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31-1102: The Dawasir tribe was named after their grandfather, who was nicknamed Dawsar, and he is Al-Asad bin Imran bin King Amr Muzayqiya bin Amer Ma’ Al-Sama’ bin Haritha bin Amr Al-Qais bin Tha’labah bin Mazin bin Al-Azd. They are the brothers of the Ansar, the Aws and the Khazraj, the supporters of the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace. The Dawasir in Bahrain mainly settled in the towns of Zallaq and Budaiya. The tribe have

62-726: A confrontation with Muhammad bin Khalifa. In response, Ali bin Khalifa, the Bahraini representative in Qatar, called on all men of fighting age to defend Al Bidda, as well as sending for help from Saeed bin Tahnun Al Nahyan of Abu Dhabi . This culminated in the Battle of Mesaimeer , taking place from 2–4 June, 1851. Although the resistance was initially successful in repelling the invasion, Ali bin Khalifa's forces later retreated to their ships. Shortly after

93-627: A joint Wahhabi-Qatari invasion and requested protection, stating that he was willing to be a British subject in exchange for such protection. The British originally rejected this proposition. Upon further analysis of the situation, Justin Sheil , a high-ranking British diplomat in Persia , concluded that Faisal bin Turki's control of the Qatari Peninsula would be detrimental to British interests as it would provide

124-648: A long history on the island of Bahrain, and on the surrounding Islands (in Qatar and Saudi Arabia). Many members of the tribe worked in the pearl industry. The Dawasir tribe is described by Middle Eastern history expert Yitzhak Nakash as being the "second largest and most powerful tribe after the Utub [in Bahrain]. So powerful were the Dawasir that their members recognized Sheikh 'Isa Al Khalifa as ruler in name only and considered themselves immune from taxation." The Dawasir tribe opposed

155-415: A naval force comprising 11 vessels, manned by a complement of nearly 800 men, under the command of his brother Sheikh Ali bin Khalifa, formerly the Bahraini representative at Al Bidda. This fleet was tasked with the blockade of Qatif Port. The blockading force, however, soon found itself engaged by a superior flotilla of 18 warships, manned by Utubi exiles from Qais Island allied with Faisal bin Turki. In

186-618: A prison in India. In addition, due to the extensive intrafamilial fractions Britain blockaded the islands of Bahrain and took all of the Al Khalifa members into custody imposing conditions that resulted in the changing the ruler. They appointed Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa as the new ruler of Bahrain. Despite imprisoning the son of Qatar's ruler Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani in the prelude to

217-681: Is Awlad Zayed, who is the highest ancestor of the Al-Dawasir tribe. Al Zayed, also known as the 'original' Dawasir, are descendants from Doser Al Asad Bin Omran Al Azdi. They immigrated from the south of the Arabian Peninsula to Wadi Al-Aqeeq (now Wadi Al-Dawasir) in Najd, Saudi Arabia. They went to battle against the Beni Aqeel tribe, who were in the valley before the Dawasir. The Dawasir (Al Zayed) left

248-627: The Al Dawasir tribe that migrated from Bahrain after King Abdul Aziz allowed them to settle within the area. The tribe initially settled in Khobar , which was chosen for its proximity to the island of Bahrain as the tribe had hoped to go back there soon, but the British made it tough for them to maneuver, so they later settled in Dammam. The Dawasir helped determine the maritime border between Qatar and Bahrain. In

279-506: The United Kingdom to abstain from making any treaties or engagements with any other foreign power or state without British consent. Isa became sole ruler on the death of his brother in October 1888, when his title was altered from Chief to Ruler of Bahrain (Hakim). The protectorate treaty was confirmed and extended on 13 March 1892, in which Isa also reiterating his desire to retain for himself

310-541: The Al Noaim tribe who remained loyal to his rule. In December 1869, a British force under the Political Resident Lewis Pelly with the will and desire of the people of Bahrain, Sheikh Isa arrived and deposed the usurper who was captured by the British and sent to prison in India where he died a captive in 1877. Sheikh Isa ruled from 2 December 1869. On 22 December 1880, Isa concluded a protectorate treaty with

341-610: The British due the treaty mentioned above, and his proposal was welcomed by them, but was not materialized. Muhammad and his brother Ali was forced by the British Resident, Commander Felix Jones to sign a convention, and the convention effectively integrated Bahrain into the Trucial System in 1861. Muhammad abdicated as a result of the British intervention after an alleged violation of the 1861 convention which prevented him from carrying out maritime depredations. In 1867 he and

