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86-525: The majority of the grounds were once part of a 44-acre (18 ha) estate known as Rancho Encinal , built for geophysicist Everette Lee DeGolyer and his wife, Nell DeGoyler. The 22,000-square-foot (2,000 m) Spanish-style DeGolyer House was completed in 1940. Since 1976, the DeGolyer Estate has formed a portion of the Dallas Arboretum & Botanical Gardens. The DeGolyer Restaurant/Loggia

172-473: A bronze ball from the mouth of a dragon into the mouth of a toad. By looking at which of eight toads had the ball, one could determine the direction of the earthquake. It was 1571 years before the first design for a seismoscope was published in Europe, by Jean de la Hautefeuille . It was never built. The 17th century had major milestones that marked the beginning of modern science. In 1600, William Gilbert release

258-467: A collection of over 80 varieties of signature Japanese Maples planted along the stream. The rill opened in the fall of 2011 and was designed by Rowland Jackson, with construction services provided by The Beck Group. Key design elements include an entry off the Paseo de Flores and a gathering plaza that overlooks a re-circulating creek and various waterfalls. The area also includes a series of paved walkways and

344-454: A compass in Europe was in 1190 AD. In circa 240 BC, Eratosthenes of Cyrene deduced that the Earth was round and measured the circumference of Earth with great precision. He developed a system of latitude and longitude . Perhaps the earliest contribution to seismology was the invention of a seismoscope by the prolific inventor Zhang Heng in 132 AD. This instrument was designed to drop

430-464: A flower festival in which the blooming of Tsutsuji is celebrated. Tatebayashi, Gunma is famous for its Azalea Hill Park, Tsutsuji-ga-oka. Nezu Shrine in Bunkyo, Tokyo , holds a Tsutsuji Matsuri from early April until early May. Higashi Village has hosted an azalea festival each year since 1976. The village's 50,000 azalea plants draw an estimated 60,000 to 80,000 visitors each year. Sobaeksan , one of

516-472: A magnetosphere. Early space probes mapped out the gross dimensions of the Earth's magnetic field, which extends about 10 Earth radii towards the Sun. The solar wind, a stream of charged particles, streams out and around the terrestrial magnetic field, and continues behind the magnetic tail , hundreds of Earth radii downstream. Inside the magnetosphere, there are relatively dense regions of solar wind particles called

602-658: A million years or so, the polarity of the Earth's field reverses. These geomagnetic reversals , analyzed within a Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale , contain 184 polarity intervals in the last 83 million years, with change in frequency over time, with the most recent brief complete reversal of the Laschamp event occurring 41,000 years ago during the last glacial period . Geologists observed geomagnetic reversal recorded in volcanic rocks, through magnetostratigraphy correlation (see natural remanent magnetization ) and their signature can be seen as parallel linear magnetic anomaly stripes on

688-435: A publication titled De Magnete (1600) where he conducted series of experiments on both natural magnets (called 'loadstones ') and artificially magnetized iron. His experiments lead to observations involving a small compass needle ( versorium ) which replicated magnetic behaviours when subjected to a spherical magnet, along with it experiencing ' magnetic dips ' when it was pivoted on a horizontal axis. HIs findings led to

774-640: A stone bridge connecting the Martin Rutchik Concert Stage to the Magnolia Allee. A large weeping Japanese maple, nearly 100 years old, is in the center of the garden. Commonly referred to as The Paseo, this pathway serves as the central walkway of the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden. Designed by Luis Santana, the path begins at the Trammell Crow Visitor Education Pavilion and concludes near Fogelson Fountain, which

860-482: A view of White Rock Lake and the surrounding gardens. Tom and Phyllis McCasland's 2006 contribution, the McCasland Sunken Garden, was designed by Warren Johnson. It is a renovation and upgrade of the original Sunken Garden. The central aisle, lined with Italian jardinières , leads down a series of steps toward a grass court surrounded by seasonal plantings. The Palmer Fern Dell, designed by Naud Burnett II,

946-460: Is a designated path, planted with azaleas in private gardens, through Mobile, Alabama . The Azalea Trail Run is an annual road running event held there in late March. Mobile, Alabama is also home to the Azalea Trail Maids , fifty women chosen to serve as ambassadors of the city while wearing antebellum dresses, who originally participated in a three-day festival, but now operate throughout

