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84-534: The exact date of the house's construction is unknown, but it was built sometime in the late 17th or early 18th centuries. The house is named after one of its earliest owners, Abd al-Khaliq 'Adiyil. He was a rich merchant who was an amin (provost or magistrate) in Fes under the Alaouite sultan Moulay Ismail (ruled 1672–1727) and then became governor of the city under his son, Sultan Moulay Abdallah (ruled 1729–1734). 'Adiyil

168-610: A French protectorate . He signed his abdication only when on the quay in Rabat, with the ship that would take him to France already waiting. When news of the treaty finally leaked to the Moroccan populace, it was met with immediate and violent backlash in the Intifada of Fez . His brother Youssef was proclaimed Sultan by the French administration several months later (13 August 1912). At the same time

252-519: A Zenata Amazigh tribe. These groups recognized him as sultan in 1664, while around the same time Sidi Mohammed made a new base for himself as far west as Azrou . The power of the Dala'iyya was in decline, and both brothers sought to take advantage of this, but both stood in each other's way. When Sidi Mohammed attacked Angad to force his rebellious brother's submission on August 2, 1664, he was instead unexpectedly killed and his armies defeated. Al-Rashid

336-632: A conservatory of Andalusian music before falling into neglect in the 1980s. The house has recently been restored in cooperation with UNESCO and with funding from the Italian government. Since then it has resumed its function as a music conservatory and in recent years has served as one of the venues for the World Sacred Music Festival of Fes. The house is considered one of the most beautiful and well-preserved examples of domestic architecture in Fes, with architectural similarities to houses of

420-443: A French fleet of 16 warships and several vessels arrived in front of Larache , however due to heavy seas and conditions, the attack was delayed until the next day. The next day, the French fleet bombarded Moroccan fortifications and batteries which could not retaliate. The bombardments continued throughout the next day, however by 28 June, several Moroccan vessels encircled the French fleet and inflicted heavy losses upon it, defeating

504-618: A conflict known as the Hafidiya (1907–1908) ensued. In 1908 Abdelaziz was defeated in battle. In 1909, Abdelhafid became the recognized leader of Morocco . In 1911, rebellion broke out against the sultan. This led to the Agadir Crisis , also known as the Second Moroccan Crisis. These events led Abdelhafid to abdicate after signing the Treaty of Fes on 30 March 1912, which made Morocco

588-491: A decade as viceroy in Marrakesh. Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah maintained the peace in part through a relatively more decentralized regime and lighter taxes, relying instead on greater trade with Europe to make up the revenues. In line with this policy, in 1764 he founded Essaouira , a new port city through which he funnelled European trade with Marrakesh. The last Portuguese outpost on the Moroccan coast, Mazagan (al-Jadida today),

672-535: A definitive end to Ottoman attempts to gain influence in Morocco and established Morocco on more equal diplomatic footing with European powers in part by forcing them to ransom Christian captives at his court. These Christians were mostly captured by Moroccan pirate fleets which he heavily sponsored as a means of both revenue and warfare. While in captivity, prisoners were often forced into labour on his construction projects. All of these activities and policies gave him

756-416: A delegation from Fez which presented a list of grievances about the new French policy, and had discussions with Allal al-Fassi where he apparently expressed that he had been misled by the French residency when signing it and vowed to cede no further rights of his country. The sultan refrained from openly associating with the nationalist movement in the 1930s, but nonetheless resisted French attempts to shift

840-409: A harem of slave concubines, the ones recorded were: The present city of Essaouira ( al-Ṣawīra ) was developed by Sidi Mohammed in 1769, with an estimated population of about 12,000. It was developed as the principal port for external trade to strengthen central authority to limit the intervention of Europeans. Rabat was also built to become an imperial city during Sidi Mohammed's reign, including

924-549: A lady of the Chéraga guich tribe . Upon the accession of Mohammed III, peace and stability were restored. Aware of the disastrous Black Guard , he restored the significance of the Arab guich . He also pacified the Berbers of the mountains who attacked the plains during the succession crisis, while the power of the 'Abid declined as they abandoned their military positions. Mashra' al-Raml ,

