetic parallelism would then be perfect among the absolutive, ergative, and possessive (see below). If we compare the theoretical forms *ag- "she" and *itc- "he" with the remaining subjective forms of the transitive verb, we obtain at once a perfectly regular and intelligible set of forms. Including
1122-581: The verbs, but they have adjunct status, functioning as appositives to the pronominal affixes. Word order functions purely pragmatically; constituents appear in decreasing order of newsworthiness. Clauses are combined by juxtaposition or particles, rather than subordinating inflection . Verbs may contain an initial tense or aspect prefix, ergative pronominal prefix, obligatory absolutive prefix, dative prefix, reflexive / reciprocal /middle prefix, adverbial prefix, directional prefix, and verb stem. The number of tense/aspect prefix distinctions varies among
1156-493: Was to allow the fish to decompose (rot) for a week or more in a hole in the ground, then add boiling hot water and skim off the oil, which would rise to the surface, being less dense than water. Eulachon oil (also known as "Eulachon grease") was traded with inland communities; as a result, the trails over which the trade was conducted came to be known as grease trails . Other uses of eulachon by non-Natives include bait for sportfishing and food for cats and dogs. In November 2008,
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