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1032-451: Is a gap of 12 hours and 25 minutes between every high tide and between every low tide. Gravitational forces make rocks press down on deeper rocks, increasing their density as the depth increases. Measurements of gravitational acceleration and gravitational potential at the Earth's surface and above it can be used to look for mineral deposits (see gravity anomaly and gravimetry ). The surface gravitational field provides information on

1118-540: Is a horticultural attraction designed by Naud Burnett II. The garden features seasonal flowers and plants arranged in various beds, creating a visually stunning display. Additionally, visitors can explore the Waterwise display, donated by Region IV of the Texas Nursery and Landscape Association, which provides home gardeners with valuable resources on how to manage a low-water landscape. The Palmer Fern Dell, another feature of

1204-538: Is a very complex substance and its unique properties are essential for life. Its physical properties shape the hydrosphere and are an essential part of the water cycle and climate . Its thermodynamic properties determine evaporation and the thermal gradient in the atmosphere . The many types of precipitation involve a complex mixture of processes such as coalescence , supercooling and supersaturation . Some precipitated water becomes groundwater , and groundwater flow includes phenomena such as percolation , while

1290-503: Is about 4.2 × 10 W , and it is a potential source of geothermal energy. Seismic waves are vibrations that travel through the Earth's interior or along its surface. The entire Earth can also oscillate in forms that are called normal modes or free oscillations of the Earth . Ground motions from waves or normal modes are measured using seismographs . If the waves come from a localized source such as an earthquake or explosion, measurements at more than one location can be used to locate

1376-701: Is also highly toxic—it contains andromedotoxins in both its leaves and nectar, including honey from the nectar. Bees are deliberately fed on Azalea/ Rhododendron nectar in some parts of Turkey, producing a mind-altering, potentially medicinal, and occasionally lethal honey known as " mad honey ". Azalea is dangerous to pets, as, if consumed, the toxins within the plant tissue can cause central nervous system depression , which in turn can lead to multi-organ failure. Symptoms may include vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, laryngeal edema and heart rhythm disturbances, which can lead to complete cardiac arrest and therefore death. Acute kidney failure may also occur. Motoyama, Kōchi has

1462-440: Is always a downward electric field near the surface that averages 120 volts per meter. Relative to the solid Earth, the ionization of the planet's atmosphere is a result of the galactic cosmic rays penetrating it, which leaves it with a net positive charge. A current of about 1800 amperes flows in the global circuit. It flows downward from the ionosphere over most of the Earth and back upwards through thunderstorms. The flow

1548-521: Is believed to be caused by high-energy electrons that get caught in the Van Allen radiation belt . Whistlers are produced by lightning strikes. Hiss may be generated by both. Electromagnetic waves may also be generated by earthquakes (see seismo-electromagnetics ). In the highly conductive liquid iron of the outer core, magnetic fields are generated by electric currents through electromagnetic induction. Alfvén waves are magnetohydrodynamic waves in

1634-551: Is concerned with the shape of the Earth, and by extension the mapping of features around and in the planet, geophysical measurements include high accuracy GPS measurements. These measurements are processed to increase their accuracy through differential GPS processing. Once the geophysical measurements have been processed and inverted, the interpreted results are plotted using GIS. Programs such as ArcGIS and Geosoft were built to meet these needs and include many geophysical functions that are built-in, such as upward continuation , and

1720-468: Is divided into the upper mantle , transition zone, lower mantle and D′′ layer. Between the crust and the mantle is the Mohorovičić discontinuity . The seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers. For a complete model of the Earth, mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so

1806-523: Is held in Ma On Shan , where six native species ( Rhododendron championae , Rhododendron farrerae , Rhododendron hongkongense , Rhododendron moulmainense , Rhododendron simiarum and Rhododendron simsii ) are found in the area. The festival has been held since 2004; it includes activities such as exhibitions, photo contests and carnivals. Many cities in the United States have festivals in

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1892-455: Is liquid, and the motion of this highly conductive fluid generates the Earth's field. Earth's inner core , however, is solid because of the enormous pressure. Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicates some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth: inner core , outer core , mantle, lithosphere and crust . The mantle itself