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1008-521: A large part of northern Morocco was placed under Spanish control . Under colonial rule the institution of the sultan was formally preserved as part of a French policy of indirect rule, or at least the appearance of indirect rule. Under the French Protectorate, the 'Alawi sultans still had some prerogatives such as the power to sign or veto dahirs (decrees). In the Spanish zone, a Khalifa ("deputy")

1092-607: A reputation as holy warriors, but did not yet have a political status. This was the example of one family member, Ali al-Sharif (not to be confused with the later 'Alawi by the same name below), who participated in battles against the Portuguese and Spanish in Ceuta and Tangier and who was also invited by the Nasrids of Granada to fight against Castile on the Iberian Peninsula . By

1176-415: A reputation for ruthlessness and cruelty among European writers and a mixed reputation among Moroccan historians as well, though he is credited with unifying Morocco under strong (but brutal) leadership. He also moved the capital from Fez to Meknes , where he built a vast imperial kasbah , a fortified palace-city whose construction continued throughout his reign. After Mawlay Isma'il's death, Morocco

1260-418: A result, the monarch emerged as the main pillar of political stability in the state and there was a revival of absolutism under royal rule. Mohammed V died in 1961 and was succeeded by his son, Hassan II. Hassan was soon compelled to promulgate a constitution , which was approved by popular referendum in 1962 . The constitution had been written by officials appointed by the king and in practice it cemented

1344-462: A strong symbol in the cause for independence. The nationalists, for their part, and in contrast with other anti-colonial movements like the Salafis , saw the sultan as a potentially useful tool in the struggle against French rule. Some of Mohammed V's initial interactions with nationalists came during the crisis caused by the so-called " Berber Dahir ". Among other things at this time, the sultan received

1428-467: A very difficult position. Wide popular support for the Algerians against the French led Morocco to allow the flow of aid and arms to the resistance movement led by Emir Abd al-Qadir , while the Moroccan ulama delivered a fatwa for a supporting jihad in 1837. On the other hand, Abd al-Rahman was reluctant to provide the French with a clear reason to attack Morocco if he ever intervened. He managed to maintain

1512-575: Is highlighted with wooden elements and stucco decoration, as well as zellij -decorated wall fountains between some of its pillars. On both the ground floor and the upper floor there are four rooms arranged around the courtyard and accessed from the gallery. Alaouite dynasty Princess Lalla Lamia The ' Alawi dynasty ( Arabic : سلالة العلويين الفيلاليين , romanized :  sulālat al-ʿalawiyyīn al-fīlāliyyīn ) – also rendered in English as Alaouite , ' Alawid , or Alawite –

1596-418: Is officially a constitutional monarchy , but the king retains strong authoritarian power over the state and public affairs, despite some political reforms in recent decades. The dynasty claims descent from Muhammad via Hasan , the son of Ali . The name ' Alawi ( Arabic : علوي ) stems either from the name of Ali (the father of Hasan), from which the dynasty ultimately traces its descent, or from

1680-586: Is the current Moroccan royal family and reigning dynasty . They are an Arab Sharifian dynasty and claim descent from the Islamic prophet Muhammad through his grandson, Hasan ibn Ali . Their ancestors originally migrated to the Tafilalt region, in present-day Morocco, from Yanbu on the coast of the Hejaz in the 12th or 13th century. The dynasty rose to power in the 17th century, beginning with Mawlay al-Sharif who

1764-463: The ' Abid of Isma'il's reign came to wield enormous power and were able to install or depose sultans according to their interests throughout this period, though they also had to compete with the guich tribes and some of the Amazigh (Berber) tribes. Order and control was firmly re-established only under Abdallah's son, Sidi Mohammed ibn Abdallah (Mohammed III), who became Sultan in 1757 after

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1848-815: The Black Guard from power by ordering their transfer from Meknes to Tangier in the north. The Black Guard resisted him and attempted to proclaim his son Yazid as sultan, but the latter soon changed his mind and was reconciled with his father. After, Sidi Mohammed dispersed the Black Guard contingents to garrisons in Tangier , Larache , Rabat , Marrakesh and the Sous , where they continued to cause trouble until 1782. These disturbances were compounded by drought and severe famine between 1776 and 1782 and an outbreak of plague between 1779 and 1780, which killed many Moroccans and forced

