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Dankpen Prefecture

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Dankpen is a prefecture located in the Kara Region of Togo . The prefecture covers 2 690 km, with a population in 2022 of 185,662. The prefecture seat is located in Guérin-Kouka . It is split into 12 cantons , Guérin-Kouka, Bapuré, Nandouta, Kidjaboum, Namon, Nawaré, Katchamba, Nampoch, Natchiboré, Natchitikpi, Koulfièkou, and Koutchichéou.

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57-597: The climate is semi-humid tropical with wet season from June to October and dry season from November to May, notably characterised by the dry desert wind, the Harmattan . Rainfall is variable, with measurements in Guérin-Kouka of 1273 mm and 1494 mm recorded in 1950 and 1963 respectively. Relief was notably provided after the drought in 2013. Major rivers are the Oti River , which forms its western border, with Ghana , and

114-402: A change in temperature. The numbers are exactly equal if we consider the gases as ideal . The addition of water molecules, or any other molecules, to a gas, without removal of an equal number of other molecules, will necessarily require a change in temperature, pressure, or total volume; that is, a change in at least one of these three parameters. If temperature and pressure remain constant,

171-546: A large proportion of Konkomba refugees have therefore preferred to remain in Togo. Efforts have been made to promote Konkomba culture and maintain traditional festivals. In 2014, the député for the Dankpen prefecture in the assemblée nationale, Sambiri Targone, had his parliamentary immunity revoked and was arrested following a range of allegations by the prefect of Dankpen, ex-Colonel Dadja Maganawè, partially involving on-going disputes with

228-433: A much lower scale height and shorter atmospheric lifetime — weeks instead of decades. Without other greenhouse gases, Earth's blackbody temperature , below the freezing point of water, would cause water vapor to be removed from the atmosphere. Water vapor is thus a "slave" to the non-condensible greenhouse gases. Humidity is one of the fundamental abiotic factors that defines any habitat (the tundra, wetlands, and

285-419: A non-condensable phase other than air. A device used to measure humidity of air is called a psychrometer or hygrometer . A humidistat is a humidity-triggered switch, often used to control a humidifier or a dehumidifier . The humidity of an air and water vapor mixture is determined through the use of psychrometric charts if both the dry bulb temperature ( T ) and the wet bulb temperature ( T w ) of

342-520: A relatively high humidity post-rainfall. Outside the monsoon seasons, humidity is high (in comparison to countries further from the Equator), but completely sunny days abound. In cooler places such as Northern Tasmania, Australia, high humidity is experienced all year due to the ocean between mainland Australia and Tasmania. In the summer the hot dry air is absorbed by this ocean and the temperature rarely climbs above 35 °C (95 °F). Humidity affects

399-733: Is a season in West Africa that occurs between the end of November and the middle of March. It is characterized by the dry and dusty northeasterly trade wind , of the same name, which blows from the Sahara over West Africa into the Gulf of Guinea . The name is related to the word haramata in the Twi language. The temperature is cold mostly at night in some places but can be very hot in certain places during daytime. Generally, temperature differences can also depend on local circumstances. The Harmattan blows during

456-412: Is affected by winds and by rainfall. The most humid cities on Earth are generally located closer to the equator, near coastal regions. Cities in parts of Asia and Oceania are among the most humid. Bangkok, Ho Chi Minh City , Kuala Lumpur , Hong Kong, Manila , Jakarta , Naha , Singapore, Kaohsiung and Taipei have very high humidity most or all year round because of their proximity to water bodies and

513-434: Is almost independent of the amount of air (nitrogen, oxygen, etc.) that is present. Indeed, a vacuum has approximately the same equilibrium capacity to hold water vapor as the same volume filled with air; both are given by the equilibrium vapor pressure of water at the given temperature. There is a very small difference described under "Enhancement factor" below, which can be neglected in many calculations unless great accuracy

570-435: Is also a key metric used to evaluate when it is appropriate to install flooring over a concrete slab. Specific humidity (or moisture content) is the ratio of the mass of water vapor to the total mass of the air parcel. Specific humidity is approximately equal to the mixing ratio , which is defined as the ratio of the mass of water vapor in an air parcel to the mass of dry air for the same parcel. As temperature decreases,

627-487: Is also measured on a global scale using remotely placed satellites. These satellites are able to detect the concentration of water in the troposphere at altitudes between 4 and 12 km (2.5 and 7.5 mi). Satellites that can measure water vapor have sensors that are sensitive to infrared radiation . Water vapor specifically absorbs and re-radiates radiation in this spectral band. Satellite water vapor imagery plays an important role in monitoring climate conditions (like