1978-627: Is located in the DeGolyer House, which overlooks White Rock Lake and A Woman's Garden. Also located on the grounds is an outdoor concert stage, picnic areas, and the 8-acre (3.2 ha) Rory Meyers Children's Adventure Garden with 17 indoor and outdoor galleries. The DeGolyer House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places , as well as the Texas Register of Historic Places. In September 2002, Arboretum facilities were expanded with

2064-467: Is located within the Jonsson Color Garden. Over 90 varieties of ferns, camellias , azaleas and mature trees border a brook, which winds throughout this mini garden. The Magnolia Glade features a waterway and lily pond amid a collection of flowers. Along with her husband Austin, Pauline Neuhoff dedicated this quiet garden to honor her mother. Designed by Landscape Architect Warren Hill Johnson,

2150-410: Is mainly composed of silicates , and the boundaries between layers of the mantle are consistent with phase transitions. The mantle acts as a solid for seismic waves, but under high pressures and temperatures, it deforms so that over millions of years it acts like a liquid. This makes plate tectonics possible. If a planet's magnetic field is strong enough, its interaction with the solar wind forms

2236-466: Is manifested by lightning below the clouds and sprites above. A variety of electric methods are used in geophysical survey. Some measure spontaneous potential , a potential that arises in the ground because of human-made or natural disturbances. Telluric currents flow in Earth and the oceans. They have two causes: electromagnetic induction by the time-varying, external-origin geomagnetic field and motion of conducting bodies (such as seawater) across

2322-484: The Adams–Williamson equation . The conclusion is that pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density. Instead, we know that the Earth's core is composed of an alloy of iron and other minerals. Reconstructions of seismic waves in the deep interior of the Earth show that there are no S-waves in the outer core. This indicates that the outer core is liquid, because liquids cannot support shear. The outer core

2408-530: The International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics encompass both. Absolute positions are most frequently determined using the global positioning system (GPS). A three-dimensional position is calculated using messages from four or more visible satellites and referred to the 1980 Geodetic Reference System . An alternative, optical astronomy , combines astronomical coordinates and the local gravity vector to get geodetic coordinates. This method only provides

2494-405: The conductivity of water makes electrical and electromagnetic methods useful for tracking groundwater flow. Physical properties of water such as salinity have a large effect on its motion in the oceans. The many phases of ice form the cryosphere and come in forms like ice sheets , glaciers , sea ice , freshwater ice, snow, and frozen ground (or permafrost ). Contrary to popular belief,

2580-443: The elastic properties of minerals; their high-pressure phase diagrams , melting points and equations of state at high pressure; and the rheological properties of rocks, or their ability to flow. Deformation of rocks by creep make flow possible, although over short times the rocks are brittle. The viscosity of rocks is affected by temperature and pressure, and in turn, determines the rates at which tectonic plates move. Water

2666-442: The geotherm must also be determined. This requires physical theory for thermal conduction and convection and the heat contribution of radioactive elements . The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the preliminary reference Earth model (PREM). Some parts of this model have been updated by recent findings in mineral physics (see post-perovskite ) and supplemented by seismic tomography . The mantle

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2752-465: The magnetosphere or the Earth's core. In the core, they probably have little observable effect on the Earth's magnetic field, but slower waves such as magnetic Rossby waves may be one source of geomagnetic secular variation . Electromagnetic methods that are used for geophysical survey include transient electromagnetics , magnetotellurics , surface nuclear magnetic resonance and electromagnetic seabed logging. The Earth's magnetic field protects

2838-544: The precession of the equinox (the orbit of whole star patterns along an ecliptic axis . Newton's theory of gravity had gained so much success, that it resulted in changing the main objective of physics in that era to unravel natures fundamental forces, and their characterizations in laws. The first seismometer , an instrument capable of keeping a continuous record of seismic activity, was built by James Forbes in 1844. Azalea Azaleas ( / ə ˈ z eɪ l i ə / ə- ZAY -lee-ə ) are flowering shrubs in

