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51-522: Debre Sina ( Ge'ez ደብረ ሲና Dabra Sīnā , modern Debre Sīnā , " Mount Sinai ") is the name of a number of places in Eritrea and Ethiopia . Debre Sina (church) , a church near Gorgora , on the northern shore of Lake Tana Debre Sina (Eritrea) , a monastery in Anseba Region, near Keren Debre Sina (island) , an island of Lake Zway Debre Sina (woreda) ,

102-707: A Semitic -speaking ethnic group inhabiting Ethiopia . They inhabit the Gurage Zone and East Gurage Zone , a fertile, semi-mountainous region in Central Ethiopia Regional State , about 125 kilometers southwest of Addis Ababa , bordering the Awash River in the north, the Gibe River , a tributary of the Omo River , to the southwest, and Hora-Dambal in the east. According to the 2007 Ethiopian national census

153-416: A coin of his predecessor, Wazeba of Axum . Linguist Roger Schneider has also pointed out in an unpublished early 1990s paper anomalies in the known inscriptions of Ezana of Axum that imply that he was consciously employing an archaic style during his reign, indicating that vocalization could have occurred much earlier. As a result, some believe that the vocalization may have been adopted to preserve

204-440: A first language by 39.93%, 35.04% Silt'e , 10.06% spoke Soddo Gurage , 3.93% spoke Amharic , 2.16% spoke Libido , and 1.93% spoke Kebena ; the remaining 6.95% spoke all other primary languages reported. The majority of the inhabitants were reported as Muslim , with 29.98% of the population reporting that belief, while 51.97% practised Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity , 15.9% were Protestants , and 1.95% Catholic . According to

255-423: A massive stem that grows underground and is involved in every aspect of Gurage life. It has a place in everyday interactions among community members as well as specific roles in rituals. For example: the ritual uses of ensete include wrapping a corpse after death with the fronds and tying off the umbilical cord after birth with an ensete fiber; the practical uses include wrapping goods and fireproofing thatch. Ensete

306-756: A woreda in the Amhara Region Debre Sina, Ethiopia , a town Debre Sina Monastery (Ethiopia) , a monastery in Gojjam province (modern day Amhara Region) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Debre Sina . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Debre_Sina&oldid=806693351 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

357-586: Is also exchanged as part of a variety of social interactions, and used as a recompense for services rendered. Ensete is totally involved in every aspect of the daily social and ritual life of the Gurage, who, with several others tribes in Southwest Ethiopia, form what has been termed the Ensete Culture Complex area... the life of the Gurage is enmeshed with various uses of ensete, not the least of which

408-430: Is an eighth form for the diphthong -wa or -oa , and for a number of those a ninth form for -jä . To represent a consonant with no following phonemic vowel, for example at the end of a syllable or in a consonant cluster , the ə ( / ɨ / ) form is used (the character in the sixth column). The letters for the labialized velar consonants are variants of the non-labialized velar consonants: Unlike

459-407: Is destined for death." Different species of ensete are also eaten to alleviate illness. The Gurage regard overeating as coarse and vulgar, and regard it as poor etiquette to eat all of the ensete that a host passes around to guests. It is considered polite to leave at least some ensete bread even after a very small portion is passed around. The Gurage in rural highland areas centers their lives on

510-413: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ge%27ez alphabet Geʽez ( Ge'ez : ግዕዝ , romanized:  Gəʽəz , IPA: [ˈɡɨʕɨz] ) is a script used as an abugida (alphasyllabary) for several Afro-Asiatic and Nilo-Saharan languages of Ethiopia and Eritrea . It originated as an abjad (consonantal alphabet) and

561-487: Is likely possible for soldiers to implant their language in the region effectively. However the extent of Aksumite political and economic control over the interior Ethiopian Highlands, as well as that of successor dynasties dominating the Christian north, is being studied. Aside from local oral traditions linking their past to areas farther north, the Gurage countryside is home to orthodox Christian monasteries likely dating to

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612-439: Is nutritional. Ensete can be prepared in a variety of ways. A normal Gurage diet consists primarily of kocho , a thick bread made from ensete, and is supplemented by cabbage, cheese, butter and grains. Meat is not consumed on a regular basis, but usually eaten when an animal is sacrificed during a ritual or ceremonial event. The Gurage pound the root of the ensete to extract the edible substance, then place it in deep pits between

