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68-411: "Deep state" is a calque of the Turkish word derin devlet ( lit.   ' deep state ' ). The modern concept of a deep state is associated with Turkey , a presumed secret network of military officers and their civilian allies trying to preserve the secular order based on the ideas of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk from 1923. There are also opinions that the deep state in Turkey and " Counter-Guerrilla "

136-592: A decree granting Gelli the Gran Cruz de la Orden del Libertador in August 1974, as well as the honorary office of economic counselor in the embassy of Argentina in Italy. Gelli publicly declared on repeated occasions that he was a close friend of Perón, although no confirmation ever came from South America. Gelli affirmed that he introduced Peron to Masonry and that this friendship was of real importance for Italy. He stated: "Peron

204-603: A diminutive or, in Chinese , adding the word " cursor " ( 标 ), making shǔbiāo "mouse cursor" ( simplified Chinese : 鼠标 ; traditional Chinese : 鼠標 ; pinyin : shǔbiāo ). Another example is the Spanish word ratón that means both the animal and the computer mouse. The common English phrase " flea market " is a loan translation of the French marché aux puces ("market with fleas"). At least 22 other languages calque

272-794: A verb , “to calque” means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For instance, the English word skyscraper has been calqued in dozens of other languages, combining words for "sky" and "scrape" in each language, as for example Wolkenkratzer in German, arranha-céu in Portuguese, grattacielo in Italian, gökdelen in Turkish, and matenrou(摩天楼) in Japanese. Calquing

340-562: A controlling interest in Long Island 's Franklin National Bank . Two years later, the bank collapsed. Convicted in 1980 in the US, "mysterious Michele" was extradited to Italy. Two years later, he was poisoned in his cell while serving a life sentence. The P2 membership list was authenticated, with a few exceptions, by a 1984 parliamentary report. On the run, Gelli escaped to Switzerland where he

408-471: A country" whose power is "independent of any political changes that take place". They are "often hidden beneath layers of bureaucracy" and may not be "in complete control at all times" but have "tangible control of key resources (whether human or financial)". He also wrote: "The 'deep state' is beginning to become short hand for the embedded anti-democratic power structures within a government, something very few democracies can claim to be free from." In Germany,

476-610: A coup plot orchestrated by a group influenced by the Reichsbürger movement and QAnon conspiracy theories. The conspirators aimed to overthrow the German government and install a new regime led by Prince Heinrich XIII , a minor aristocrat. The plot involved recruiting former military personnel and stockpiling weapons, intending to use force to achieve their goals. The group had mapped out a new government structure and appointed individuals to cabinet-like roles in anticipation of their success. They sought to cooperate with Russia, though there

544-513: A court in San Remo for illegally exporting money from Italy. Switzerland eventually agreed to extradite him to Italy, but only on financial charges stemming from the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano. Gelli's extradition in February 1988 required a high-level security apparatus, including 100 sharpshooters , decoy cars, a train, road blocks and two armored cars to transfer him to Italy. In July 1988 he

612-726: A practice known as interpretatio germanica : the Latin "Day of Mercury ", Mercurii dies (later mercredi in modern French ), was borrowed into Late Proto-Germanic as the "Day of Wōđanaz " ( Wodanesdag ), which became Wōdnesdæg in Old English , then "Wednesday" in Modern English. Since at least 1894, according to the Trésor de la langue française informatisé , the French term calque has been used in its linguistic sense, namely in

680-567: A publication by Louis Duvau: Un autre phénomène d'hybridation est la création dans une langue d'un mot nouveau, dérivé ou composé à l'aide d'éléments existant déja dans cette langue, et ne se distinguant en rien par l'aspect extérieur des mots plus anciens, mais qui, en fait, n'est que le calque d'un mot existant dans la langue maternelle de celui qui s'essaye à un parler nouveau. [...] nous voulons rappeler seulement deux ou trois exemples de ces calques d'expressions, parmi les plus certains et les plus frappants. Another phenomenon of hybridization

748-415: A similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery. One system classifies calques into five groups. This terminology is not universal: Some linguists refer to a phonological calque , in which the pronunciation of