2924-580: The "toad corners" water feature, with two polliwog basins at the Paseo entry. Opened to the public in 1994, Crape Myrtle Allee was originally funded by the Communities Foundation. Dedicated to John and Thelma Black by their daughter Peggy Braecklein, the Allee features a lane of crape myrtle trees, which replaced the original trees planted by the DeGolyers. Paved with Pennsylvania bluestone, the Allee runs from

3010-495: The 12 well-known Sobaek Mountains , lying on the border between Chungbuk Province and Gyeongbuk has a royal azalea ( Rhododendron schlippenbachii ) festival held on May every year. Sobaeksan has an azalea colony dotted around Biro mountaintop, Gukmang and Yonwha early in May. When royal azaleas have turned pink in the end of May, it looks like Sobaeksan wears a pink Jeogori (Korean traditional jacket). The Ma On Shan Azalea Festival

3096-540: The Dallas Arboretum became the 31st "All-America Selections Trial Garden". The Trial Gardens opened to the public in March 2003. The Trial Gardens at the Dallas Arboretum were created for the purpose of expanding research efforts and providing information to the public. The focus of the trial program is to grow and evaluate many different plants in the drastic climate of the Metroplex and North Central Texas. Information generated from

3182-500: The DeGolyer Gardens, this space was originally Nell DeGolyer's personal garden. In 1992, the garden was renovated and dedicated to the children of Nancy Dillard Lyon. The Bill Dillard Family renovated the plantings and lighting of the area, which included benches as well as the sculpture Thank Heaven for Little Girls by Gary Price. Crape myrtle trees enclose a stone walkway to create the garden. This natural tunnel leads visitors to

3268-512: The Earth and its surroundings. Geophysicists also investigate the physical processes and properties of the Earth, its fluid layers, and magnetic field along with the near-Earth environment in the Solar System , which includes other planetary bodies. The gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun gives rise to two high tides and two low tides every lunar day, or every 24 hours and 50 minutes. Therefore, there

3354-447: The Earth from the deadly solar wind and has long been used for navigation. It originates in the fluid motions of the outer core. The magnetic field in the upper atmosphere gives rise to the auroras . The Earth's field is roughly like a tilted dipole , but it changes over time (a phenomenon called geomagnetic secular variation). Mostly the geomagnetic pole stays near the geographic pole , but at random intervals averaging 440,000 to

3440-599: The Earth rotates, as the Earth orbits the Sun, and as the moon orbits the Earth. Geophysical measurements are often recorded as time-series with GPS location. Signal processing involves the correction of time-series data for unwanted noise or errors introduced by the measurement platform, such as aircraft vibrations in gravity data. It also involves the reduction of sources of noise, such as diurnal corrections in magnetic data. In seismic data, electromagnetic data, and gravity data, processing continues after error corrections to include computational geophysics which result in

3526-461: The Earth's crust to the rebound due to the release of the pressure ), geological features such as mountains or ocean trenches , tectonic plate dynamics, and natural disasters can further distort the planet's shape. Evidence from seismology , heat flow at the surface, and mineral physics is combined with the Earth's mass and moment of inertia to infer models of the Earth's interior – its composition, density, temperature, pressure. For example,

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3612-479: The Earth's magnetic field and earthquakes – have been investigated since the ancient era . The magnetic compass existed in China back as far as the fourth century BC. It was used as much for feng shui as for navigation on land. It was not until good steel needles could be forged that compasses were used for navigation at sea; before that, they could not retain their magnetism long enough to be useful. The first mention of

3698-454: The Earth's mean specific gravity ( 5.515 ) is far higher than the typical specific gravity of rocks at the surface ( 2.7–3.3 ), implying that the deeper material is denser. This is also implied by its low moment of inertia ( 0.33 M R , compared to 0.4 M R for a sphere of constant density). However, some of the density increase is compression under the enormous pressures inside the Earth. The effect of pressure can be calculated using

3784-468: The Earth's permanent magnetic field. The distribution of telluric current density can be used to detect variations in electrical resistivity of underground structures. Geophysicists can also provide the electric current themselves (see induced polarization and electrical resistivity tomography ). Electromagnetic waves occur in the ionosphere and magnetosphere as well as in Earth's outer core . Dawn chorus

