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63-593: Darbhanga is the fifth largest city and municipal corporation in the state of Bihar in India , and is considered an important city in North Bihar . It serves as the headquarters of the Darbhanga district and the Darbhanga division . It is held that the name Darbhanga has been derived from Dwar Banga or Dari – Banga , meaning the 'door of Bengal '. Darbhanga was the seat of the erstwhile Khandwala zamidaar dynasty under

126-547: A 20 kW medium-wave radio station in Darbhanga which transmits various programmes of mass interest and covers a part of North Bihar as well as the Terai of Nepal. Doordarshan has one DD National and one DD News LPT relay transmitters. List of cities in Bihar by population In the census of India 2011, an urban agglomeration is defined as follows: "An urban agglomeration

189-402: A long period. A normal monsoon is generally accepted to be one involving close to the average quantity of precipitation over all the geographical locations under its influence ( mean spatial distribution ) and over the entire expected time period ( mean temporal distribution ). Additionally, the arrival date and the departure date of both the southwest and northeast monsoon should be close to

252-401: A strong southwest monsoon over central India, and a weak jet results in a weak monsoon. El Niño is a warm ocean current originating along the coast of Peru that replaces the usual cold Humboldt Current . The warm surface water moving toward the coast of Peru with El Niño is pushed west by the trade winds, thereby raising the temperature of the southern Pacific Ocean. The reverse condition

315-833: Is India. In India monsoons create an entire season in which the winds reverse completely. The rainfall is a result of the convergence of wind flow from the Bay of Bengal and reverse winds from the South China Sea . The onset of the monsoon occurs over the Bay of Bengal in May, arriving at the Indian Peninsula by June, and then the winds move towards the South China Sea . Although the southwest and northeast monsoon winds are seasonally reversible, they do cause precipitation on their own. Two factors are essential for rain formation : Additionally, one of

378-490: Is a continuous urban spread constituting a town and its adjoining outgrowths (OGs), or two or more physically contiguous towns together with or without outgrowths of such towns. An Urban Agglomeration must consist of at least a statutory town and its total population (i.e. all the constituents put together) should not be less than 20,000 as per the 2001 Census. In varying local conditions, there were similar other combinations which have been treated as urban agglomerations satisfying

441-526: Is an approved 4/6-lane wide access-controlled expressway in India. Once completed, it will be the first expressway in the state of Bihar. [REDACTED] NH 119D connects Amas village in Gaya district to Bela Nawada village in Darbhanga district. Notable educational institutions include: Darbhanga has various tourist attractions and is among the oldest cities of Bihar . Tourist spots include: All India Radio has

504-509: Is connected to other parts of India by [REDACTED] NH 27 , [REDACTED] NH 527B and Bihar State highways 50, 56, 88 and 75. Darbhanga is also connected to Muzaffarpur , Samastipur , Madhubani and Sitamarhi . The East-West Corridor expressway, which connects Porbandar in Gujarat to Silchar in Assam , passes through Darbhanga. The Amas–Darbhanga Expressway [REDACTED] NH 119D

567-632: Is connected with all the major cities of India. Darbhanga Airport ( IATA : DBR , ICAO : VE89 ) is a civil enclave at the Darbhanga Air Force Station of the Indian Air Force , 6 kilometres from Darbhanga City near the [REDACTED] NH 527B and [REDACTED] NH 27 East-West Corridor Expressway which passes through Darbhanga. The civil enclave is operated by the Airports Authority of India (AAI). The foundation stone for

630-561: Is known as La Niña . Southern Oscillation , a phenomenon first observed by Sir Gilbert Walker , director general of observatories in India, refers to the seesaw relationship of atmospheric pressures between Tahiti and Darwin , Australia. Walker noticed that when pressure was high in Tahiti, it was low in Darwin, and vice versa . A Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), based on the pressure difference between Tahiti and Darwin, has been formulated by