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684-543: Is an important metric used in weather forecasts and reports, as it is an indicator of the likelihood of precipitation , dew, or fog. In hot summer weather, a rise in relative humidity increases the apparent temperature to humans (and other animals) by hindering the evaporation of perspiration from the skin. For example, according to the heat index , a relative humidity of 75% at air temperature of 80.0 °F (26.7 °C) would feel like 83.6 ± 1.3 °F (28.7 ± 0.7 °C). Relative humidity

741-458: Is characterized by cold, dry, dust-laden wind, and also wide fluctuations in the ambient temperatures of the day and night. Temperatures can easily be as low as 9 °C (48 °F) all day, but sometimes in the afternoon the temperature can also soar to as high as 30 °C (86 °F), while the relative humidity drops under 5%. It can also be hot in some regions, like in the Sahara. The air

798-460: Is defined as the ratio of the partial pressure of water vapor ( p {\displaystyle p} ) in air to the saturation vapor pressure ( p s {\displaystyle p_{s}} ) of water at the same temperature, usually expressed as a percentage: φ = 100 % ⋅ p / p s {\displaystyle \varphi =100\%\cdot p/p_{s}} Relative humidity

855-627: Is expressed as either mass of water vapor per volume of moist air (in grams per cubic meter) or as mass of water vapor per mass of dry air (usually in grams per kilogram). Relative humidity , often expressed as a percentage, indicates a present state of absolute humidity relative to a maximum humidity given the same temperature. Specific humidity is the ratio of water vapor mass to total moist air parcel mass. Humidity plays an important role for surface life. For animal life dependent on perspiration (sweating) to regulate internal body temperature, high humidity impairs heat exchange efficiency by reducing

912-430: Is inappropriate for computations in chemical engineering, such as drying, where temperature variations might be significant. As a result, absolute humidity in chemical engineering may refer to mass of water vapor per unit mass of dry air, also known as the humidity ratio or mass mixing ratio (see "specific humidity" below), which is better suited for heat and mass balance calculations. Mass of water per unit volume as in

969-584: Is particularly dry and desiccating when the Harmattan blows over the region. The Harmattan brings desert-like weather conditions: it lowers the humidity, dissipates cloud cover, prevents rainfall formation and sometimes creates big clouds of dust which can result in dust storms or sandstorms . The wind can increase fire risk and cause severe crop damage. The interaction of the Harmattan with monsoon winds can cause tornadoes . In some countries in West Africa,

1026-528: Is required. Absolute humidity is the total mass of water vapor (gas form of water) present in a given volume or mass of air. It does not take temperature into consideration. Absolute humidity in the atmosphere ranges from near zero to roughly 30 g (1.1 oz) per cubic metre when the air is saturated at 30 °C (86 °F). Absolute humidity is the mass of the water vapor ( m H 2 O ) {\displaystyle (m_{{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}})} , divided by

1083-549: Is shown in State B. If the system at State A is isothermally compressed (compressed with no change in system temperature), then the relative humidity of the system increases because the partial pressure of water in the system increases with the volume reduction. This is shown in State C. Above 202.64 kPa, the RH would exceed 100% and water may begin to condense. If the pressure of State A was changed by simply adding more dry air, without changing

1140-641: Is the dew point . The amount of water vapor needed to achieve saturation increases as the temperature increases. As the temperature of a parcel of air decreases it will eventually reach the saturation point without adding or losing water mass. The amount of water vapor contained within a parcel of air can vary significantly. For example, a parcel of air near saturation may contain 8 g of water per cubic metre of air at 8 °C (46 °F), and 28 g of water per cubic metre of air at 30 °C (86 °F) Three primary measurements of humidity are widely employed: absolute, relative, and specific. Absolute humidity

1197-418: Is the concentration of water vapor present in the air. Water vapor, the gaseous state of water, is generally invisible to the human eye. Humidity indicates the likelihood for precipitation , dew , or fog to be present. Humidity depends on the temperature and pressure of the system of interest. The same amount of water vapor results in higher relative humidity in cool air than warm air. A related parameter

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1254-450: Is the dry-bulb temperature expressed in degrees Celsius (°C), P {\displaystyle P} is the absolute pressure expressed in millibars, and e w ∗ {\displaystyle e_{w}^{*}} is the equilibrium vapor pressure expressed in millibars. Buck has reported that the maximal relative error is less than 0.20% between −20 and +50 °C (−4 and 122 °F) when this particular form of