3870-621: The Earth's shape, density and gravity field, as well as the components of the water cycle. In the 20th century, geophysical methods were developed for remote exploration of the solid Earth and the ocean, and geophysics played an essential role in the development of the theory of plate tectonics. Geophysics is applied to societal needs, such as mineral resources , mitigation of natural hazards and environmental protection . In exploration geophysics , geophysical survey data are used to analyze potential petroleum reservoirs and mineral deposits, locate groundwater, find archaeological relics, determine

3956-503: The Garden encompasses several galleries, each designed to be age specific. There are several lawsuits associated with former employees of the Children's Garden. Geophysics Geophysics ( / ˌ dʒ iː oʊ ˈ f ɪ z ɪ k s / ) is a subject of natural science concerned with the physical processes and physical properties of the Earth and its surrounding space environment, and

4042-614: The Lay Ornamental Garden) is a 2.2-acre (0.89 ha) garden filled with hundreds of perennials and woody plants. A garden at the south end of the property, it is a reinterpretation of the Lay Ornamental Garden, a gift from the family of Mimi Lay Hodges and Herman Lay. The Lay Family Garden was named for Herman Lay , co-founder of Frito-Lay . Located within the DeGolyer Gardens, this pocket rose garden contains over 200 Hybrid Tea Roses of 16 different varieties. In 2002,

4128-544: The Paseo to Toad Corners. The Chandler Lindsley Shadow Garden is filled with pathways. Azaleas border the pathways providing color during the spring, while a row of magnolias provides a backdrop for the garden. Pecan Grove serves as the centerpiece of the festival, Autumn at the Arboretum. In spring, over 100 Japanese Cherry Trees surround the Pecan Grove. In fall, over 50,000 pumpkins, gourds and squash come together to form

4214-624: The Pecan Parterre and the Poetry Garden, which features a sunken garden of roses. The second phase of development opened to the public in the spring of 2006 and was designed by Dallas landscape architect Warren Johnson. It has a native Texas limestone bridge, a 140-foot hanging garden, and a wellspring surrounded by Dawn Redwoods . The purpose of designing these two gardens was to celebrate the strength, courage, creativity and nurturing demeanor of women. This two-acre (0.81 ha) garden includes

4300-601: The Pumpkin Village at the Arboretum. Designed by Warren Johnson and opened in January 2000, the Camellia Garden is located along the Paseo de Flores and features 200 camellias and over 30 different cultivars. The Martha Brooks Camellia Garden was funded by the employees of Central and South West Corporation and was dedicated to the wife of retired CEO Dick Brooks. The 21,000-square-foot home of Mr. and Mrs. DeGolyer serves as

4386-597: The Van Allen radiation belts. Geophysical measurements are generally at a particular time and place. Accurate measurements of position, along with earth deformation and gravity, are the province of geodesy . While geodesy and geophysics are separate fields, the two are so closely connected that many scientific organizations such as the American Geophysical Union , the Canadian Geophysical Union and

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4472-436: The aim of investigating different energy, mineral and water resources. This is done through the uses of various remote sensing platforms such as; satellites , aircraft , boats , drones , borehole sensing equipment and seismic receivers . These equipment are often used in conjunction with different geophysical methods such as magnetic , gravimetry , electromagnetic , radiometric , barometry methods in order to gather

4558-407: The azalea is known as "thinking of home bush" ( sixiang shu ), and is immortalized in the poetry of Du Fu . The azalea is also one of the symbols of the city of São Paulo , Brazil . Azaleas and rhododendrons were once so infamous for their toxicity that to receive a bouquet of their flowers in a black vase was a well-known death threat. In addition to being renowned for its beauty, the azalea

4644-425: The calculation of the measurement derivative such as the first-vertical derivative. Many geophysics companies have designed in-house geophysics programs that pre-date ArcGIS and GeoSoft in order to meet the visualization requirements of a geophysical dataset. Exploration geophysics is a branch of applied geophysics that involves the development and utilization of different seismic or electromagnetic methods which

4730-599: The centerpiece to this garden. Landscape architects Arthur and Marie Berger designed the 4.5-acre (1.8 ha) DeGolyer Gardens for the DeGolyer family in 1940. Many of the original garden features remain, including the Magnolia Allee, the Sunken Garden and the Octagonal Fountain. In 2012, the existing entry landscape was replaced with a new design featuring tropical plants and palms. The Lay Family Garden (formally known as