693-579: Is located on the grounds of the palace, and the Lalit Narayan Mithila University (established 1972). Darbhanga has a museum housing archaeological materials, as well as historical and handicrafts exhibits. Darbhanga has been a centre for music since the late 18th century and has produced multiple well-known dhrupad (an ancient form of Indian classical music) musicians. A major rail and road junction, Darbhanga trades in agricultural produce, mangoes, and fish. In addition to food processing,

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756-495: Is said to have been founded by one Darbhangi Khan, about whom practically nothing is known. It is also held that the name Darbhanga is derived from Dwar Banga or Dar-e-Banga , meaning the 'door of Bengal'. This etymology does not appear to be accurate as the division between Bengal and Bihar has always been held to be further to the east. Nonetheless, the region has a linguistic and cultural affinity with Bengal. Excavation at Balirajgarh revealed brick fortifications dating back to

819-427: Is still largely rain-fed . A recent assessment of the monsoonal changes indicate that the land warming has increased during 2002–2014, possibly reviving the strength of the monsoon circulation and rainfall. Future changes in the monsoon will depend on a competition between land and ocean—on which is warming faster than the other. Meanwhile, there has been a three-fold rise in widespread extreme rainfall events during

882-557: The Bureau of Meteorology (Australia) to measure the strength of the oscillation. Walker noticed that the quantity of rainfall in the Indian subcontinent was often negligible in years of high pressure over Darwin (and low pressure over Tahiti). Conversely, low pressure over Darwin bodes well for precipitation quantity in India. Thus, Walker established the relationship between southern oscillation and quantities of monsoon rains in India. Ultimately,

945-530: The Indian subcontinent , where it is one of the oldest and most anticipated weather phenomena and an economically important pattern every year from June through September, but it is only partly understood and notoriously difficult to predict. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin, process, strength, variability, distribution, and general vagaries of the monsoon, but understanding and predictability are still evolving. The unique geographical features of

1008-605: The Mughals and British India . It is considered an important medical centre of North Bihar as it is the location of the Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital , and the second AIIMS of Bihar i.e AIIMS Darbhanga is to be constructed here. Darbhanga is one of the oldest cities in India. Musical, folk art, and literary traditions in Sanskrit, Urdu , Hindi and Maithili have passed down generations in Darbhanga and constitute

1071-437: The causes of rain must happen. In the case of the monsoon, the cause is primarily orographic , due to the presence of highlands in the path of the winds. Orographic barriers force wind to rise. Precipitation then occurs on the windward side of the highlands because of adiabatic cooling and condensation of the moist rising air. The unique geographic relief features of the Indian subcontinent come into play in allowing all of

1134-468: The polar jets , the subtropical westerly jets , and the less common tropical easterly jets . They follow the principle of geostrophic winds . Over India, a subtropical westerly jet develops in the winter season and is replaced by the tropical easterly jet in the summer season. The high temperature during the summer over the Tibetan Plateau , as well as over Central Asia in general, is believed to be

1197-435: The 2nd century BC. Darbhanga is located in the northern part of Bihar . It lies between 25.53 degrees - 26.27 degrees N and 85.45 degrees - 86.25 degrees E at an average elevation of 171 feet (52 m). Darbhanga district covers an area of 2,279 sq km. Darbhanga is bounded by Madhubani district in the north, Samastipur district in the south, Saharsa district in the east, and Sitamarhi district and Muzaffarpur district in

1260-566: The ENSO effect was statistically effective in explaining several past droughts in India, in recent decades, its relationship with the Indian monsoon seemed to weaken. For example, the strong El niño of 1997 did not cause drought in India. However, it was later discovered that, just like ENSO in the Pacific Ocean, a similar seesaw ocean-atmosphere system in the Indian Ocean was also in play. This system

1323-452: The Indian subcontinent , along with associated atmospheric, oceanic, and geographical factors, influence the behavior of the monsoon. Because of its effect on agriculture, on flora and fauna , and on the climates of nations such as Bangladesh , Bhutan , India , Nepal , Pakistan , and Sri Lanka – among other economic, social, and environmental effects – the monsoon is one of the most anticipated, tracked, and studied weather phenomena in