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816-575: A threat to the secular order". Journalist Hugh Roberts has described the "shady nexus" between the police and intelligence services, "certain politicians and organised crime", whose members believe they are authorised "to get up to all sorts of unavowable things" because they are "custodians of the higher interests of the nation". The Civil Service has been called a deep state by senior politicians. In 2018, Steve Hilton , then advisor to David Cameron , claimed Tony Blair had said: "You cannot underestimate how much they believe it's their job to actually run

884-456: A word is imitated in the other language. For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word 雷达 ( pinyin : léidá ), which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder". Partial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of a compound but not others. For example, the name of the Irish digital television service Saorview is a partial calque of that of

952-511: Is Propaganda Due . Propaganda Due (better known as P2) was a Masonic lodge belonging to the Grand Orient of Italy (GOI). It was founded in 1877 with the name of Masonic Propaganda, in the period of its management by the entrepreneur Licio Gelli it assumed deviated forms with respect to the statutes of the Freemasonry and became subversive towards the Italian legal order. The P2 was suspended by

1020-603: Is an extraordinary man, a man of action. This is what Italy needs: not a man of words, but a man of action. He talked of many Italian politicians. Of Fabrizio Cicchitto , he said he knew him well ( è bravo, preparato  — "he's good and capable"). With regard to Berlusconi's program for the reform of the judicial system, he boasted that this had been an integral part of his original project. He also approved of Berlusconi's reorganization of television networks. On 15 December 2015 Gelli died in Arezzo, Tuscany, aged 96. The funeral home

1088-640: Is chiefly known for his role in the Banco Ambrosiano scandal . He was revealed in 1981 as being the Venerable Master of the clandestine masonic lodge Propaganda Due (P2). Gelli was born in Pistoia , Tuscany . During the 1930s, Gelli, when he was still a seventeen-year-old student in a Liceo Classico high school in Pistoia , was expelled from all schools in Italy and left as a volunteer to fight in Spain with

1156-425: Is distinct from phono-semantic matching : while calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching—i.e., of retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word by matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language. Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases,

1224-656: Is no evidence that Russia supported or responded positively to their overtures. In Iran, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) is often considered a significant deep state entity due to its substantial economic, political, and military power. The IRGC operates with considerable autonomy from the elected government and has been involved in various covert operations and influence campaigns. This includes control over significant economic sectors, involvement in foreign military activities, and influence over domestic policy decisions. The IRGC's pervasive influence

1292-524: Is often referred to as " The Establishment " due to its deep involvement in the country's decision-making processes specifically the foreign affairs. According to the Journalist Robert F. Worth , "The expression 'deep state' had originated in Turkey in the 1990s, where the military colluded with drug traffickers and hit men to wage a dirty war against Kurdish insurgents ". Professor Ryan Gingeras wrote that

1360-499: Is seen as a central component of Iran's deep state, shaping both internal and external politics in alignment with its agenda. In May 2020, an article in Haaretz describes how people meeting Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu "have heard lengthy speeches [...] that even though he has been elected repeatedly, in reality, the country is controlled by a 'deep state.'" The most famous case

1428-444: Is the creation in a language of a new word, derived or composed with the help of elements already existing in that language, and which is not distinguished in any way by the external aspect of the older words, but which, in fact, is only the copy ( calque ) of a word existing in the mother tongue of the one who tries out a new language. [...] we want to recall only two or three examples of these copies ( calques ) of expressions, among

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1496-598: The Movimiento Revolucionario Nacional Sindicalista (National-Syndicalist Revolutionary Movement ), declared to La Tercera de la Hora that Gelli was then in Pinochet's Chile . Finally, in 1987, Gelli secretly came back to Switzerland in the car of his lawyer Marc Bonnant and surrendered in Geneva to investigative judge Jean-Pierre Trembley. He was wanted in connection with the 1982 collapse of

1564-630: The Banco Ambrosiano and on charges of subversive association in connection with the 1980 Bologna railway station bombing , which killed 85 people. He was sentenced to two months in prison in Switzerland, while an Italian court in Florence sentenced him on 15 December 1987, in absentia , to eight years in prison on charges of financing right-wing terrorist activity in Tuscany in the 1970s. Gelli had already been sentenced in absentia to 14 months in jail by