1932-500: The Dala'iyya (also spelled Dila'iyya or Dilaites), a federation of Amazigh (Berbers) in the Middle Atlas who increasingly dominated central Morocco at this time, reaching the peak of their power in the 1640s. Another, was 'Ali Abu Hassun al-Semlali (or Abu Hassun), who had become leader of the Sous valley since 1614. When Abu Hassun extended his control to the Tafilalt region in 1631,

2016-685: The Dar al-Makhzen palace and the As-Sunna Mosque even though both have been much altered since then. The Lisbon earthquake of 1755 which destroyed most of Casablanca led to the Portuguese evacuating it. Sidi Mohammed rebuilt the town and renamed it al-Dār al-Bayḍāʼ (الدار البيضاء). Abdallah Laroui described him as "the architect of modern Morocco". Mohammed bin Abdallah died on 9 April 1790 in Meknes , and

2100-452: The Tijaniyya order . Suleyman's successor, Abd al-Rahman (or Abderrahmane; ruled 1822–1859), tried to reinforce national unity by recruiting local elites of the country and orchestrating military campaigns designed to bolster his image as a defender of Islam against encroaching European powers. The French conquest of Algeria in 1830, however, destabilized the region and put the sultan in

2184-507: The " Qa'id Affair" – in the spring of 1953. The political confrontation came to a head in August of that year. On August 13 the royal palace in Rabat was surrounded and closed off by Protectorate military forces and police, and on August 16 Thami and allied Moroccan leaders formally declared Mohammed Ben 'Arafa , a little-known member of the 'Alawi family, as sultan. On August 20 the French resident-general, Auguste Guillaume, presented demands to

2268-469: The 'Alawis, was also a sharifian dynasty and played an important role in establishing this model of political-religious legitimacy. The family's rise to power took place in the context of early-to-mid-17th century Morocco, when the power of the Saadian sultans of Marrakesh was in serious decline and multiple regional factions fought for control of the country. Among the most powerful of these factions were

2352-459: The 17th century, however, they had evidently become the main leaders of the Tafilalt. Their status as shurafa (descendants of Muhammad) was part of the reason for their success, as in this era many communities in Morocco increasingly saw sharifian status as the best claim to political legitimacy. The Saadian dynasty, which ruled Morocco in the 16th century and early 17th century prior to the rise of

2436-444: The Dala'iyya in turn sent forces to enforce their own influence in the area. The local inhabitants chose as their leader the 'Alawi family head, Muhammad al-Sharif – known as Mawlay Ali al-Sharif, Mawlay al-Sharif, or Muhammad I – recognizing him as Sultan . Mawlay al-Sharif led an attack against Abu Hassun's garrison at Tabu'samt in 1635 or 1636 (1045 AH) but failed to expel them. Abu Hassun forced him to go into exile to

2520-766: The European merchants and consuls in Tangier , Salé , Larache , and al-Sawira , declaring that any vessel sailing under the American flag can freely enter Moroccan ports. Due to the continued delays of the American government in negotiating a treaty with Morocco, Sidi Mohammed issued the Moroccan seizure of the Betsey , and on 11 October 1784, the Moroccans captured the Philadelphia merchant ship Betsey after it left Cádiz on its way back to

2604-423: The French expedition. The Moroccans only had casualties of 30 men, while the French had casualties of 200 killed, 49 captured, and 300 lost. In 1769, threatened by an invasion by Sidi Mohammed, the Portuguese governor of Mazagan received orders from Lisbon to immediately evacuate the city. The city was renamed al-Jadīda (الجديدة; "the new") soon after. The later sultan Abd al-Rahman (1822–1859) restored

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2688-584: The French, but the sultan continued to steadily defy them. Another watershed event was the Tangier Speech of 1947, delivered in the Mendoubia Gardens of Tangier during the first visit of a Moroccan sultan to the city since Mawlay Hassan I in 1889. The speech made a number of significant points including support for Arab nationalism , a generally anti-colonial ideology, and an expression of gratitude for American support of Moroccan aspirations while omitting