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1386-567: The Seasonal Prediction of Indian Monsoon (SPIM) experiment on the PARAM Padma supercomputing system. This project involved simulated runs of historical data from 1985 to 2004 to try to establish the relationship of five atmospheric general circulation models with monsoon rainfall distribution. The department has tried to forecast the monsoon for India since 1884, and is the only official agency entrusted with making public forecasts about

1449-602: The Southern Hemisphere have to cross the equator to reach it. However, because of the Coriolis effect (which causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to turn right, whereas winds in the Southern Hemisphere turn left), these southeast trade winds are deflected east in the Northern Hemisphere, transforming into southwest trades. These pick up moisture while traveling from sea to land and cause orographic rain once they hit

1512-473: The Tibetan Plateau, coupled with associated terrain features like the high altitude of the plateau, generate the tropical easterly jet over central India. This jet creates a low-pressure zone over the northern Indian plains , influencing the wind flow toward these plains and assisting the development of the southwest monsoon . The "bursting" of the monsoon is primarily explained by the jet stream theory and

1575-451: The Tibetan Plateau. This shift is due to the intense heating of the plateau during the summer months. The northward shift is not a slow and gradual process, as expected for most changes in weather pattern. The primary cause is believed to be the height of the Himalayas. As the Tibetan Plateau heats up, the low pressure created over it pulls the westerly jet north. Because of the lofty Himalayas,

1638-424: The above factors to occur simultaneously. The relevant features in explaining the monsoon mechanism are as follows: There are some unique features of the rains that the monsoon brings to the Indian subcontinent. Bursting of monsoon refers to the sudden change in weather conditions in India (typically from hot and dry weather to wet and humid weather during the southwest monsoon), characterized by an abrupt rise in

1701-448: The air above coastal lands heats up faster than the air above seas. These create areas of low air pressure above coastal lands compared with pressure over the seas, causing winds to flow from the seas onto the neighboring lands. This is known as sea breeze . Also known as the thermal theory or the differential heating of sea and land theory , the traditional theory portrays the monsoon as a large-scale sea breeze . It states that during

1764-552: The annual rainfall is received during monsoon . Darbhanga has a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cwa ). The 2011 Census of India recorded Darbhanga as an Urban agglomeration with a population of 296,039 while the surrounding district has 3 million people. It is the 5th largest city in Bihar in terms of the urban population. The city has 196,573 males (52.6%) and 183,552 females (47.4%). Darbhanga has an average literacy rate of 79.40%, with male literacy at 85.08% and female literacy at 73.08%. However, as per

1827-467: The atmospheric component of the IOD was later discovered and the cumulative phenomenon named Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation (EQUINOO). When EQUINOO effects are factored in, certain failed forecasts, like the acute drought of 2002, can be further accounted for. The relationship between extremes of the Indian summer monsoon rainfall, along with ENSO and EQUINOO, have been studied, and models to better predict

1890-401: The basic condition of contiguity." The constituents of urban agglomerations in Bihar, with a population of 100,000 or above, are noted below: Urban agglomerations constituents with a population above 100,000 as per 2011 census are shown in the table below. Monsoon of South Asia The Monsoon of South Asia is among several geographically distributed global monsoons . It affects

1953-588: The basis of the annual shifts in the position of global belts of pressure and winds. According to this theory, the monsoon is a result of the shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) under the influence of the vertical sun . Though the mean position of the ITCZ is taken as the equator, it shifts north and south with the migration of the vertical sun toward the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn during

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2016-408: The bursting of monsoon rains over the Indian subcontinent. The reverse shift takes place for the northeast monsoon winds, leading to a second, minor burst of rainfall over the eastern Indian Peninsula during the Northern Hemisphere winter months. According to this theory, the onset of the southwest monsoon is driven by the shift of the subtropical westerly jet north from over the plains of India toward