1632-642: The Kwantung Army wielding significant influence over the state. Post-war, elements of this influence continued through organized crime groups like the Yakuza , which have maintained a shadowy presence in Japan's political and economic spheres. Robert Worth argues deep state is "just as apt" for networks in many states in the Middle East where governments have colluded with smugglers and jihadis (Syria), jihadi veterans of

1700-580: The Propaganda Due (P2) lodge, Gelli had ties with very high level personalities in Italy and abroad, in particular in Argentina , where he was a fugitive for many years. The regular Masonic lodge was enjoyed by Guillermo Suárez Mason and José López Rega , two key-exponents of the Argentine military junta . The Argentine Chancellor Alberto Vignes drafted with Juan Perón , who had returned from exile in 1973,

1768-615: The Reichsbürger movement is seen as a significant internal threat analogous to the concept of a deep state. This movement consists of far-right extremists who reject the legitimacy of the Federal Republic of Germany , asserting that the German Reich , which existed prior to 1945, continues to exist. Members of this movement refuse to pay taxes, issue their own identification documents, and often engage in pseudo-legal tactics to assert their views. In December 2022, German authorities foiled

1836-676: The Soviet–Afghan War (Yemen), and other criminals working as irregular forces (Egypt and Algeria). In his book From Deep State to Islamic State , he describes a hard core of regimes in Syria, Egypt, and Yemen that staged successful counter-revolutions against the Arab Spring in those countries, comparing them with the Mamluks of Egypt and the Levant 1250–1517 in that they proclaim themselves servants of

1904-726: The U.S. president . The Cartel of the Suns, a group of high-ranking officials within the Bolivarian government of Venezuela, has been described as "a series of often competing networks buried deep within the Chavista regime". Following the Bolivarian Revolution , the Bolivarian government initially embezzled until there were no more funds to embezzle, which required them to turn to drug trafficking. President Hugo Chávez made partnerships with

1972-643: The Agency for Economic Development, which he and Umberto Ortolani owned. Several members of the Argentine military junta have been found to be P2 members, such as Raúl Alberto Lastiri , Argentina's interim president from 13 July 1973 until 12 October 1973, Emilio Massera , part of Jorge Videla 's military junta from 1976 to 1978, and José López Rega , the infamous founder of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance ("Triple A"). The lodge P2, also known as

2040-518: The Argentine embassy in Rome. Gelli was also named minister plenipotentiary for cultural affairs in the Argentine embassy in Italy, thus providing him with diplomatic immunity . He had four diplomatic passports issued by Argentina, and has been charged in Argentina with falsification of official documents. During the 1970s, Gelli brokered three-way oil and arms deals between Libya, Italy and Argentina through

2108-500: The Colombian leftist militia Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) and his successor Nicolás Maduro continued the process, promoting officials to high-ranking positions after they were accused of drug trafficking. Calque In linguistics , a calque ( / k æ l k / ) or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation . When used as

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2176-576: The Fascist Brigades that supported Generalissimo Franco. It was in the fighting of Malaga that his older brother Raffaello died. The youngest recruit in his contingent, he was decorated by Franco himself. Gelli also volunteered for the Blackshirts expeditionary forces sent by Mussolini in support of Francisco Franco 's rebellion in the Spanish Civil War . He served as liaison officer between

2244-516: The French expression directly or indirectly through another language. The word loanword is a calque of the German noun Lehnwort . In contrast, the term calque is a loanword, from the French noun calque ("tracing, imitation, close copy"). Another example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation is of the English word " skyscraper ", a kenning -like term which may be calqued using

2312-632: The GOI on 26 July 1976; subsequently, the parliamentary commission of inquiry into the P2 Masonic lodge under the presidency of Minister Tina Anselmi concluded the P2 case by denouncing the lodge as a real "criminal organization" and "subversive". It was dissolved with a special law, the n. 17 of 25 January 1982. Japan's "deep state" can be traced back to pre-World War II times, with the Imperial Japanese Army and

2380-572: The Italian government and Nazi Germany. and participated in the Italian Social Republic with Giorgio Almirante , founder of the neofascist Italian Social Movement (MSI). After a sales job with the Italian mattress factory Permaflex, Gelli founded his own textile and importing company. In 1970, in the plans of the failed Golpe Borghese , Gelli was tasked with arresting the Italian President, Giuseppe Saragat . As Master of