4816-479: The changes in acceleration experienced by spacecraft as they orbit has allowed fine details of the gravity fields of the planets to be mapped. For example, in the 1970s, the gravity field disturbances above lunar maria were measured through lunar orbiters , which led to the discovery of concentrations of mass, mascons , beneath the Imbrium , Serenitatis , Crisium , Nectaris and Humorum basins. Since geophysics

4902-461: The concentration and distribution of radioisotopes near the Earth's surface, which is useful for mapping lithology and alteration. Fluid motions occur in the magnetosphere, atmosphere , ocean, mantle and core. Even the mantle, though it has an enormous viscosity , flows like a fluid over long time intervals. This flow is reflected in phenomena such as isostasy , post-glacial rebound and mantle plumes . The mantle flow drives plate tectonics and

4988-579: The data. The remote sensing platforms used in exploration geophysics are not perfect and need adjustments done on them in order to accurately account for the effects that the platform itself may have on the collected data. For example, when gathering aeromagnetic data (aircraft gathered magnetic data) using a conventional fixed-wing aircraft- the platform has to be adjusted to account for the electromagnetic currents that it may generate as it passes through Earth's magnetic field . There are also corrections related to changes in measured potential field intensity as

5074-399: The deduction that compasses point north due to the Earth itself being a giant magnet. In 1687 Isaac Newton published his work titled Principia which was pivotal in the development of modern scientific fields such as astronomy and physics . In it, Newton both laid the foundations for classical mechanics and gravitation , as well as explained different geophysical phenomena such as

5160-554: The distance between the two satellites using GPS and a microwave ranging system. Gravity variations detected by GRACE include those caused by changes in ocean currents; runoff and ground water depletion; melting ice sheets and glaciers. Satellites in space have made it possible to collect data from not only the visible light region, but in other areas of the electromagnetic spectrum . The planets can be characterized by their force fields: gravity and their magnetic fields , which are studied through geophysics and space physics. Measuring

5246-542: The dynamics of tectonic plates . The geopotential surface called the geoid is one definition of the shape of the Earth. The geoid would be the global mean sea level if the oceans were in equilibrium and could be extended through the continents (such as with very narrow canals). The Earth is cooling, and the resulting heat flow generates the Earth's magnetic field through the geodynamo and plate tectonics through mantle convection . The main sources of heat are: primordial heat due to Earth's cooling and radioactivity in

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5332-574: The early spring. Hand picking infected leaves is the recommended method of control. They can also be subject to Phytophthora root rot in moist, hot conditions. Azaleas share the economically important disease Phytophthora cinnamomi with more than 3000 other plants. Azaleas share the Azalea lace bug ( Stephanitis pyrioides ) with many other heath species. Shrewsbury & Raupp 2000 find azaleas can be protected from them by companion planting with an overstory above them. In Chinese culture,

5418-473: The earth is not entirely spherical but instead generally exhibits an ellipsoid shape- which is a result of the centrifugal forces the planet generates due to its constant motion. These forces cause the planets diameter to bulge towards the Equator and results in the ellipsoid shape . Earth's shape is constantly changing, and different factors including glacial isostatic rebound (large ice sheets melting causing

5504-561: The earth up to several kilometers deep and are used to increase our understanding of the geology as well as to explore for oil and gas. Changes in the travel direction, called refraction , can be used to infer the deep structure of the Earth . Earthquakes pose a risk to humans . Understanding their mechanisms, which depend on the type of earthquake (e.g., intraplate or deep focus ), can lead to better estimates of earthquake risk and improvements in earthquake engineering . Although we mainly notice electricity during thunderstorms , there

5590-483: The final interpretation of the geophysical data into a geological interpretation of the geophysical measurements Geophysics emerged as a separate discipline only in the 19th century, from the intersection of physical geography , geology , astronomy , meteorology, and physics. The first known use of the word geophysics was in German ("Geophysik") by Julius Fröbel in 1834. However, many geophysical phenomena – such as