2079-571: The city has a light manufacturing industry. Darbhanga is situated on a vast alluvial plain, with low-lying areas containing marshes and lakes. Grains, oilseeds, tobacco, sugarcane, and mangoes are important crops in the region. Under the British Raj , Darbhanga was a part of Sarkar Tirhut until 1875, when it was constituted into a separate district. Its subdivisions had been constituted earlier – Darbhanga Sadar in 1845, Madhubani in 1866, and Samastipur (then known as Tajpur) in 1867. The city of Darbhanga

2142-611: The city's strong cultural background. It is popularly known as the "Cultural Capital of Bihar" and the "Heart of Mithilaanchal ". The city was the capital of the Darbhanga Raj , an estate established in the 16th century , containing the Anandbagh Palace . It was constituted as a municipality in 1864. Darbhanga is home to the Kameshwara Singh Darbhanga Sanskrit University (established 1961), which

2205-495: The combined pattern of the monsoons' branches over different regions of South Asia were sailors in the Arabian Sea who traveled between Africa, India, and Southeast Asia. The monsoon can be categorized into two branches based on their spread over the subcontinent: Alternatively, it can be categorized into two segments based on the direction of rain-bearing winds: Based on the time of year that these winds bring rain to India,

2268-415: The critical factor leading to the formation of the tropical easterly jet over India. The mechanism affecting the monsoon is that the westerly jet causes high pressure over northern parts of the subcontinent during the winter. This results in the north-to-south flow of the winds in the form of the northeast monsoon. With the northward shift of the vertical sun, this jet shifts north, too. The intense heat over

2331-461: The document published on 6 March 2021 by the office of District Magistrate Darbhanga, the urban population of Darbhanga stands 380,125. Languages of Darbhanga city (2011) At the time of the 2011 census, 50.25% of the population spoke Maithili , 26.80% Urdu and 20.98% Hindi as their first language. Darbhanga Junction lies on the East Central Railway . It is connected directly to all

2394-443: The dynamic theory. According to this theory, during the summer months in the Northern Hemisphere, the ITCZ shifts north, pulling the southwest monsoon winds onto the land from the sea. However, the huge landmass of the Himalayas restricts the low-pressure zone onto the Himalayas themselves. It is only when the Tibetan Plateau heats up significantly more than the Himalayas that the ITCZ rises abruptly and swiftly shifts north, leading to

2457-509: The equator, the two tropics , the Arctic Circle and Antarctic Circle , and the two polar regions , giving rise to the trade winds , the westerlies , and the polar easterlies . However, geophysical factors like Earth's orbit , its rotation, and its axial tilt cause these belts to shift gradually north and south, following the Sun's seasonal shifts. The dynamic theory explains the monsoon on

2520-418: The establishment of the northeast and southwest monsoons, as well as unique features like "bursting" and variability. The jet streams are systems of upper-air westerlies. They give rise to slowly moving upper-air waves, with 250- knot winds in some air streams. First observed by World War II pilots, they develop just below the tropopause over areas of steep pressure gradient on the surface. The main types are

2583-485: The highlands of the Indian Peninsula. This results in the southwest monsoon. The dynamic theory explains the monsoon as a global weather phenomenon rather than just a local one. And when coupled with the traditional theory (based on the heating of sea and land), it enhances the explanation of the varying intensity of monsoon precipitation along the coastal regions with orographic barriers. This theory tries to explain

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2646-436: The hot subtropical summers, the massive landmass of the Indian Peninsula heats up at a different rate than the surrounding seas, resulting in a pressure gradient from south to north. This causes the flow of moisture-laden winds from sea to land. On reaching land, these winds rise because of the geographical relief, cooling adiabatically and leading to orographic rains. This is the southwest monsoon . The reverse happens during

