82-547: Dual-tone multi-frequency signaling ( DTMF ) is a telecommunication signaling system using the voice-frequency band over telephone lines between telephone equipment and other communications devices and switching centers . DTMF was first developed in the Bell System in the United States, and became known under the trademark Touch-Tone for use in push-button telephones supplied to telephone customers, starting in 1963. DTMF
164-571: A joint venture in August 2005, with Nortel owning 51%, to offer telecom and networking solutions in the wireline, optical, wireless and enterprise areas for South Korean and global customers. Peter W. Currie, previously the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) of the Royal Bank of Canada , was named CFO of Nortel in 2005, having previously served as Northern Telecom's CFO in the 1990s. Gary Daichendt,
246-698: A stalking horse bid . Nortel had acquired the application switch product line in October 2000 when it purchased Alteon WebSystems. With the worsening recession and stock market decline deterring potential companies from bidding for Nortel's assets, and many of Nortel's major customers reconsidering their relationships with the restructuring company, in June Nortel announced that it no longer planned to emerge from bankruptcy protection, and would seek buyers for all of its business units. After announcing it planned to sell off all of its assets, Nortel shares were delisted from
328-462: A $ 57 million deal to wind up the health care and other benefits provided to former Canadian employees. Shortly afterwards, Nortel proposed spending $ 92.3M on retention bonuses for 1,475 employees in its Nortel Business Services and Corporate groups, with $ 2.5 million in incentives going to Christopher Ricaute, president of Nortel Business Services; $ 27 million allocated for Canadian employees; and $ 55 million allocated for U.S. employees. The proposed plan
410-579: A US$ 1 billion indemnification from Nortel, joining the list of U.S. creditors. In February 2010, Ernst & Young , the court-appointed monitor of Nortel's Canadian bankruptcy proceedings, reported that the assets of Nortel's Health and Welfare Trust had a shortfall of $ 37 million in its net assets as of December 31, 2008. The trust supports pensioners' medical, dental and life insurance benefits, as well as income support for some groups such as long-term disability recipients. Also in February, Nortel negotiated
492-497: A US$ 750 million credit support facility with Export Development Canada . Walter Robinson of the Canadian Taxpayers Federation denounced the line of credit, calling it " corporate welfare at its worst." On April 28, 2004 amidst the accounting scandal, three of Nortel's top lieutenants—Douglas Beatty, CEO Frank Dunn and Michael Gollogly—were fired for financial mismanagement . They were later charged with fraud by
574-553: A bailout. Nortel initially hoped to re-emerge from bankruptcy, implementing a retention bonus plan in an effort to retain its top executives during the restructuring period. These bonuses, totaling US$ 45 million, were targeted at 1,000 executive positions. At the end of January 2009, Nortel announced that it would be discontinuing its WiMAX business and its agreement with Alvarion . Nortel subsequently sold its Layer 4–7 application delivery business to Israeli technology firm Radware for $ 18 million, after Radware had initially placed
656-636: A cabling company for $ 500,000; a Canadian charter named it The Wire and Cable Company . Northern Electric and Manufacturing further expanded its product line in 1900, manufacturing the first Canadian wind-up gramophones that played flat discs . In 1911 the Wire and Cable Company changed its name to the Imperial Wire and Cable Company . The construction of a new manufacturing plant started in 1913 at Shearer Street in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, as preparations began for
738-635: A fresh round of legal arguments in a seven-year-old bankruptcy which cost creditors about $ 2 billion including attorney fees. Courts in the U.S. and Canada approved a negotiated settlement among competing creditors in January 2017. Nortel made telecommunications , computer network equipment and software . It served both general businesses and communications carriers ( landline telephone , mobile phone , and cable TV carriers). Technologies included telephonic (voice) equipment, fiber optics , local wireless , and multimedia . Past products included: In 2016,
820-502: A function that is performed in the United States by Bell 202 modulated frequency-shift keying (FSK) signaling. DTMF was originally decoded by tuned filter banks . By the end of the 20th century, digital signal processing became the predominant technology for decoding. DTMF decoding algorithms typically use the Goertzel algorithm although application of MUSIC (algorithm) to DTMF decoding has been shown to outperform Goertzel and being