2772-512: The Portuguese from Mazagan ( al-Jadīda ) in 1769. He is notable for having been the first leader to recognize American independence in his alliance with Luis de Unzaga 'le Conciliateur' through correspondence and Unzaga's secret intelligence service and led by his brothers-in-law Antonio and Matías de Gálvez from the Canary Islands. He was the son of Mawlay Abdallah bin Ismail and his wife

2856-534: The Sous valley and the Anti-Atlas in the south, forced Salé and its pirate republic to acknowledge his authority, while in the north he controlled most territory except for the European coastal enclaves. Al-Rashid had thus succeeded in reuniting the country under one rule. He subsequently died young in 1672. Upon Al-Rashid's death, his younger half-brother Mawlay Isma'il became sultan. As sultan, Isma'il's 55-year reign

2940-450: The Sous valley, but also treated him well; among other things, Abu Hassun gifted him a slave concubine who later gave birth to one of his sons, Mawlay Isma'il . While their father remained in exile, al-Sharif's sons took up the struggle. His son Sidi Mohammed (or Muhammad II ), became the leader after 1635 and successfully led another rebellion which expelled Abu Hassun's forces in 1640 or 1641 (1050 AH). With this success, he

3024-697: The Spaniards suffering casualties of 600 killed or wounded. With the Treaty of Aranjuez in 1780, Morocco recognised Spanish rule over Melilla, however Spain ceded territories to Morocco in return. On 20 December 1777, Morocco became the first nation to recognize the United States of America as an independent nation. On the same day, the Dutch consol in Salé was instructed by the Sidi Mohammed to write letters on his behalf to

3108-612: The Spanish from Spanish Sahara in 1975 and the declaration of independence of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic , Hassan II used the opportunity to publicly galvanize nationalist sentiment by pressing Morocco's irredentist claims to the territory, over the objections of the local Sahrawi people and of the Algerian and Mauritanian governments. He organized the Green March , which saw around 350,000 Moroccans crossing

3192-631: The Treaty of Marrakesh, was signed on 28 June 1786. It was the first treaty signed between the United States and any Muslim , Arab , or African country. It was signed first by American diplomat Thomas Barclay and the sultan, then by Jefferson and Adams, and was ratified by the Congress of the Confederation in July 1787. The treaty has withstood transatlantic stresses and strains for more than 236 years, making it

3276-560: The United States. The ship and crew was captured and taken hostage to Tangier . Shortly after, the sultan announced that he did not confiscate the ship nor cargo, and that the ship, the cargo, and the men would be released once a treaty was concluded with the United States. The seizure of the ship led to the Americans having to take action and preparing for negotiations with Morocco. The Moroccan–American Treaty of Friendship , also known as

3360-564: The appearance of neutrality until 1844, when he was compelled to provide refuge to Abd al-Qadir in Morocco. The French, led by the marshall Bugeaud , pursued him and thoroughly routed the Moroccan army at the Battle of Isly , near Oujda, on August 14. At the same time, the French navy bombarded Tangiers on August 6 and bombarded Essaouira on August 16. In the aftermath, Morocco signed the Convention of Lalla Maghnia on March 18, 1845. The treaty made

3444-602: The city. He declared war on the Dutch republic , known as the Dutch–Moroccan War (1775–1777) but eventually lost due to a frustrating blockade imposed by the Dutch, and the loss of his best 2 ships. On 9 December 1774, Sidi Mohammed assembled an army of 30,000 to 40,000 men and powerful artillery and began a bombardment of Melilla . Spanish reinforcements disembarked in Melilla, and 117 new guns and mortars were installed. Part of

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3528-508: The civilian population of Melilla was escorted on 16 December by a French ship which brought reinforcements from Iberia . With Britain 's promise of subsidies , two Spanish squads blocked the Strait of Gibraltar to prevent any British support from aiding the Moroccan troops. In 1775, a British convoy carrying war material on the way to Melilla was intercepted and captured by the Spanish Navy. At

3612-585: The colonial system. In 1942 the Allies landed on the Moroccan Atlantic coast as part of their invasion of North Africa against Axis occupation. This momentous change also allowed the sultan more political manoeuvring room, and during the Anfa Conference in 1943, which Allied leaders attended, Mohammed V was left alone at one time with President Roosevelt , who expressed support for Moroccan independence after

