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33-611: It was already possible to run dynamic languages on top of the JVM, but the goal is to ease new dynamic language implementations and increase their performance. This project was the reference implementation of JSR 292 ( Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on the Java Platform ). Prior to Java 7, the Java Virtual Machine had no built-in support for dynamically typed languages : JSR 292 ( Supporting Dynamically Typed Languages on

66-570: A technology transfer office , to advance the transfer of its scientific research findings and meet the growing entrepreneurial spirit in the Fraunhofer institutes. Between 2000 and 2001, the institutes and IT research centres of the GMD (Gesellschaft für Mathematik und Datenverarbeitung – Society for Mathematics and Information technology) were integrated into the Fraunhofer Society at the initiative of

99-576: A "commission for the promotion of the development of the Fraunhofer Society" planned the further development of the Fraunhofer Society (FhG). The commission developed a financing model that would make the Society dependent on its commercial success. This would later come to be known as the "Fraunhofer Model". The Model was agreed to by the Federal Cabinet and the Bund-Länder-Kommission in 1973. In

132-522: A leader in applied research and to encourage a flexible, autonomous, and entrepreneurial approach to the society's research priorities. The institutes are not legally independent units. The Fraunhofer model grants a very high degree of independence to the institutes in terms of project results, scientific impact and above all for their own funding. On the one hand, this results in a high degree of independence in terms of technical focus, distribution of resources, project acquisition, and project management. On

165-465: A research budget of 360 million Deutsche Mark . By 1988, defence research represented only about 10% of the entire expenditure of the Fraunhofer Society. By 1989, the Fraunhofer Society had nearly 6,400 employees in 37 institutes, with a total budget of 700 million Deutsche Mark . In 1991, the Fraunhofer Society faced the challenge of integrating numerous research establishments in former East Germany as branch offices of already-existing institutes in

198-587: A specification to be used as a definitive interpretation for that specification. During the development of the ... conformance test suite, at least one relatively trusted implementation of each interface is necessary to (1) discover errors or ambiguities in the specification, and (2) validate the correct functioning of the test suite. Characteristics of a Reference Implementation: Fraunhofer Society The Fraunhofer Society ( German : Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e. V. , lit.   'Fraunhofer Society for

231-476: A world-leading centre in lasers and optical systems. The UK Government commented on the significance of Fraunhofer CAP in quantum technology innovation. Ongoing core funding is received from Scottish Government and Scottish Enterprise. The Fraunhofer Society was founded in Munich on March 26, 1949, by representatives of industry and academia, the government of Bavaria , and the nascent Federal Republic . In 1952,

264-448: Is a program that implements all requirements from a corresponding specification. The reference implementation often accompanies a technical standard , and demonstrates what should be considered the "correct" behavior of any other implementation of it. Reference implementations of algorithms, for instance cryptographic algorithms , are often the result or the input of standardization processes. In this function they are often dedicated to

297-403: Is almost never garbage collected because it stores immutable data in the context of Java programs; and because of that, dynamic languages implementations can only compile a small part of the scripts. JSR 292 proposes to: Reference implementation In the software development process , a reference implementation (or, less frequently, sample implementation or model implementation )

330-514: Is the biggest organization for applied research and development services in Europe. It is named after Joseph von Fraunhofer who, as a scientist, an engineer, and an entrepreneur, is said to have superbly exemplified the goals of the society. Some basic funding for the Fraunhofer Society is provided by the state (the German public, through the federal government together with the states or Länder , "owns"

363-548: The JRuby team has successfully wired dynamic invocation in their codebase. Dynamic invocation shipped with the 1.1.5 release, and will be disabled on JVMs without invokedynamic capabilities. Since then, the project has been integrated in the JDK 7 codebase and then integrated in the Java 7 release . Dynamic invocation is built on the fact that, even if Java is a strongly static language at