1311-554: Is the most abundant of all greenhouse gases . Water vapor, like a green lens that allows green light to pass through it but absorbs red light, is a "selective absorber". Like the other greenhouse gasses, water vapor is transparent to most solar energy. However, it absorbs the infrared energy emitted (radiated) upward by the Earth's surface, which is the reason that humid areas experience very little nocturnal cooling but dry desert regions cool considerably at night. This selective absorption causes

1368-437: Is the ratio of how much water vapour is in the air to how much water vapour the air could potentially contain at a given temperature. It varies with the temperature of the air: colder air can contain less vapour, and water will tend to condense out of the air more at lower temperatures. So changing the temperature of air can change the relative humidity, even when the absolute humidity remains constant. Chilling air increases

1425-673: The Kara River , its tributary, which forms the prefecture's northern border with the Savanes Region, Togo . Agriculture, livestock and commerce are the main economic activities. The major venue for trade is the Sunday market of Guérin-Kouka , with sellers from Kara Region , Centrale Region and Ghana . Other markets, with no fixed market day, include Namon, Possao, Koulfièkou, Katchamba, Kidjaboun, Nandouta, and Saboba in Ghana. Main ethnicities include

1482-629: The Magnus–Tetens approximation , are more complicated but yield better accuracy. The Arden Buck equation is commonly encountered in the literature regarding this topic: e w ∗ = ( 1.0007 + 3.46 × 10 − 6 P ) × 6.1121 e 17.502 T / ( 240.97 + T ) , {\displaystyle e_{w}^{*}=\left(1.0007+3.46\times 10^{-6}P\right)\times 6.1121\,e^{17.502T/(240.97+T)},} where T {\displaystyle T}

1539-677: The Peules pastoral nomadic people. Within the region, the arrest was seen to be controversial and politically motivated, accompanied by counter-accusations of human rights abuses by the prefect. Dankpen is in the meningitis belt, and has been the object of vaccination programs. Challenges affecting vaccination include low education and poor accessibility. In 2016, a major meningitis outbreak in Ghana and Togo particularly impacted Dankpen with 219 cases and 70 deaths (as of 4.3.2016). 9°41′N 0°36′E  /  9.683°N 0.600°E  / 9.683; 0.600 Harmattan The Harmattan

1596-425: The energy budget and thereby influences temperatures in two major ways. First, water vapor in the atmosphere contains "latent" energy. During transpiration or evaporation, this latent heat is removed from surface liquid, cooling the Earth's surface. This is the biggest non-radiative cooling effect at the surface. It compensates for roughly 70% of the average net radiative warming at the surface. Second, water vapor

1653-520: The monsoon season. High temperatures combine with the high dew point to create heat index in excess of 65 °C (149 °F). Darwin experiences an extremely humid wet season from December to April. Houston, Miami, San Diego, Osaka, Shanghai, Shenzhen and Tokyo also have an extreme humid period in their summer months. During the South-west and North-east Monsoon seasons (respectively, late May to September and November to March), expect heavy rains and

1710-438: The Harmattan increases infant and child mortality, as well as has persistent adverse health impacts on surviving children. Humidity can drop lower than 15%, which can result in spontaneous nosebleeds for some people. Other health effects on humans may include conditions of the skin (dryness of the skin), dried or chapped lips, eyes, and respiratory system, including aggravation of asthma . Relative humidity Humidity

1767-672: The Konkomba, Bassar, Mossi, Lamba, Tchokossi and Haoussa. The region is a particular centre for the Konkomba people , with their own language , who have a strong distinct identity. The Konkomba people are historically spread over parts of both Ghana and Togo. Dankpen was part of the Konkombia region in the German protectorate of Togoland from 1884, and subsequently part of French Togoland after partition in 1916. Following ethnic conflict in northern Ghana,

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1824-424: The amount of water vapor needed to reach saturation also decreases. As the temperature of a parcel of air becomes lower it will eventually reach the point of saturation without adding or losing water mass. The term relative humidity is reserved for systems of water vapor in air. The term relative saturation is used to describe the analogous property for systems consisting of a condensable phase other than water in