663-740: Is occasionally used, ḥ ( ሐ ) is strongly favored. As Harari used the Arabic script before adopting the Geʽ;ez script, Arabic phonemes entered the language due to loanwords and language contact and were ascribed to specific consonant forms when the Geʽez script was first adopted for the language. ḥ from ( ح ) was assigned to ( ሐ ), ṫ from ( ث ) to ( ሠ ), gh from ( غ ) to ( ኀ ), kh from ( خ ) to ( ኸ ), [ʽ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) ( help ) from ( ع ) to ( ዐ ), dˁ from ( ض ) to ( ጰ ), and dh from ( ذ ) to ( ፀ ). It also uses

714-577: Is the extended-A range from U+AB00 to U+AB2F (decimal 43776–43823) containing letters for Gamo-Gofa-Dawro , Basketo and Gumuz . Finally in Unicode 14.0, there is the extended-B range from U+1E7E0 to U+1E7FF (decimal 124896–124927) containing additional letters for Gurage languages . https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/rfvfvxjapix0ngq0spm6s/ACuqR5uEQEWkSVpGNOUba9o?rlkey=zz20d7sffu2ya24kep6qtirdw&st=aoth3kpj&dl=0 Gurage languages The Gurage ( / ɡ ʊəˈr ɑː ɡ eɪ / , Gurage : ጉራጌ, ቤተ-ጉራጌ) are

765-418: Is the main staple food , Teff and other cash crops are grown, which include coffee and khat which used as traditional stimulants . Animal husbandry is practiced, mainly for milk supply and dung. Other foods consumed include green cabbage, cheese, butter, roasted grains, meat and others. The principal crop of the Gurage is ensete (also enset, Ensete edulis , äsät or "false banana plant"). This has

816-813: Is written left to right using a system based on the Geʽez script . According to the 1994 census, the six largest ethnic groups reported in Gurage Zone were the Sebat Bet Gurage (45.02%), the Silt'e (34.81%), the Soddo Gurage (9.75%), the Mareqo or Libido (2.21%), the Amhara (2.16%), and the Kebena (1.82%); all other ethnic groups made up 4.21% of the population. Sebat Bet Gurage is spoken as

867-721: The Brahmic scripts in vocalization, as they are also abugidas , and the Kingdom of Aksum was an important part of major trade routes involving India and the Greco-Roman world throughout classical antiquity . According to the beliefs of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , the original consonantal form of the Geʻez fidäl was divinely revealed to Enos "as an instrument for codifying

918-741: The Emperor . However, in Western Gurageland which was inhabited by the Sebat Bet, Kebena and Wolene fiercely resisted Menelik. They were led by Imam Omar Baqsa of Chaha and Hassan Enjamo of Kebena who declared jihad against the Shewans. In October 1876 Menilek himself campaigned in Chaha Gurage. He was defeated and a large number of Shewan captives were sold to Wällamo by the victors. Only about one-third of Menilek's men returned safely. Among those killed in

969-651: The Emperor Haile Selassie rewarded his achievement in creating his plantation by calling him to Addis Ababa and decorating him." The Gurage people are highly entrepreneurial people with a culture of social mobility that celebrates hard work. As a result, the Gurage are represented in all business sectors in Ethiopia, ranging from shoe shiners to owners of big businesses. Commonly, the Addis Ababa Merkato attributed to them. They are model of good work culture in

1020-725: The Hebrew , Arabic abjad and Greek numerals . It is reduced from these systems in that it lacks digits for the multiples of 100. For example, 475 is written ( ፬፻፸፭ , that is "4-100-70-5", and 83,692 is ( ፰፼፴፮፻፺፪ "8–10,000-30-6-100-90-2". The digits historically are Greek letters over- and under-lined with a vinculum . Ethiopian numerals were borrowed from the Greek numerals , possibly via Coptic uncial letters . Punctuation, much of it modern, includes Tone marks for multiline scored layout are: Ethiopic has been assigned Unicode 3.0 codepoints between U+1200 and U+137F (decimal 4608–4991), containing