2448-608: The Mafia. The Mafia also wanted to prevent Calvi from revealing how the bank had been used for money laundering . Gelli's name, however, was not in the final indictment at the trial that started in October 2005, and the other accused were eventually acquitted due to "insufficient evidence" , though by the time of these acquittals in June 2007, the prosecutor's office in Rome had opened a second investigation implicating Gelli, among others. In May 2009,

2516-404: The P2 "democratic rebirth plan" was being implemented by Silvio Berlusconi : Every morning I speak to my conscience and the dialogue calms me down. I look at the country, read the newspaper, and think: "All is becoming a reality little by little, piece by piece. To be truthful, I should have had the copyright to it. Justice, TV, public order. I wrote about this thirty years ago ... Berlusconi

2584-687: The Propaganda Due, was also linked to the robbery of Juan Perón's severed hands. In 1981 Gelli was one of the very few Italians to be invited to President Reagan's oath . In 1990 a report on RAI Television alleged that the CIA had paid Gelli to instigate terrorist activities in Italy. Following this report, which also claimed that the CIA had been involved in the assassination of the Swedish Prime minister Olof Palme , then President Francesco Cossiga requested

2652-575: The Swedish police closed their investigation into Olof Palme's assassination, assigning blame to Stig Engström, a Swedish graphic designer and centre-right municipal activist who was not affiliated with the CIA. Gelli's downfall started with the Banco Ambrosiano scandal, which led to a 1981 police raid on his villa and the discovery of the P2 covert lodge. On 17 March 1981 a police raid on his villa in Arezzo led to

2720-457: The Turkish term derin devlet "colloquially speaking" refers to "'criminal' or 'rogue' element that have somehow muscled their way into power". The journalist Dexter Filkins wrote of a "presumed clandestine network" of Turkish "military officers and their civilian allies" who, for decades, "suppressed and sometimes murdered dissidents, Communists, reporters, Islamists , Christian missionaries , and members of minority groups—anyone thought to pose

2788-473: The UK service " Freeview ", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include " liverwurst " (< German Leberwurst ) and " apple strudel " (< German Apfelstrudel ). The " computer mouse " was named in English for its resemblance to the animal . Many other languages use their word for "mouse" for the "computer mouse", sometimes using

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2856-451: The analyst Issandr El Amani warned against the "growing discord between a president and his bureaucratic rank-and-file", while analysts of the column The Interpreter wrote: Though the deep state is sometimes discussed as a shadowy conspiracy, it helps to think of it instead as a political conflict between a nation's leader and its governing institutions. According to the political commentator David Gergen , quoted by Time in early 2017,

2924-459: The beginning of the trial of 16 members of the P2 Masonic Lodge, which included charges of conspiracy against the state, espionage, and the revelation of state secrets. In April 1994 Gelli received a 17-year sentence for divulging state secrets and slandering the investigation, while the court threw out the charge that P2 members conspired against the state; Gelli's sentence was reduced, and he

2992-677: The case against Gelli was dropped. According to the magistrate there was insufficient evidence to argue that Gelli had played a role in the planning and execution of the crime. Gelli has been implicated in Aldo Moro 's murder, since the Italian chief of intelligence, accused of negligence, was a piduista (P2 member). In 1996, Gelli was nominated as a candidate for the Nobel Prize in Literature , supported by Mother Teresa and Naguib Mahfouz . In 2003 Gelli told La Repubblica that it seemed that

3060-487: The country and to resist the changes put forward by people they dismiss as 'here today, gone tomorrow' politicians. They genuinely see themselves as the true guardians of the national interest, and think that their job is simply to wear you down and wait you out." The British comedy series Yes Minister paints the conflict of the civil servant and the politician in charge in a humoristic way. In February 2024, former Conservative Prime Minister Liz Truss claimed that she

3128-580: The deep state has been used to describe "a hybrid association of government elements and parts of top-level industry and finance that is effectively able to govern the United States without reference to the consent of the governed as expressed through the formal political process." Intelligence agencies such as the CIA have been accused by elements of the Donald Trump administration of attempting to thwart its policy goals. Writing for The New York Times ,