1881-663: The atmosphere is as warm or warmer than the skin during times of high humidity, blood brought to the body surface cannot dissipate heat by conduction to the air. With so much blood going to the external surface of the body, less goes to the active muscles, the brain, and other internal organs. Physical strength declines, and fatigue occurs sooner than it would otherwise. Alertness and mental capacity also may be affected, resulting in heat stroke or hyperthermia . Domesticated plants and animals (e.g. lizards) require regular upkeep of humidity percent when grown in-home and container conditions, for optimal thriving environment. Although humidity

1938-448: The chilled mirror method is effective. For process on-line measurements, the most commonly used sensors nowadays are based on capacitance measurements to measure relative humidity, frequently with internal conversions to display absolute humidity as well. These are cheap, simple, generally accurate and relatively robust. All humidity sensors face problems in measuring dust-laden gas, such as exhaust streams from clothes dryers. Humidity

1995-415: The desert are a few examples), and is a determinant of which animals and plants can thrive in a given environment. The human body dissipates heat through perspiration and its evaporation. Heat convection , to the surrounding air, and thermal radiation are the primary modes of heat transport from the body. Under conditions of high humidity, the rate of evaporation of sweat from the skin decreases. Also, if

2052-562: The dry season, which occurs during the months with the lowest sun. In this season, the subtropical ridge of high pressure stays over the central Sahara and the low-pressure Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) stays over the Gulf of Guinea. On its passage over the Sahara, the Harmattan picks fine dust and sand particles (between 0.5 and 10 microns). It is also known as the "doctor wind", because of its invigorating dryness compared with humid tropical air. This season differs from winter because it

2109-465: The enhancement factor is normally slightly greater than unity for real systems. The enhancement factor is commonly used to correct the equilibrium vapor pressure of water vapor when empirical relationships, such as those developed by Wexler, Goff, and Gratch, are used to estimate the properties of psychrometric systems. Buck has reported that, at sea level, the vapor pressure of water in saturated moist air amounts to an increase of approximately 0.5% over

2166-443: The equation above is also defined as volumetric humidity . Because of the potential confusion, British Standard BS 1339 suggests avoiding the term "absolute humidity". Units should always be carefully checked. Many humidity charts are given in g/kg or kg/kg, but any mass units may be used. The field concerned with the study of physical and thermodynamic properties of gas–vapor mixtures is named psychrometrics . Relative humidity

2223-575: The equator and often overcast weather. Some places experience extreme humidity during their rainy seasons combined with warmth giving the feel of a lukewarm sauna, such as Kolkata , Chennai and Kochi in India, and Lahore in Pakistan. Sukkur city located on the Indus River in Pakistan has some of the highest and most uncomfortable dew points in the country, frequently exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in

2280-474: The equilibrium vapor pressure of pure water. Climate control refers to the control of temperature and relative humidity in buildings, vehicles and other enclosed spaces for the purpose of providing for human comfort, health and safety, and of meeting environmental requirements of machines, sensitive materials (for example, historic) and technical processes. While humidity itself is a climate variable, it also affects other climate variables. Environmental humidity

2337-418: The formation of thunderstorms) and in the development of weather forecasts . Humidity depends on water vaporization and condensation, which, in turn, mainly depends on temperature. Therefore, when applying more pressure to a gas saturated with water, all components will initially decrease in volume approximately according to the ideal gas law . However, some of the water will condense until returning to almost

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2394-409: The generalized formula is used to estimate the equilibrium vapor pressure of water. There are various devices used to measure and regulate humidity. Calibration standards for the most accurate measurement include the gravimetric hygrometer, chilled mirror hygrometer , and electrolytic hygrometer. The gravimetric method, while the most accurate, is very cumbersome. For fast and very accurate measurement

2451-450: The greenhouse effect. It raises the surface temperature substantially above its theoretical radiative equilibrium temperature with the sun, and water vapor is the cause of more of this warming than any other greenhouse gas. Unlike most other greenhouse gases, however, water is not merely below its boiling point in all regions of the Earth, but below its freezing point at many altitudes. As a condensible greenhouse gas, it precipitates , with

2508-415: The heavy amount of dust in the air can severely limit visibility and block the sun for several days, comparable to a heavy fog . This effect is known as the Harmattan haze. It costs airlines millions of dollars in cancelled and diverted flights each year. When the haze is weak, the skies are clear. The extreme dryness of the air may cause branches of trees to die. A 2024 study found that dust carried by