1071-543: The Semitic family of the Afroasiatic language family . They have three subgroups: Northern, Eastern and Western. Gurage languages include Sebat Bet , consisting of the dialects Inor , Ezha , Muher , Geta , Gumer , Endegegn , Chaha , and also Soddo , Masqan , Zay . Like other Ethiopian Semitic languages , the Gurage languages are heavily influenced by the surrounding non-Semitic Afroasiatic Cushitic languages . Gurage

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1122-681: The Unicode Standard and ISO 15924 , it is defined as Ethiopic text. The Geʽez script has been adapted to write other languages, mostly Ethiosemitic , particularly Amharic in Ethiopia, and Tigrinya in both Eritrea and Ethiopia. It has also been used to write Sebat Bet and other Gurage languages and at least 20 other languages of Ethiopia. In Eritrea it has traditionally been used for Tigre and just recently for Bilen . The Geʽez script has also recently been used to write Anuak , and used in limited extent to write some other Nilo-Saharan Nilotic languages, including Majang languages. It

1173-534: The 1994 Ethiopian census, self-identifying Gurage comprise about 2.7% of Ethiopia's population, or about 1.4 million people. The populations of Gurage people are not exactly known because approximately half of the population live outside of the Gurage zone. The Gurage, the writer Nega Mezlekia notes, "have earned a reputation as skilled traders". One example of an enterprising Gurage is Tekke, who Nathaniel T. Kenney described as "an Ethiopian Horatio Alger, Jr. ": "He began his career selling old bottles and tin cans;

1224-518: The 7th and 6th centuries BCE, variants of the South Arabian script arose, evolving in the direction of the later Geʻez abugida or alphasyllabary. This evolution can be seen most clearly in evidence from inscriptions (mainly graffiti on rocks and caves) in the Tigray Region in northern Ethiopia and in many parts of Eritrea mainly in the former province of Akele Guzay . The oldest known example of

1275-515: The Geʽez script is the Hawulti obelisk in Matara, Eritrea . By the first centuries CE, what is called "Old Ethiopic" or the "Old Geʻez writing system" arose, an abjad written right-to-left (as opposed to boustrophedon like ESA) with letters basically identical to the first-order forms of the modern vocalized writing system (e.g. "k" in the form of "kä"). There were also minor differences, such as

1326-637: The Geʻez consonantal writing system was first adapted by Zegdur, a legendary king of the Agʻazyan Sabaean dynasty held to have ruled in Abyssinia (Eritrea and Ethiopia) c.  1300 BCE . Geʻez has 26 consonantal letters. Compared to the inventory of 29 consonants in the South Arabian writing system, the continuants ġ , ẓ , and South Arabian s [REDACTED] (Geʻez Sawt ሠ being derived from South Arabian s [REDACTED] ) are missing, as are z and ṯ ; these last two absences reflect

1377-483: The Geʽez language: an abjad and, later, an abugida . The abjad, used until the advent of Christianity (ca. AD 350), had 26 consonantal letters: It was properly written right-to-left. Vowels were not indicated. Modern Geʽez is written from left to right. During the adoption or introduction of Christianity , the Geʽez abugida developed under the influence of Christian scripture by adding obligatory vocalic diacritics to

1428-417: The Gurage also call injera). The Gurage raise zebu . These cattle are primarily kept for their butter, and a typical Gurage household has a large quantity of spiced butter aging in clay pots hung from the walls of their huts. Butter is believed to be medicinal, and the Gurage often take it internally or use it a lotion or poultice. A Gurage proverb states that "A sickness that has the upper hand over butter

1479-545: The Gurage can also be found in substantial numbers in Addis Ababa , Oromia Region , Harari Region and Dire Dawa . According to the historian Paul B. Henze , the Gurage origin is explained by traditions of a military expedition to the south during the last years of the Kingdom of Aksum , which left military colonies that eventually became isolated from both northern Ethiopia and each other. However other historians have raised

1530-737: The Middle Ages (Debre Tsion Maryam, Muher Iyesus, Abuna Gebre Menfes Kiddus, and others), before the conquests of Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi and subsequent Oromo migrations into the central Highlands. In the late 1870s Menelik led a campaign to incorporate the lands of the Gurage people into Shewa . In 1878, the Soddo Gurage living in Northern and Eastern Gurageland peacefully submitted to Menelik and their lands were left untouched by his armies, likely due to their shared Ethiopian Orthodox faith and prior submission to Negus Sahle Selassie , grandfather of