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372-801: The British overthrow of Sheikh Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa (in favour of his son Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa ) in 1923. Virtually all members of the tribe left Bahrain for Dammam , Saudi Arabia after suspecting that the new ruler, Sheikh Hamad bin Isa, would attempt to tighten his control over them with British support and force them into submitting to his rule. The Dawasir were officially allowed to return in April 1927 by Sheikh Hamad after being requested by Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia to do so. The cities of Dammam and Khobar , in Eastern Saudi Arabia, were founded in 1923 by

403-519: The Gulf influenced the broader regional dynamics. However, in 1850, Muhammad began not to pay the amount, and next year he attempted to get support from the Ottomans, but his attempt was not fruitful. In May 1851, Faisal launched his third attempt to capture Bahrain, ordering his forces to proceed towards Al Bidda , Qatar, which was intended to be used as a staging area for an invasion of Bahrain, preparing for

434-603: The Ottoman Empire with an opportunity to incorporate Bahrain under its aegis in the event of a joint Qatari-Wahhabi invasion of the island. Thus, on 1 July, Hennel directed multiple British warships to be sent to protect Manama Harbor in Bahrain. He then separately wrote letters to Faisal bin Turki and Mohammed bin Thani, warning them against launching a naval invasion of the Bahraini coast. To counteract any potential invasions from mainland Saudi Arabia, Muhammad bin Khalifa dispatched

465-664: The affiliations between the Dawasir tribe and the ruling Khalifa family of Bahrain. The Dawasir have a historical presence on Delma Island, Abu Dhabi. Fahad Bin Rashid Al Dosari (born in 1886 in Abu Dhabi) was a leading pearl merchant on the island, known by his name during the reign of Shakhbut Bin Sultan Al Nahyan. A mosque on the island bears his name. Al-Dawasir is an Azdi tribe from Kahlan bin Saba’ from Qahtan. Their general lineage

496-561: The battle victorious, making Wadi Al-Dawasir their home. Among the tribe's members are: Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa Isa bin Ali Al Khalifa KCIE CSI (1848 – 9 December 1932) was the ruler of Bahrain from 1869 until his death. His title was Hakim of Bahrain . He is one of the longest reigning monarchs of the region, a reign lasting 63 years. He was forced by the British political advisor, Clive Kirkpatrick Daly , to abdicate in 1923, although this "abdication"

527-631: The beginning of the 20th century, the broken boat of a Dawasir tribesman was repaired with the help of the ruler of Bahrain. The tribesman had laid a fish trap near the Hawar Islands; little did he and his family know that their actions, seen as largely inconsequential at the time, would directly shape the boundaries of the future states of Bahrain and Qatar and result in one of the longest and most complex cases in international law. The Hawar Islands, once claimed by both Qatar and Bahrain, are now internationally recognized as part of Bahrain, to some extent due to

558-610: The ensuing naval action, the Qais party suffered considerable losses, including the deaths of several notable personages: Mubarak bin Ahmed, Sheikh Rashid bin Abdullah, and Bashir bin Rahma. The total casualties on the Qais side amounted to no fewer than 150 men. In the aftermath of the battle and subsequent naval skirmish, Muhammad bin Khalifa faced a complex diplomatic situation. His brother's evacuation of

589-646: The fighting had taken place, Mohammed bin Thani , an influential tribal leader in Al Bidda, pursued a separate peace agreement with Faisal and agreed to his governance, a move seen as a betrayal by the Bahrainis. Upon receiving news of this, Muhammad bin Khalifa ordered a naval blockade of Al Bidda in June 1851. He also sent Hamad bin Mohammed Al Khalifa to inform British political resident Samuel Hennell of his concerns of

620-658: The fort at Al Bidda on 8 June, 1851 marked a significant loss of Bahraini influence in Qatar. Muhammad bin Khalifa initially resisted peace overtures, with Ali bin Khalifa personally rejecting proposals for reconciliation from Faisal bin Turki. However, facing pressure from multiple sides and fearing further erosion of Bahraini influence, Muhammad bin Khalifa eventually agreed to a peace settlement. This agreement, brokered by Saeed bin Tahnun of Abu Dhabi on July 25, 1851, required Bahrain to pay an annual sum of 4,000 German krones to Faisal bin Turki as zakat . In return, Faisal agreed to restore

651-524: The fort of Al Bidda to Bahraini control and to cease interference in Qatari affairs. Muhammad signed a treaty with the British in 1856 whereby he guaranteed that he would capture the British vessels carrying war slaves in his territories and to ban his or his subjects' vessels from carrying slaves. In 1860 Muhammad asked the Persians to be the protector of his reign due to the restrictions on his actions imposed by