3196-506: The deep state in the Civil Service was created to "battle people like Trump". Trump's warnings about a deep state have been referred to as "repeating a longtime [ John Birch Society ] talking point". Scholars have generally disputed the notion that the U.S. Executive Branch bureaucracy represents a true deep state as the term is formally understood but have taken a range of views on the role of that bureaucracy in constraining or empowering

3264-463: The discovery of a list of 962 persons composed of Italian military officers and civil servants, including the heads of the three Italian secret services, involved in Propaganda Due (also known as "P2"), a clandestine lodge expelled from the Grande Oriente d'Italia Masonic organization. Future Italian prime minister Silvio Berlusconi was on the list, although he had not yet entered politics. He

3332-470: The fall of Arnaldo Forlani 's cabinet in June 1981 The P2 lodge had some form of power in Italy, given the public prominence of its members, and many observers still consider it to be extremely strong. Several famous people in Italy today (starting with the top TV anchor-man Maurizio Costanzo ) were affiliated with P2. Among these Michele Sindona , a banker with clear connections to the Mafia , has been clearly associated with P2. In 1972, Sindona purchased

3400-576: The journalist Julia Ioffe , the Russian Republic of Chechnya , under the leadership of Ramzan Kadyrov , had become a state within a state by 2015. In 2013, author Abdul-Azim Ahmed wrote the deep state was being used to refer to Egyptian military/security networks, particularly the Supreme Council of the Armed Forces after the 2011 Egyptian revolution . They are "non-democratic leaders within

3468-430: The most certain and the most striking. Since at least 1926, the term calque has been attested in English through a publication by the linguist Otakar Vočadlo  [ cs ] : Notes Bibliography Licio Gelli Licio Gelli ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈliːtʃo ˈdʒɛlli] ; 21 April 1919 – 15 December 2015) was an Italian Freemason and businessman. A Fascist volunteer in his youth, he

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3536-483: The murder of Roberto Calvi, along with former Mafia boss Giuseppe Calò (also known as "Pippo Calò"), businessmen Ernesto Diotallevi and Flavio Carboni, and the latter's girlfriend, Manuela Kleinszig. In his statement before the court Gelli blamed people connected with Calvi's work in financing the Polish Solidarity movement, allegedly on behalf of the Vatican . He was accused of having provoked Calvi's death in order to punish him for having embezzled money owed to him and

3604-457: The opening of investigations while the CIA itself officially denied these allegations. Critics have claimed the RAI report to be a fraud because of the inclusion of testimony from Richard Brenneke , who claimed to be a former CIA agent and made several declarations concerning the October surprise conspiracy . Brenneke's background was also investigated by a U.S. Senate subcommittee, which dismissed Brenneke's claims of CIA employment. In June 2020,

3672-423: The putative rulers while actually ruling themselves. Since independence, the Pakistan Armed Forces have always had a huge influence in the country's politics as a national security institutions. In addition to the decades of direct rule by the military government, the military also has many constraints on the power of the elected prime ministers, and also has been accused of being a deep state. The Pakistan Army

3740-408: The right-wing opposition (the Northern League and the ex-Christian Democratic splinter groups CDU - CDR ), against the Justice Minister, Giovanni Maria Flick , and the Interior Minister, Giorgio Napolitano , stating that Gelli had benefited from accomplices helping him in his escape. They also made reference to secret negotiations which would have allowed him to reappear without going to prison. But

3808-422: The term had been appropriated by Steve Bannon , Breitbart News , and other supporters of the Trump administration in order to delegitimize critics of the Trump presidency. In February 2017, the deep state theory was dismissed by authors for The New York Times , as well as The New York Observer . In October 2019 The New York Times gave credence to the general idea by publishing an opinion piece arguing that

3876-449: The two ministers won the confidence vote. Police found $ 2M worth of gold ingots in Gelli's villa. A few years after the Ambrosiano scandal, many suspects pointed toward Gelli with reference to his possible involvement in the murder of the Milanese banker Roberto Calvi , also known as "God's banker", who had been jailed in the wake of the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano. On 19 July 2005 Gelli was formally indicted by Roman Magistrates for