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396-587: The MP3 standard usually does not compare favorably to other common implementations, such as LAME , in listening tests that determine sound quality. In contrast, CPython , the reference implementation of the Python programming language , is also the implementation most widely used in production. Testing the implementation-vs-specification relationship further enhances the production 's inter-process efficiencies: A reference implementation is, in general, an implementation of

429-462: The public domain with their source code as public domain software . Examples are the first CERN's httpd , Serpent cipher, base64 variants, and SHA-3 . The Openwall Project maintains a list of several algorithms with their reference source code in the public domain. A reference implementation may or may not be production quality. For example, the Fraunhofer reference implementation of

462-531: The Advancement of Applied Research' ) is a German publicly-owned research organization with 76   institutes spread throughout Germany, each focusing on different fields of applied science (as opposed to the Max Planck Society , which works primarily on basic science ). With some 30,800 employees, mainly scientists and engineers , and with an annual research budget of about €3.0   billion, it

495-626: The Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs declared the Fraunhofer Society to be the third part of the non-university German research landscape (alongside the German Research Foundation (DFG) and the Max Planck Institutes ). Whether the Fraunhofer Society should support applied research through its own facilities was, however, the subject of a long-running dispute. From 1954, the Society's first institutes developed. By 1956, it

528-547: The Federal Ministry for Education and Research. The year 2000 marked a noteworthy success at Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits (IIS): MP3 , a lossy audio format which they developed. For many years afterwards, MP3 was the most widely adopted method for compressing and decompressing digital audio. In 2002, ownership of the Heinrich-Hertz-Institut for Communications Technology Berlin GmbH (HHI), which belonged to

561-517: The Fraunhofer Institute for Intelligent Analysis and Information Systems (IAIS) was founded as a merger between the Institute for Autonomous Intelligent Systems (AIS), and the Institute for Media Communication (IMK). In 2009, the former FGAN Institutes were converted into Fraunhofer Institutes, amongst them the Fraunhofer Institute for Communication, Information Processing and Ergonomics FKIE and

594-593: The Fraunhofer Society operates five US-based Centers through its American subsidiary, Fraunhofer USA: In 2017 Fraunhofer Society launched its first direct subsidiary in Asia: At the invitation of the UK Government, Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd was established in partnership with the University of Strathclyde . The UK's first Fraunhofer Centre, Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics, was established and quickly recognised as

627-602: The Fraunhofer Society), but more than 70% of the funding is earned through contract work, either for government-sponsored projects or from industry. Since the 1990s the organization has also internationalized, establishing various centers in the United States, Asia and other European countries. In October 2010, Fraunhofer announced that it would open its first research center in South America. Fraunhofer UK Research Ltd

660-518: The Fraunhofer Society. In 1993, the Fraunhofer Society's total budget exceeded 1 billion Deutsche Mark . In 1994, the Society founded a US-based subsidiary, Fraunhofer USA, Inc., to extend the outreach of Fraunhofer's R&D network to American clients. Its mission statement of 2000 committed the Fraunhofer Society to being a market and customer-oriented, nationally and internationally active sponsor organization for institutes of applied research. In 1999, Fraunhofer initiated Fraunhofer Venture,

693-483: The Gottfried William Leibniz Society e. V. (GWL), was transferred to the Fraunhofer Society. With this integration, the Fraunhofer Society budget exceeded €1 billion for the first time. In 2003, the Fraunhofer Society headquarters moved to its own building in Munich . The Fraunhofer Society developed and formulated a firm specific mission statement summarizing fundamental targets and codifying

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726-545: The Java Platform ) proposes to: Following the success of the JRuby Java implementation, the Da Vinci project was started at the end of January 2008. The capabilities experimented by Da Vinci were planned to be added to Java 7 . It aims to prototype this JSR, but also other lower-priority extensions. The first working prototype, developed as a patch on OpenJDK , was announced and made available on end of August 2008. Since then,