2565-440: The ideal gas law. On the contrary the saturated volume is the volume a gas mixture would have if humidity was added to it until saturation (or 100% relative humidity). Humid air is less dense than dry air because a molecule of water ( m ≈ 18  Da ) is less massive than either a molecule of nitrogen ( m ≈ 28 ) or a molecule of oxygen ( m ≈ 32 ). About 78% of the molecules in dry air are nitrogen (N 2 ). Another 21% of

2622-414: The measure of relative humidity of the air, although their presence is an indication that a body of air may be close to the dew point. Relative humidity is normally expressed as a percentage; a higher percentage means that the air–water mixture is more humid. At 100% relative humidity, the air is saturated and is at its dew point. In the absence of a foreign body on which droplets or crystals can nucleate ,

2679-456: The mixture are known. These quantities are readily estimated by using a sling psychrometer . There are several empirical formulas that can be used to estimate the equilibrium vapor pressure of water vapor as a function of temperature. The Antoine equation is among the least complex of these, having only three parameters ( A , B , and C ). Other formulas, such as the Goff–Gratch equation and

2736-444: The molecules in dry air are oxygen (O 2 ). The final 1% of dry air is a mixture of other gases. For any gas, at a given temperature and pressure, the number of molecules present in a particular volume is constant. Therefore, when some number N of water molecules (vapor) is introduced into a volume of dry air, the number of air molecules in that volume must decrease by the same number N for the pressure to remain constant without using

2793-417: The rate of moisture evaporation from skin surfaces. This effect can be calculated using a heat index table, or alternatively using a similar humidex . The notion of air "holding" water vapor or being "saturated" by it is often mentioned in connection with the concept of relative humidity. This, however, is misleading—the amount of water vapor that enters (or can enter) a given space at a given temperature

2850-491: The relative humidity can exceed 100%, in which case the air is said to be supersaturated . Introduction of some particles or a surface to a body of air above 100% relative humidity will allow condensation or ice to form on those nuclei, thereby removing some of the vapour and lowering the humidity. In a scientific notion, the relative humidity ( R H {\displaystyle RH} or φ {\displaystyle \varphi } ) of an air-water mixture

2907-440: The relative humidity, and can cause the water vapour to condense (if the relative humidity rises over 100%, the dew point ). Likewise, warming air decreases the relative humidity. Warming some air containing a fog may cause that fog to evaporate, as the droplets are prone to total evaporation due to the heat. Relative humidity only considers the invisible water vapour. Mists, clouds, fogs and aerosols of water do not count towards

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2964-403: The same humidity as before, giving the resulting total volume deviating from what the ideal gas law predicted. Conversely, decreasing temperature would also make some water condense, again making the final volume deviate from predicted by the ideal gas law. Therefore, gas volume may alternatively be expressed as the dry volume, excluding the humidity content. This fraction more accurately follows

3021-502: The saturated vapor pressure of pure water: f W = e w ′ e w ∗ . {\displaystyle f_{W}={\frac {e'_{w}}{e_{w}^{*}}}.} The enhancement factor is equal to unity for ideal gas systems. However, in real systems the interaction effects between gas molecules result in a small increase of the equilibrium vapor pressure of water in air relative to equilibrium vapor pressure of pure water vapor. Therefore,

3078-463: The temperature but also on the absolute pressure of the system of interest. This dependence is demonstrated by considering the air–water system shown below. The system is closed (i.e., no matter enters or leaves the system). If the system at State A is isobarically heated (heating with no change in system pressure), then the relative humidity of the system decreases because the equilibrium vapor pressure of water increases with increasing temperature. This

3135-416: The volume increases, and the dry air molecules that were displaced will initially move out into the additional volume, after which the mixture will eventually become uniform through diffusion. Hence the mass per unit volume of the gas—its density—decreases. Isaac Newton discovered this phenomenon and wrote about it in his book Opticks . The relative humidity of an air–water system is dependent not only on

3192-468: The volume of the air and water vapor mixture ( V net ) {\displaystyle (V_{\text{net}})} , which can be expressed as: A H = m H 2 O V net . {\displaystyle AH={\frac {m_{{\text{H}}_{2}{\text{O}}}}{V_{\text{net}}}}.} If the volume is not set, the absolute humidity varies with changes in air temperature or pressure. Because of this, it

3249-499: The volume, the relative humidity would not change. Therefore, a change in relative humidity can be explained by a change in system temperature, a change in the volume of the system, or change in both of these system properties. The enhancement factor ( f w ) {\displaystyle (f_{w})} is defined as the ratio of the saturated vapor pressure of water in moist air ( e w ′ ) {\displaystyle (e'_{w})} to

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