1581-611: The basic consonants except for ś ( ሠ ), ḫ ( ኀ ) and ḍ (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below. It does not use the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants. The Bilen abugida uses the basic consonants except for ś ( ሠ ), ḫ ( ኀ ) and ḍ (ፀ). It also uses the ones indicated below and the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants. The Harari abugida uses the basic consonants except for ś ( ሠ ), ḫ ( ኀ ), [ʽ] Error: {{Transliteration}}: transliteration text not Latin script (pos 1) ( help ) ( ዐ ), p̣ ( ጰ ), ṣ ( ጸ ), and ḍ (ፀ). Although h ( ሀ )

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1632-576: The battle was Aläqa Zänäb, author of the first chronicle of Emperor Tewodros. The muslim Gurages fought for over a decade to keep the Shewans from the Muslim areas of Gurage until 1888 when Gobana Dacche faced them in the Battle of Jebdu Meda where the army was defeated by the Shewans, and with that all of Gurageland was subdued. The Gurage languages are a subgroup of the Ethiopian Semitic languages within

1683-499: The collapse of the interdental with the alveolar fricatives . On the other hand, emphatic P̣ait ጰ, a Geʻez innovation, is a modification of Ṣädai ጸ, while Psa ፐ is based on Tawe ተ. Thus, there are 24 correspondences of Geʻez and the South Arabian writing system: Many of the letter names are cognate with those of Phoenician , and may thus be assumed for the Proto-Sinaitic script . Two writing systems were used to write

1734-399: The consonantal letters for Geʽez, Amharic and Tigrinya, punctuation and numerals. Additionally, in Unicode 4.1, there is the supplement range from U+1380 to U+139F (decimal 4992–5023) containing letters for Sebat Bet and tonal marks, and the extended range between U+2D80 and U+2DDF (decimal 11648–11743) containing letters needed for writing Sebat Bet, Meʼen and Bilen . In Unicode 6.0, there

1785-405: The consonantal letters. The diacritics for the vowels, u, i, a, e, ə, o , were fused with the consonants in a recognizable but slightly irregular way, so that the system is laid out as a syllabary. The original form of the consonant was used when the vowel was ä ( / ə / ), the so-called inherent vowel . The resulting forms are shown below in their traditional order. For most consonants there

1836-417: The distant past. Braukhamper also states King Amda Seyon ordered Eritrean troops to be sent to mountainous regions in Gurage (named Gerege), which eventually became a permanent settlement. In addition to Amda Seyon's military settlement there, the permanence of Abyssinian presence in Gurage is documented during his descendants Zara Yaqob and Dawit II 's reigns. Thus, historically, Gurage peoples may be

1887-399: The fifth century. Some letters were modified to create additional consonants for use in languages other than Geʽez. This is typically done by adding a horizontal line at the top of a similar-sounding consonant. The vocalised forms are shown below. Like the other labiovelars, these labiovelars can only be combined with five vowels. The Amharic abugida uses all the basic consonants plus

1938-470: The issue of the complexity of Gurage peoples if viewed as a singular group, for example Ulrich Braukhamper states that the Gurage East people may have been an extension of the ancient Harla people. Indeed, there is evidence that Harla architecture may have influenced old buildings (pre-16th c.) found near Harar (eastern Ethiopia), and the Gurage East group often cite kinship with Harari (Hararghe) peoples in

1989-421: The laws", and the present system of vocalisation is attributed to a team of Aksumite scholars led by Frumentius ( Abba Selama ), the same missionary said to have converted King Ezana to Christianity in the 4th century. It has been argued that the vowel marking pattern of the script reflects a South Asian system such as would have been known by Frumentius. A separate tradition, recorded by Aleqa Taye, holds that

2040-491: The letter "g" facing to the right instead of to the left as in vocalized Geʻez, and a shorter left leg of "l", as in ESA, instead of equally-long legs in vocalized Geʻez (somewhat resembling the Greek letter lambda ). Vocalization of Geʻez occurred in the 4th century, and though the first completely vocalized texts known are inscriptions by Ezana, vocalized letters predate him by some years, as an individual vocalized letter exists in