2709-436: The major cities of India. Laheriasarai Railway Station is the second major station of Darbhanga and works as an important railway station for people living in south Darbhanga. There are daily and weekly trains available for New Delhi , Patna , Secunderabad , Kolkata , Varanasi , Ahmedabad , Lokmanya Tilak Terminus , Howrah , Amritsar , Pune and other major cities. Darbhanga also has its own commercial airport which

2772-514: The mean daily rainfall. Similarly, the burst of the northeast monsoon refers to an abrupt increase in the mean daily rainfall over the affected regions. One of the most commonly used words to describe the erratic nature of the monsoon is "vagaries", used in newspapers, magazines, books, web portals to insurance plans, and India's budget discussions. In some years, it rains too much, causing floods in parts of India; in others, it rains too little or not at all, causing droughts. In some years,

2835-543: The mean dates. The exact criteria for a normal monsoon are defined by the India Meteorological Department with calculations for the mean and standard deviation of each of these variables. Theories of the mechanism of the monsoon primarily try to explain the reasons for the seasonal reversal of winds and the timing of their reversal. Because of differences in the specific heat capacity of land and water, continents heat up faster than seas. Consequently,

2898-470: The monsoon can also be categorized into two periods : The complexity of the monsoon of South Asia is not completely understood, making it difficult to accurately predict the quantity, timing, and geographic distribution of the accompanying precipitation. These are the most monitored components of the monsoon, and they determine the water availability in India for any given year. Monsoons typically occur in tropical areas. One area that monsoons impact greatly

2961-559: The northeast monsoon passing over the Bay of Bengal picks up moisture, causing rain in Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu during the winter months. However, many meteorologists argue that the monsoon is not a local phenomenon as explained by the traditional theory, but a general weather phenomenon along the entire tropical zone of Earth . This criticism does not deny the role of differential heating of sea and land in generating monsoon winds, but casts it as one of several factors rather than

3024-428: The only one. The prevailing winds of the atmospheric circulation arise because of the difference in pressure at various latitudes and act as means for distribution of thermal energy on the planet. This pressure difference is because of the differences in solar insolation received at different latitudes and the resulting uneven heating of the planet. Alternating belts of high pressure and low pressure develop along

3087-523: The project was laid by Chief Minister Nitish Kumar and then Civil Aviation Minister Suresh Prabhu in the presence of state Civil Aviation Minister Jayant Sinha on 24 December 2018. After efforts taken by the MP of Darbhanga, Gopal Jee Thakur , and the then Civil Aviation Minister, Hardeep Singh Puri . Commercial flights started on 8 November 2020. [REDACTED] NH 27 which is part of India's East–West highway corridor passes through Darbhanga. Darbhanga

3150-513: The quantity of monsoon rains have been statistically derived. Since 1950s, the South Asian summer monsoon has been exhibiting large changes, especially in terms of droughts and floods. The observed monsoon rainfall indicates a gradual decline over central India, with a reduction of up to 10%. This is primarily due to a weakening monsoon circulation as a result of the rapid warming in the Indian Ocean, and changes in land use and land cover, while

3213-403: The rain quantity is sufficient but its timing arbitrary. Sometimes, despite average annual rainfall, the daily distribution or geographic distribution of the rain is substantially skewed. In the recent past, rainfall variability in short time periods (about a week) were attributed to desert dust over the Arabian Sea and Western Asia. Normally, the southwest monsoon can be expected to "burst" onto

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3276-477: The region. It has a significant effect on the overall well-being of residents and has even been dubbed the "real finance minister of India". The word monsoon (derived from the Arabic "mausim", meaning "seasonal reversal of winds"), although generally defined as a system of winds characterized by a seasonal reversal of direction, lacks a consistent, detailed definition. Some examples are: The first people to observe

3339-451: The reverse happens, making Indonesia much warmer and rainier. A positive IOD index often negates the effect of ENSO, resulting in increased monsoon rains in years such as 1983, 1994, and 1997. Further, the two poles of the IOD – the eastern pole (around Indonesia) and the western pole (off the African coast) — independently and cumulatively affect the quantity of monsoon rains. As with ENSO,