5676-549: The flow in the Earth's core drives the geodynamo. Geophysical fluid dynamics is a primary tool in physical oceanography and meteorology . The rotation of the Earth has profound effects on the Earth's fluid dynamics, often due to the Coriolis effect . In the atmosphere, it gives rise to large-scale patterns like Rossby waves and determines the basic circulation patterns of storms. In the ocean, they drive large-scale circulation patterns as well as Kelvin waves and Ekman spirals at

5762-488: The garden, boasts an impressive collection of ferns, camellias, azaleas, and other perennials and shrubs, making it a popular spot among visitors. A Woman's Garden is a gift from the Women's Council of Dallas. The first phase of this 1.8-acre (0.73 ha) formal garden was designed in 1997 by landscape architect Morgan Wheelock. A Woman's Garden is composed of several smaller outdoor garden "rooms" and terraced walkways, including

5848-501: The generation of magmas , volcanism and rock formation. However, modern geophysics organizations and pure scientists use a broader definition that includes the water cycle including snow and ice; fluid dynamics of the oceans and the atmosphere ; electricity and magnetism in the ionosphere and magnetosphere and solar-terrestrial physics ; and analogous problems associated with the Moon and other planets. Although geophysics

5934-977: The genus Rhododendron , particularly the former sections Tsutsusi (evergreen) and Pentanthera (deciduous). Azaleas bloom in the spring (April and May in the temperate Northern Hemisphere, and October and November in the Southern Hemisphere), their flowers often lasting several weeks. Shade tolerant, they prefer living near or under trees. They are part of the family Ericaceae . Plant enthusiasts have selectively bred azaleas for hundreds of years. This human selection has produced thousands of different cultivars which are propagated by cuttings. Azalea seeds can also be collected and germinated . Azaleas are generally slow-growing and do best in well-drained acidic soil (4.5–6.0 pH). Fertilizer needs are low. Some species need regular pruning . Azaleas are native to several continents including Asia, Europe and North America. They are planted abundantly as ornamentals in

6020-594: The geodynamo and plate tectonics. The main heat-producing isotopes are potassium-40 , uranium-238 , uranium-235, and thorium-232 . Radioactive elements are used for radiometric dating , the primary method for establishing an absolute time scale in geochronology . Unstable isotopes decay at predictable rates, and the decay rates of different isotopes cover several orders of magnitude, so radioactive decay can be used to accurately date both recent events and events in past geologic eras . Radiometric mapping using ground and airborne gamma spectrometry can be used to map

6106-414: The glade takes on different colors and textures throughout the year. Framed by the 45-foot flowers of the Dallas Arboretum's Magnolia Allee, the glade is enclosed by ‘Teddy Bear’ southern magnolias, as well as butterfly Japanese Maples, large white flowering camellias, and loquats. Nancy's Garden is blanketed by pink crape myrtles and azaleas and is filled seasonally with pastel annual color. Located within

6192-415: The ocean surface. In the Earth's core, the circulation of the molten iron is structured by Taylor columns . Waves and other phenomena in the magnetosphere can be modeled using magnetohydrodynamics . The physical properties of minerals must be understood to infer the composition of the Earth's interior from seismology , the geothermal gradient and other sources of information. Mineral physicists study

6278-436: The opening of the new Visitors Center, named after Dallas developer Trammell Crow . The Arboretum opened in 1984. Currently, there are 19 named gardens. Built with native Texas limestone and wood and copper sheathing, the structure serves as the gateway to the gardens. The Scott K. Ginsburg Family Plaza and Junkins Fountain is located at the entrance. The Margaret Elisabeth Jonsson Color Garden spans 6.5 acres (2.6 ha) and

6364-407: The planets upper crust. There is also some contributions from phase transitions . Heat is mostly carried to the surface by thermal convection , although there are two thermal boundary layers – the core–mantle boundary and the lithosphere – in which heat is transported by conduction . Some heat is carried up from the bottom of the mantle by mantle plumes . The heat flow at the Earth's surface

6450-575: The plants for use in his estate garden. With encouragement from Charles Sprague Sargent from Harvard's Arnold Arboretum, Magnolia Gardens was opened to the public in 1871, following the American Civil War. Magnolia is one of the oldest public gardens in America. Since the late 19th century, in late March and early April, thousands visit to see the azaleas bloom in their full glory. Azalea leafy gall can be particularly destructive to azalea leaves during