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682-907: The regulation of pearl fishing, traditionally one of the main parts of the local economy. Sheikh Isa died while praying the dawn prayers in his room in Muharraq on 9 December 1932 after a reign of 63 years, and was buried at Al Muharaq cemetery. His was the longest reign in Bahrain’s history, as well as one of the most long-lived rulers in the world. He was officially succeeded by his second-born son Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa , his eldest son of eight having died in 1893. Isa had four wives: Isa had five sons: and four daughters: Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa (محمد بن خليفة بن سلمان آل خليفة; died 1890)

713-609: The reign of his grand uncle Abdullah bin Ahmad Al Khalifa and declared himself as the ruler of Bahrain and Qatar. However, Muhammad was defeated in the battle of Al Nasfah against Abdullah bin Ahmad Al Khalifa and took refuge in the Emirate of Najd under the protection of Saudi ruler Abdullah bin Thunayan . In early 1843 Muhammad returned to Qatar and then to Bahrain, and in April 1843 he defeated Abdullah bin Ahmad Al Khalifa becoming

744-587: The right to manage Bahrain's internal affairs. Under these treaties, the United Kingdom managed all of Bahrain's foreign policy and in this way Isa was not authorized to conclude treaties independently with other powers. Sheikh Isa successfully fought off with the assistance of his brother Sheikh Khalid bin Ali, a maritime force of the Al Binali tribe which attempted unsuccessfully in invading the Bahrain islands in 1895. Isa

775-768: The ruler. Among his first steps taken as ruler was to appoint his brother, Ali bin Khalifa, as chief of Al Bidda , Qatar that year, thereby delegating all mainland affairs and solidifying Qatar's status as a Bahraini suzerainty. During his reign Muhammad paid an annual tribute to Faisal bin Turki , successor of Abdullah bin Thunayan as the Emir of Najd . After eliminating his rival Abdullah bin Thunayan, Faisal bin Turki consolidated his power by subduing opposition tribes in Najd and taking control of key economic centres such as Al-Ahsa and Saihat . However, Faisal's ambitions extended beyond these territories. In 1847, he attempted to intervene in Bahrain, exploiting internal conflicts within

806-495: The ruling family. Although unsuccessful in capturing Bahrain, he settled for a peace agreement that included a tribute payment. Faisal's inability to seize Bahrain was, in part, due to the firm stance of the British government against Saudi expansion in the Persian Gulf. The British, who had substantial interests in the region, closely monitored Faisal's movements. Their support for Muhammad bin Khalifa and their strategic positions in

837-666: The sheikhs of Abu Dhabi attacked the coast of Qatar in what would be known as the Qatari–Bahraini War . This led to great damage in the region, and this incident accelerated his deposition by the British. Muhammad fled country in 1868 and first went to Khor Hassan in Qatar before settling in Qatif . He was succeeded by his brother, Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa, who was killed by the forces of Muhammad bin Abdullah Al Khalifa in 1869. The British forces captured Muhammad and sent him to

868-418: Was forced by the British political advisor, Clive Kirkpatrick Daly , to abdicate in 1923, although this "abdication" was never recognised by Bahrainis who considered his successor Hamad only as a viceruler until Isa's death in 1932. From 1926, at an old age, Isa was joined by a British consultant, Charles Belgrave , who helped him implement administrative reforms aimed at promoting social progress as laws for

899-503: Was forced to abdicate by the British after an alleged violation of the 1861 treaty which prevented him from carrying out maritime depredations. In August 1869, a large force led by Nasir bin Mubarak invaded Bahrain and killed Isa's father, Sheikh Ali. Nasir's cousin, Mohammed bin Abdullah, usurped the throne after the murder and assumed the Sheikhdom. Sheikh Isa fled to Zubarah , to be treated by

930-580: Was never recognised by Bahrainis who considered his successor Hamad only as a viceruler until Isa's death in 1932. Isa ibn Ali Al Khalifa was born on 27 November 1848, in Riffa Fort , Bahrain, the fourth-born son of Sheikh Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa with Sheikha Tajba bint Ahmad Al Khalifa, daughter of Sheikh Ahmad bin Salman Al Khalifa. Sheikh Isa's father, Sheikh Ali, became the ruler of Bahrain in 1868 after his brother Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa

961-538: Was the ruler of Bahrain between 1843 and 1868. He was the sixth monarch of the Khalifa dynasty . Muhammad was the grandson of Salman bin Ahmed, co-ruler of Bahrain, and had four brothers, Ali, Duaij, Salman and Rashid. He served as the governor of Manama during the reign of his father, Khalifa bin Salman. Muhammad succeeded his father as the co-ruler when he died in 1834, but with diminished power. In 1842 Muhammad challenged

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