3944-483: The word for "sky" or "cloud" and the word, variously, for "scrape", "scratch", "pierce", "sweep", "kiss", etc. At least 54 languages have their own versions of the English word. Some Germanic and Slavic languages derived their words for "translation" from words meaning "carrying across" or "bringing across", calquing from the Latin translātiō or trādūcō . The Latin weekday names came to be associated by ancient Germanic speakers with their own gods following

4012-399: Was a Mason, I initiated him in Madrid in Puerta de Hierro , in June 1973." Gelli become the main economic and financial consultant of Isabel Perón and of José López Rega . According to a letter sent by Gelli to César de la Vega, a P2 member and Argentine ambassador to the UNESCO , Gelli commissioned P2 member Federico Carlos Barttfeld to be transferred from the consulate of Hamburg to

4080-435: Was absolved of charges of subversive association by a Bologna court but was presented with a five-year prison term for slander, having side-tracked the investigation into the 1980 bombing of the Bologna train station . Stipulations connected to his extradition, however, prevented him from serving time. Two years later, an appeal court threw out Gelli's slander conviction. A retrial was ordered in October 1993. In 1992 Gelli

4148-409: Was arrested on 13 September 1982 while trying to withdraw tens of millions of dollars in Geneva. Detained in the modern Champ-Dollon Prison near Geneva , he managed to escape and then fled to South America for four years. In 1984 Jorge Vargas, the secretary general of the Unión Nacionalista de Chile (UNACH, Nationalist Union of Chile, a short-lived National Socialist party ) and a former member of

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4216-422: Was established in the Cold War era as a part of Gladio Organization to sway Turkey more into NATO against the threat of the expansion of Soviet communism . After the 2016 United States presidential election , deep state became much more widely used as a pejorative term with an overwhelmingly negative definition by both the Donald Trump administration and conservative-leaning media outlets. According to

4284-400: Was forced out of office by the 'deep state' during an appearance at that year's Conservative Political Action Conference in the US. This statement was criticised within her own party and by the opposition, with both Labour Party Shadow Paymaster General Jonathan Ashworth and the Liberal Democrats Deputy Leader Daisy Cooper referring to it as a "conspiracy theory". Since at least 1963,

4352-467: Was placed under house arrest two years later. In April 1998 the Court of Cassation confirmed a 12-year sentence for the Ambrosiano crash. Gelli then disappeared on the eve of being imprisoned, in May 1998, while being under house arrest in his mansion near Arezzo . His disappearance was strongly suspected to be the result of being forewarned. Then, finally, he was arrested in the French Riviera in Cannes . Two motions of no confidence were made by

4420-421: Was published in which he named as his only "spiritual heir" the Romanian general Bartolomeu Constantin Săvoiu , Grand Master of the Romanian National Lodge. On 11 February 2006, Licio Gelli donated his "non-secret archive" to the State Archives of Pistoia, as part of an official ceremony, held under the patronage of the Municipality. However, the municipal administrators of Pistoia preferred not to take part in

4488-419: Was sentenced to 18 years and six months of prison after being found guilty of fraud concerning the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano in 1982 (a "black hole" of $ 1.4 billion was found). The Vatican bank, Istituto per le Opere di Religione , main share-holder of the Banco Ambrosiano, consequently had a "black hole" of $ 250 million. This sentence was reduced by the Court of Appeal to 12 years. The year 1992 also saw

4556-449: Was set up in Villa Wanda. The funeral Mass was celebrated on December 17 in the Church of Mercy of Pistoia , his native town, in the presence of relatives and onlookers and relatively few VIPs. During the funeral, access to the church was prevented by a private security agency. The body was transferred to the family chapel of the Cemetery of Mercy in Pistoia, where his first wife Wanda already rested. After his death, an autographed will

4624-401: Was then known as the founder and owner of "Canale 5" TV channel, and was listed as a member of P2. A Parliamentary Commission, directed by Tina Anselmi (of the Christian Democratic party ), found no evidence of crimes, but in 1981 the Italian parliament passed a law banning secret associations in Italy. Gelli was expelled from GOI freemasonry on 31 October 1981, and the P2 scandal provoked

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