759-633: The best known Fraunhofer developments is the MP3 audio data compression process. In 2018, the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft reported 734 new inventions. This corresponds to about three inventions per working day. Of these, 612 developments were registered for patents. Recent studies have shown that the presence of a Fraunhofer center can boost the patent output of local firms and inventors in at least 13%. The Fraunhofer Society currently operates 76 institutes and research units. These are Fraunhofer Institutes for: In addition to its German institutes,

792-454: The budget is sourced in the proportion 9:1 from federal and state (Land) government grants and is used to support preparatory research. Thus the size of the society's budget depends largely on its success in maximizing revenue from commissions. This funding model applies not just to the central society itself but also to the individual institutes. This serves both to drive the realization of the Fraunhofer Society's strategic direction of becoming

825-468: The desired "values and guidelines" of the society's "culture". Amongst these, the society committed itself to improving the opportunities for female employees and coworkers to identify themselves with the enterprise and to develop their own creative potential. In 2004, the former "Fraunhofer Working Group for Electronic Media Technology" at the Fraunhofer-Institut for Integrated Circuits (IIS) gained

858-420: The following decades and became a topic of public debate, including the need to improve resilience, defence capabilities and the protection of civilians and against cyber-attacks. In 2022, Fraunhofer also benefited from the € 100 billion in special funding for the German armed forces. By 1969, Fraunhofer had more than 1,200 employees in 19 institutes. The budget stood at 33 million Deutsche Mark . At this time,

891-407: The language level, the type information is much less prevalent at the bytecode level. However, dynamic languages implementations need to be able to use just-in-time compilation (rather than reflection ) to achieve good performance, and so to compile scripts to bytecode at runtime. To be allowed to be run by the Java Virtual Machine , these bytecodes must be verified prior to the execution, and

924-593: The other hand, this also generates a certain economic pressure and a compulsion to customer and market orientation. In this sense, the institutes and their employees act in an entrepreneurial manner and ideally combine research, innovation, and entrepreneurship. Numerous innovations are the result of research and development work at the Fraunhofer institutes. The institutes work on practically all application-relevant technology fields, i.e. microelectronics, information and communication technology, life sciences, materials research, energy technology or medical technology. One of

957-514: The same year, the executive committee and central administration moved into joint accommodation at Leonrodstraße 54 in Munich . The Fraunhofer program for the promotion of consulting research for SMEs was established, and has gained ever more significance in subsequent years. In 1977, the political ownership of the society was shared by the Ministries of Defense and Research. By 1984, the Fraunhofer Society had 3,500 employees in 33 institutes and

990-640: The status of an independent institute. It becomes Fraunhofer-Institut for Digital Media Technology IDMT. New alliances and topic groups helped to strengthen the market operational readiness level of the institutes for Fraunhofer in certain jurisdictions. In 2005, two new institutes, the Leipzig Fraunhofer-Institut for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), and the Fraunhofer Center for Nano-electronic technologies CNT in Dresden , were founded. In 2006,

1023-465: The verifier check that the types are static throughout the code. It leads to these implementations having to create many different bytecodes for the different contexts of a method call, each time the signature of the arguments change. This not only uses a lot of memory, but also fills a memory area called Metaspace (Permanent Generation prior to Java 8), a part of the heap used by the JVM to store information about classes . Memory used in this area

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1056-489: Was developing research facilities in cooperation with the Ministry of Defense. In 1959, the Fraunhofer Society comprised nine institutes with 135 coworkers and a budget of 3.6 million Deutsche Mark . In 1965, the Fraunhofer Society was identified as a sponsor organization for applied research. In 1968, the Fraunhofer Society became the target of public criticism for its role in military research. The criticism continued in

1089-510: Was established as a legally independent affiliate along with its Fraunhofer Centre for Applied Photonics, in Glasgow, Scotland, in March 2012. The so-called "Fraunhofer model" has been in existence since 1973 and has led to the society's continuing growth. Under the model, the Fraunhofer Society earns about 70% of its income through contracts with industry or specific government projects. The other 30% of

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