3696-403: The country regained its independence in 1956, Mohammed V , who had supported the nationalist cause, resumed the 'Alawi role as independent head of state. Shortly afterwards, in 1957, he adopted the title of "King" instead of "Sultan". His successors, Hassan II and Mohammed VI (the current reigning monarch), have continued the dynasty's rule under the same title. Today, the Moroccan government

3780-523: The country was plunged into disarray as his sons fought over his succession, but order was re-established under the long reign of Muhammad ibn Abdallah in the second half of the 18th century. The 19th century was marked by the growing influence of European powers. The 'Alawis ruled as sovereign sultans up until 1912, when the French protectorate and Spanish protectorate were imposed on Morocco. They were retained as symbolic sultans under colonial rule. When

3864-411: The earlier Saadian and Marinid periods. It has two stories and, like many traditional Moroccan houses, is centered around a main courtyard. It is entered via a bent passage from the street which leads directly to the courtyard. The courtyard, as the centerpiece of the house, is elegantly arranged and richly decorated. At its middle is a fountain and around its sides runs a two-story gallery. The gallery

3948-656: The extent of political reforms has been limited and popular engagement with electoral politics has been inconsistent. Another constitutional reform was passed by a referendum in 2011 in response to protests inside the country, in the wider context of the Arab Spring . Today, the 'Alawis remain the only monarchy in North Africa. They officially rule in a parliamentary constitutional monarchy , but authoritarian and absolutist characteristics are still noted by scholars and observers, with effective power largely remaining in

4032-531: The former town built for the 'Abid, was pillaged and left in ruins by the neighboring tribes. In 1760, Mohammed witnessed a revolt by the Wadaya against his authority, who had supported his father. Mohammed then marched with an army to Fes where he defeated the Wadaya contingents and arrested their leaders. After this, the Wadaya were split up and were garrisoned in Meknes instead. Later, in 1775, he tried to distance

4116-628: The hands of the king, a situation that has been compared to the pattern of Hashemite monarchy in Jordan . Sultans of the Tafilalt and early expansion: After capture of Marrakesh in 1668, Sultans of Morocco: Under the French protectorate (1912–1956): From Independence (1955 onwards): Mohammed ben Abdallah Sidi Mohammed ben Abdallah al-Khatib ( Arabic : سيدي محمد بن عبد الله الخطيب ), known as Mohammed III ( Arabic : محمد الثالث ), born in 1710 in Fes and died on 9 April 1790 in Meknes ,

4200-667: The house became the regional headquarters of the Service des Arts indigènes ("Service/Office of the Native Arts"), which oversaw the study and preservation of historic heritage, under the direction of Alfred Bel at the time. Its ground floor also served as the first Museum of Native Arts ( Musée d'Arts indigènes ), before this role was transferred to Dar Batha (the current historic art museum of Fes) in 1915. The house continued to serve as an office for this agency under its two subsequent directors, Prosper Ricard and Marcel Vicaire. It later became

4284-632: The latter part of the 19th century Morocco's instability resulted in European countries intervening to protect investments and to demand economic concessions. Sultan Hassan I called for the Madrid Conference of 1880 in response to France and Spain's abuse of the protégé system , but the result was an increased European presence in Morocco—in the form of advisors, doctors, businessmen, adventurers, and even missionaries. After Sultan Abdelaziz appointed his brother Abdelhafid as viceroy of Marrakesh,

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4368-573: The latter sought to have him overthrown by fomenting distrust over Abdelaziz's European ties. Abdelhafid was aided by Madani el-Glaoui , older brother of T'hami , one of the Caids of the Atlas. He was assisted in the training of his troops by Andrew Belton , a British officer and veteran of the Second Boer War . For a brief period, Abdelaziz reigned from Rabat while Abdelhafid reigned in Marrakesh and Fez and

4452-442: The longest unbroken treaty relationship in the history of the United States . Sidi Mohammed was polygamous and had a harem of slave concubines. His sons by marriage and by harem slave concubines ruled after him. His wedded wives were: His other wives' full names are not recorded, only partially their family name by indicating from which tribe they hailed from. Sidi Mohammed's other wedded wives were: Sultan Sidi Mohammed III had