3402-413: The role of aerosols remains elusive. Since the strength of the monsoon is partially dependent on the temperature difference between the ocean and the land, higher ocean temperatures in the Indian Ocean have weakened the moisture bearing winds from the ocean to the land. The reduction in the summer monsoon rainfall has grave consequences over central India because at least 60% of the agriculture in this region

3465-629: The southern oscillation was found to be simply an atmospheric component of the El Niño/La Niña effect, which happens in the ocean. Therefore, in the context of the monsoon, the two together came to be known as the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) effect. The effect is known to have a pronounced influence on the strength of the southwest monsoon over India, with the monsoon being weak (causing droughts) during El Niño years, while La Niña years bring particularly strong monsoons. Although

3528-473: The summer of the respective hemispheres (Northern and Southern Hemisphere). As such, during the northern summer (May and June), the ITCZ moves north, along with the vertical sun, toward the Tropic of Cancer. The ITCZ, as the zone of lowest pressure in the tropical region, is the target destination for the trade winds of both hemispheres. Consequently, with the ITCZ at the Tropic of Cancer, the southeast trade winds of

3591-483: The variability in timing and strength of the monsoon. Timing: A timely northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet at the beginning of summer is critical to the onset of the southwest monsoon over India. If the shift is delayed, so is the southwest monsoon. An early shift results in an early monsoon. Strength: The strength of the southwest monsoon is determined by the strength of the easterly tropical jet over central India. A strong easterly tropical jet results in

3654-542: The west. Being located in Mithilanchal, Darbhanga district has a vast fertile alluvial plain devoid of any hills. It has a gentle slope from north to south direction having a depression in the centre. Darbhanga experiences a humid subtropical climate. It experiences three main seasons which are winter, summer, and rainy seasons. May is the hottest month when the temperature reaches up to 43 °C. Darbhanga district receives an average of 1142.3 mm rainfall and almost 92% of

3717-409: The westerly jet's movement is inhibited. But with continuous dropping pressure, sufficient force is created for the movement of the westerly jet across the Himalayas after a significant period. As such, the shift of the jet is sudden and abrupt, causing the bursting of southwest monsoon rains onto the Indian plains. The reverse shift happens for the northeast monsoon. The jet stream theory also explains

3780-492: The western coast of India (near Thiruvananthapuram ) at the beginning of June and to cover the entire country by mid-July. Its withdrawal from India typically starts at the beginning of September and finishes by the beginning of October. The northeast monsoon usually "bursts" around 20 October and lasts for about 50 days before withdrawing. However, a rainy monsoon is not necessarily a normal monsoon – that is, one that performs close to statistical averages calculated over

3843-399: The winter, when the land is colder than the sea, establishing a pressure gradient from land to sea. This causes the winds to blow over the Indian subcontinent toward the Indian Ocean in a northeasterly direction, causing the northeast monsoon . Because the southwest monsoon flows from sea to land, it carries more moisture, and therefore causes more rain, than the northeast monsoon. Only part of

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3906-605: The years 1950 to 2015, over the entire central belt of India, leading to a steady rise in the number of flash floods with significant socioeconomic losses. Widespread extreme rainfall events are those rainfall events which are larger than 150 mm/day and spread over a region large enough to cause floods. Since the Great Famine of 1876–1878 in India, various attempts have been made to predict monsoon rainfall. At least five prediction models exist. The Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (CDAC) at Bengaluru facilitated

3969-574: Was discovered in 1999 and named the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). An index to calculate it was also formulated. IOD develops in the equatorial region of the Indian Ocean from April to May and peaks in October. With a positive IOD, winds over the Indian Ocean blow from east to west. This makes the Arabian Sea (the western Indian Ocean near the African coast) much warmer and the eastern Indian Ocean around Indonesia colder and drier. In negative dipole years,

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