6536-400: The position in two coordinates and is more difficult to use than GPS. However, it is useful for measuring motions of the Earth such as nutation and Chandler wobble . Relative positions of two or more points can be determined using very-long-baseline interferometry . Gravity measurements became part of geodesy because they were needed to related measurements at the surface of the Earth to

6622-597: The reference coordinate system. Gravity measurements on land can be made using gravimeters deployed either on the surface or in helicopter flyovers. Since the 1960s, the Earth's gravity field has been measured by analyzing the motion of satellites. Sea level can also be measured by satellites using radar altimetry , contributing to a more accurate geoid . In 2002, NASA launched the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), wherein two twin satellites map variations in Earth's gravity field by making measurements of

6708-435: The seafloor. These stripes provide quantitative information on seafloor spreading , a part of plate tectonics. They are the basis of magnetostratigraphy , which correlates magnetic reversals with other stratigraphies to construct geologic time scales. In addition, the magnetization in rocks can be used to measure the motion of continents. Radioactive decay accounts for about 80% of the Earth's internal heat , powering

6794-404: The source. The locations of earthquakes provide information on plate tectonics and mantle convection. Recording of seismic waves from controlled sources provides information on the region that the waves travel through. If the density or composition of the rock changes, waves are reflected. Reflections recorded using Reflection Seismology can provide a wealth of information on the structure of

6880-513: The southeastern US, southern Asia, and parts of southwest Europe. According to azalea historian Fred Galle, in the United States, Azalea indica (in this case, the group of plants called Southern indicas) was first introduced to the outdoor landscape in the 1830s at the rice plantation Magnolia-on-the-Ashley in Charleston, South Carolina . From Philadelphia, where they were grown only in greenhouses , John Grimke Drayton (Magnolia's owner) imported

6966-436: The spring celebrating the blooms of the azalea, including Summerville, South Carolina ; Hamilton, New Jersey ; Mobile, Alabama ; Jasper, Texas ; Tyler, Texas ; Norfolk, Virginia ; Wilmington, North Carolina ( North Carolina Azalea Festival ); Valdosta, Georgia ; Palatka, Florida ( Florida Azalea Festival ); Pickens, South Carolina ; Muskogee, Oklahoma ; Brookings, Oregon ; and Nixa, Missouri . The Azalea Trail

7052-424: The thickness of glaciers and soils, and assess sites for environmental remediation . Geophysics is a highly interdisciplinary subject, and geophysicists contribute to every area of the Earth sciences , while some geophysicists conduct research in the planetary sciences . To provide a more clear idea on what constitutes geophysics, this section describes phenomena that are studied in physics and how they relate to

7138-451: The trials is provided to commercial plant producers, retailers and home gardeners. Between 3,000 and 5,000 plants are trialed yearly from over 150 plant breeding companies. The Rory Meyers Children's Adventure Garden was designed to connect children with nature. The Children's Garden is funded with support from the City of Dallas and private and corporate donors. Named by the family of Rory Meyers,

7224-505: The use of quantitative methods for their analysis. Geophysicists, who usually study geophysics, physics , or one of the Earth sciences at the graduate level, complete investigations across a wide range of scientific disciplines. The term geophysics classically refers to solid earth applications: Earth's shape ; its gravitational , magnetic fields , and electromagnetic fields  ; its internal structure and composition ; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics ,

7310-498: Was donated by the late Greer Garson in memory of her husband, Buddy. A stacked stone wall serves as the backbone of this garden, alongside a range of rose varieties. Donated in 2004 by George Boswell and designed by landscape architect Warren Johnson of Fallcreek Gardens, The Boswell Family Garden comprises the area north of the McCasland Sunken Garden and is surrounded by the Gazebo, Octagonal Fountain, and Magnolia Allee. An overlook offers

7396-444: Was only recognized as a separate discipline in the 19th century, its origins date back to ancient times. The first magnetic compasses were made from lodestones , while more modern magnetic compasses played an important role in the history of navigation. The first seismic instrument was built in 132 AD. Isaac Newton applied his theory of mechanics to the tides and the precession of the equinox ; and instruments were developed to measure

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