4536-511: The monarchy's rule by granting it far-reaching executive powers. Hassan II worked to improve relations with France and position Morocco as an ally of the West, but relations with neighboring Algeria deteriorated over border issues and resulted in the Sand War in 1963. Tensions also rose internally during the 1960s and 1970s, with leftist opposition mounting against the conservative monarchy. This in turn

4620-500: The name of the dynasty's early founder Ali al-Sharif of the Tafilalt . Historians sometimes also refer to the dynasty as the "Filali Sharifs", in reference to their origin from the Tafilalt. The honorific title mawlay (also transliterated as mulay or moulay ), meaning "my lord", was also commonly used in conjunction with the names of sultans. The 'Alawis were a family of sharifian religious notables (or shurafa ) who claimed descent from Muhammad via his grandson Hasan ,

4704-470: The nationalist Istiqlal Party, which pushed for more democratic institutions, and the king, Mohammed V, who now hesitated on endorsing radical political changes. By the end of the decade in 1960, the Istiqlal Party was weakened by splinter factions and the growing number of political parties were unable to act together as an effective counterbalance to the king. A formal constitution also remained lacking. As

4788-728: The new puppet sultan, Mohammed Ben 'Arafa, and one of the boycott campaigns was aimed at the country's mosques due to prayers being said in the new sultan's name. Eventually, with the decolonialization process under way in Tunisia and the independence war in Algeria , the French agreed to negotiate Morocco's independence at a conference on August 23, 1955. By October 1 Mohammed Ben 'Arafa had abdicated and later that month even Thami el-Glaoui supported Mohammed V's return. The sultan landed at Rabat-Salé Airport at 11:42 am on November 16, greeted by cheering crowds. The French-Moroccan Declaration of Independence

4872-424: The region. It is possible that the 'Alawis were merely one of many Arab families who moved westwards to Morocco during this period. The Tafilalt was an oasis region in the Ziz Valley in eastern Morocco and the site of Sijilmasa , historically an important terminus of the trans-Saharan trade routes. Little is known of 'Alawi history prior to the 17th century. In the early 15th century they appear to have had

4956-415: The same time, the troops of the Ottoman Empire began to encroach on Morocco's eastern borders. Spanish troops resisted the attack over a period of 100 days, over which time some 12,000 projectiles were lobbed onto the city. General Sherlock of the Ultonia Regiment began to break the siege, a situation exacerbated by the desertion of Sidi Mohammed's Algerine mercenaries. The siege ended on 19 March with

5040-419: The son of Ali and of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah . Like the Sa'di dynasty before them, the 'Alawis originally came from the village of Yanbu al-Nakhil in the Hejaz region of Arabia . According to the dynasty's official historians, the family migrated from the Hijaz to the Tafilalt during the 12th or 13th century at the request of the locals who hoped that the presence of a sharifian family would benefit

5124-522: The southern border to settle inside the territory, triggering a war with the Polisario , the armed front of the Sahrawi people. A ceasefire was negotiated in 1989, but the conflict remains unresolved today, with most of the territory under de facto Moroccan control while the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic controls the easternmost zones . During the 1990s Hassan II changed course in domestic politics and publicly promoted an agenda of reform. A new constitutional reform, approved by referendum ,

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5208-509: The sultan for his abdication and his agreement to go into exile. The sultan refused to abdicate, and that afternoon he and his sons were escorted at gunpoint from the palace and onto a plane. He and his family were eventually exiled to Madagascar . The exile of the sultan did not alleviate French difficulties in Morocco, and an insurgency broke out which targeted both the regime and its collaborators with boycott campaigns as well as acts of violence. Several assassination attempts were made against

5292-480: The sultan to import wheat, reduce taxes, and distribute food and funds to locals and tribal leaders in order to alleviate the suffering. By now, however, the improved authority of the sultan allowed the central government to weather these difficulties and crises. Mohammed was interested in scholarly pursuits and also cultivated a productive relationship with the ulama , or Muslim religious scholars, who supported some of his initiatives and reforms. On 25 June 1765,