2091-447: The letters based on ከ come in this order: ከ, ኰ, ኸ, ዀ . In Bilen, the sorting order is slightly different. The alphabetical order is similar to that found in other South Semitic scripts , as well as in the ancient Ugaritic alphabet , which attests both the southern Semitic h-l-ħ-m order and the northern Semitic ʼ–b–g–d ( abugida ) order over three thousand years ago. Geʽez uses an additional alphabetic numeral system comparable to

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2142-503: The ones indicated below. Note: "V" is used for words of foreign origin except for in some Gurage languages , e.g. cravat 'tie' from French . The consonant symbol "ኸ" is pronounced as "h" in Amharic. For Geʽez, Amharic, Tigrinya and Tigre, the usual sort order is called halähamä (h–l–ħ–m). Where the labiovelar variants are used, these come immediately after the basic consonant and are followed by other variants. In Tigrinya, for example,

2193-403: The ones indicated below. Some of the Geʽez labiovelar variants are also used. The Tigrinya abugida has all the basic consonants, the Geʽez labiovelar letter variants, except for ḫʷ ( ኈ ), plus the ones indicated below. A few of the basic consonants are falling into disuse in Eritrea (as they used "ጸ" for "ፀ"). See Tigrinya language#Writing system for details. The Tigre abugida uses

2244-507: The other consonants, these labiovelar ones can be combined with only five different vowels: The Geʽez abugida has been adapted to several modern languages of Eritrea and Ethiopia, frequently requiring additional letters. It has been speculated by some scholars in African studies that the Geʽez script had an influence on the Armenian alphabet after it may have been introduced to Armenia at the end of

2295-449: The product of a complex mixture of Abyssinian and Harla groups which migrated and settled in that region for different reasons and at various times. Another stated that the Gurage were originated from a place called Gura, Eritrea . This believed that linguistically by citing a southward Semitic migration during the late classical and medieval period; however more historical research needed. A single military expedition explanation

2346-487: The pronunciation of Geʻez texts due to the already moribund or extinct status of Geʻez, and that, by that time, the common language of the people were already later the Eritrean and Ethiopian Afro-Asiatic languages . At least one of Wazeba's coins from the late 3rd or early 4th century contains a vocalized letter, some 30 or so years before Ezana. Kobishchanov, Peter T. Daniels , and others have suggested possible influence from

2397-574: The pronunciation. The Geʽez script was derived from the Ancient South Arabian script which originated in the region centred around what is now Yemen . The earliest inscriptions of Semitic languages in Eritrea date to the 9th century BCE and are known as Epigraphic South Arabian (ESA), an abjad shared with contemporary kingdoms in the Southern part of the Arabian Peninsula . After

2448-438: The rows of ensete plants in the field. It ferments in the pit, which makes it more palatable. It can be stored for up to several years in this fashion, and the Gurage typically retain large surpluses of ensete as a protection against famine. In addition to ensete, cash crops are maintained (notably coffee and khat ) and livestock is raised (mainly for milk and fertilizer). Some Gurage also plant teff and eat injera (which

2499-429: The whole Ethiopia. One of the most famous Ethiopian musicians, Mohamoud Ahmed, still recalls how he started out in life shining shoes in the city before he got his break and joined the music orchestra that allowed him to capture the imagination of millions of admirers both in Ethiopia and abroad. The Gurage live a sedentary life based on agriculture, involving a complex system of crop rotation and transplanting. Ensete

2550-492: Was also used in the past to write some Omotic languages , including Wolaytta , Bench , Hamer , and Kafa . For the representation of sounds, this article uses a system that is common (though not universal) among linguists who work on Ethiopian Semitic languages . This differs somewhat from the conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet . See the articles on the individual languages for information on

2601-702: Was first used to write the Geʽez language , now the liturgical language of the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church , the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church , the Eritrean Catholic Church , the Ethiopian Catholic Church , and Haymanot Judaism of the Beta Israel Jewish community in Ethiopia. In the languages Amharic and Tigrinya , the script is often called fidäl ( ፊደል ), meaning "script" or "letter". Under

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