5376-482: The superior power of France clear and forced the sultan to recognize French authority over Algeria. Abd al-Qadir turned rebel against the sultan and took refuge in the Rif region until his surrender to the French in 1848. The next confrontation, the Hispano-Moroccan War , took place from 1859 to 1860, and the subsequent Treaty of Wad Ras led the Moroccan government to take a massive British loan larger than its national reserves to pay off its war debt to Spain. In

5460-476: The terms of the Protectorate during the interwar years. He reaffirmed Morocco's loyalty to France in 1939, at the beginning of the World War II . After the fall of France to the Germans and the advent of the Vichy regime , however, the sultan increasingly charted his own course, successfully pushing some reform initiatives related to education, even as the Vichy regime encouraged him to make several well-publicized trips abroad to bolster his legitimacy and that of

5544-434: The throne: Maslama in the north and Hisham in Marrakesh to the south. Suleyman brought trade with Europe nearly to a halt. Although less violent and bigoted than Yazid, was still portrayed by European sources as xenophobic. After 1811, Suleyman also pushed a fundamentalist Wahhabist ideology at home and attempted to suppress local Sufi orders and brotherhoods, in spite of their popularity and despite his own membership in

5628-425: The usual statements of support for the French Protectorate. In the following years the tensions increased, with French officials slowly acknowledging the need for Moroccan independence but stressing for slower reforms rather than rapid sovereignty. The French enlisted many powerful collaborators such Thami el-Glaoui to organize a campaign of public opposition to the sultan and demands for his abdication – also known as

5712-437: The war. The encounter was the sultan's first face-to-face interaction with another head of state without the mediating presence of the French officials. In the fall of the same year, the sultan encouraged the formation of the official Istiqlal ("Independence") Party and the drafting of the Manifesto of Independence that called for a constitutional monarchy with democratic institutions. These moves were strongly opposed by

5796-452: Was acclaimed as the new sultan, at the age of 18. By the guidance of the French regime, he had spent most of his life growing up in relative isolation inside the royal palace in Meknes and Rabat. These restrictions on his interactions with the outside world continued in large part even after he ascended to the throne. However, over the course of his reign he became increasingly associated with the Moroccan nationalist movement, eventually becoming

5880-443: Was also responsible for the construction of the Funduq al-Najjarin to the east. After he died in 1747 the house became the property of the government and in the 19th century it was used as an office of the state treasury . Coins were struck here for the city and revenues from indirect taxation were collected here before being passed on to the central treasury. At the establishment of the French Protectorate over Morocco in 1912

5964-533: Was appointed who acted as a representative of the sultan. In practice, however, the sultan was a puppet of the new regime and many parts of the population saw the dynasty as collaborators with the French. The French colonial administration was headed by the French resident-general , the first of whom was Hubert Lyautey , who enacted many of the policies that set the tone for France's colonial regime in Morocco. Mawlay Youssef died unexpectedly in 1927 and his youngest son, Muhammad (Mohammed ben Youssef or Mohammed V),

6048-558: Was declared sultan of the Tafilalt in 1631. His son Al-Rashid , ruling from 1664 to 1672, was able to unite and pacify the country after a long period of regional divisions caused by the weakening of the Saadi Sultanate , establishing the Alawi Sultanate that succeeded it. His brother Isma'il presided over a period of strong central rule between 1672 and 1727, one of the longest reigns of any Moroccan sultan. After Isma'il's death,

6132-443: Was enacted in 1993. Another amendment to the constitution was passed in 1996 to create a bi-cameral legislature , with the lower house elected directly by voters and an upper house chosen indirectly by regional assemblies and professional organizations. Hassan II died in 1999 and was succeeded by his son, Mohammed VI, the current reigning king. The new monarch's reign began with promises of further liberalization and reform; however,

6216-443: Was formally signed on March 2, 1956, and Tangier was reintegrated to Morocco later that year. In 1957 Mohammed V adopted the official title of "King", which has since been used by his successors, Hassan II and Mohammed VI . At independence, the Moroccan makhzen (royal government) remained underdeveloped and urgent reforms were needed to resolve problems arising from decades of colonial rule. Political friction existed between

6300-567: Was left in control of the 'Alawi forces and in less than a decade he managed to extend 'Alawi control over almost all of Morocco, reuniting the country under a new sharifian dynasty. After much campaigning in northern Morocco, Al-Rashid secured the surrender of Fez in June 1666. He made it his capital. He defeated the remnants of the Dala'iyya and destroyed their capital in the Middle Atlas in June 1668. In July, he captured Marrakesh. His forces took

6384-412: Was met with increased political repression and Hassan II largely relied on the army and police as instruments of power. The period from roughly 1975 to 1990 is known as the " Years of Lead ", as state violence was regularly deployed against dissenters and political opponents were jailed or disappeared . Two attempted coups d'état against the king failed in 1971 and 1972 . Upon the withdrawal of

6468-418: Was not welcomed by some, however. After his death in 1790, his son and successor Mawlay Yazid ruled with more xenophobia and violence, punished Jewish communities, and launched an ill-fated attack against the Spanish city of Ceuta in 1792, in which he was mortally wounded. After his death, he was succeeded by his brother Suleyman (or Mawlay Slimane), though the latter had to defeat two more brothers who contested

6552-531: Was once again proclaimed sovereign. This provoked a succession clash between Sidi Mohammed and one of his younger half-brothers, Al-Rashid . Details of this conflict are lengthy, but ultimately Al-Rashid appears to have fled Sijilmasa in fear of his brother. He eventually managed to secure an alliance with the Banu Ma'qil Arab tribes who had previously supported his brother and also with the Ait Yaznasin (Beni Snassen),

6636-538: Was one of longest in Moroccan history. He distinguished himself as a ruler who wished to establish a unified Moroccan state as the absolute authority in the land, independent of any particular group within Morocco – in contrast to previous dynasties which relied on certain tribes or regions as the base of their power. He succeeded in part by creating a new army composed of Black slaves (the ' Abid al-Bukhari ) from Sub-Saharan Africa (or descendants of previously imported slaves), many of them Muslims, whose loyalty

6720-419: Was plunged into one of its greatest periods of turmoil between 1727 and 1757, with Isma'il's sons fighting for control of the sultanate and never holding onto power for long. Isma'il had left hundreds of sons who were theoretically eligible for the throne. Conflict between his sons was compounded by rebellions against the heavily taxing and autocratic government which Isma'il had previously imposed. Furthermore,

6804-413: Was proclaimed sultan in place of his father who relinquished the throne to him. The Dala'iyya invaded the region again in 1646 and following their victory at Al Qa'a forced him to acknowledge their control over all the territory west and south of Sijilmasa. Unable to oppose them, Sidi Mohammed instead decided to attempt expansion in other directions. Mawlay Sharif died in 1659, and Sidi Mohammed

6888-603: Was taken by Morocco in 1729, leaving only the Spanish enclaves of Ceuta and Melilla as the remaining European outposts in North West Africa. Muhammad also signed a Treaty of Friendship with the United States in 1787 after becoming the first head of state to recognize the new country. He was interested in scholarly pursuits and also cultivated a productive relationship with the ulama , or Muslim religious scholars, who supported some of his initiatives and reforms. Sidi Mohammed's opening of Morocco to international trade

6972-522: Was the Sultan of Morocco from 1757 to 1790 as a member of the 'Alawi dynasty . He was the governor of Marrakesh around 1750. He was also briefly sultan in 1748. He rebuilt many cities after the earthquake of 1755 , including Mogador , Casablanca , and Rabat , and Abdallah Laroui described him as "the architect of modern Morocco." He also defeated the French in the Larache expedition in 1765 and expelled

7056-568: Was to him alone. Mawlay Isma'il himself was half Black, his mother having been a Black slave concubine of Mawlay Sharif . This standing army also made effective use of modern artillery. He continuously led military campaigns against rebels, rivals, and European positions along the Moroccan coast. In practice, he still had to rely on various groups to control outlying areas, but he nonetheless succeeded in retaking many coastal cities occupied by England and Spain and managed to enforce direct order and heavy taxation throughout his territories. He put

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