902-507: A key sends a combination of the row and column frequencies. For example, the 1 key produces a superimposition of a 697 Hz low tone and a 1209 Hz high tone. Initial pushbutton designs employed levers, enabling each button to activate one row and one column contact. The tones are decoded by the switching center to determine the keys pressed by the user. Engineers had envisioned telephones being used to access computers and automated response systems. They consulted with companies to determine
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#1732851654766984-449: A loop-disconnect (LD) signaling, more commonly known as pulse dialing (dial pulse, DP) in the United States. It functions by interrupting the current in the local loop between the telephone exchange and the calling party 's telephone at a precise rate with a switch in the telephone that is operated by the rotary dial as it spins back to its rest position after having been rotated to each desired number. The exchange equipment responds to
1066-507: A majority share in BNR, and eventually acquired the entire company. In the late 1990s, stock market speculators , hoping that Nortel would reap increasingly lucrative profits from the sale of fibre optic network gear, began pushing up the company's share price to unheard-of levels despite the company's repeated failure to turn a profit. Under the leadership of chief executive officer (CEO) John Roth , sales of optical equipment had been robust in
1148-666: A new factory was under construction. As the manufacturing branch expanded, its production ability increased beyond the demand for telephones, and it faced closure for several months a year without manufacturing other products. The Bell Telephone Company of Canada's (later renamed to Bell Canada) charter prohibited the company to build other products. In 1895, the Bell Telephone of Canada spun off its manufacturing arm to build telephones for sale to other companies, as well as other products, such as fire alarm boxes, police street call boxes , and fire department call equipment . This company
1230-674: A number is a priority call. Present-day uses of the signals A, B, C and D are rare in telephone networks, and are exclusive to network control. For example, A is used in some networks for cycling through a list of carriers. The signals are used in radio phone patch and repeater operations to allow, among other uses, control of the repeater while connected to an active telephone line. The signals *, #, A, B, C and D are still widely used worldwide by amateur radio operators and commercial two-way radio systems for equipment control, repeater control, remote-base operations and some telephone communications systems. DTMF signaling tones may also be heard at
1312-465: A part of signaling protocols, as long as both endpoints agree on a common approach to adopt. The DTMF telephone keypad is laid out as a matrix of push buttons in which each row represents the low frequency component and each column represents the high frequency component of the DTMF signal. The commonly used keypad has four rows and three columns, but a fourth column is present for some applications. Pressing
1394-582: A stalking horse bid of $ 475 million. In November, Nortel sold its MEN (Metro Ethernet Networks) unit to Ciena Corporation for US$ 530 million in cash and US$ 239 million in convertible notes, and its GSM business at auction to Ericsson and Kapsch for US$ 103 million. Hitachi purchased the Next Generation Packet Core assets. As insurance against judgments in class action lawsuits filed by former employees, John Roth filed in December 2009 for
1476-414: A total of $ 70 million in bonuses to the top 43 managers, with $ 7.8 million going to Dunn alone, $ 3 million to chief financial officer Douglas Beatty, and $ 2 million to controller Michael Gollogly. Independent auditor Deloitte & Touche advised audit committee chairman John Cleghorn and board chairman "Red" Wilson to look into the suspicious results, who promptly hired the law firm WilmerHale to vet
1558-407: Is a group of signaling methods that use a mixture of two pure tone (pure sine wave ) sounds. Various MF signaling protocols were devised by the Bell System and CCITT . The earliest of these were for in-band signaling between switching centers, where long-distance telephone operators used a 16- digit keypad to input the next portion of the destination telephone number in order to contact
1640-506: Is able to convey multiple items of formation (e.g. multiple digits of the called telephone number). Subscriber signaling refers to the signaling between the telephone and the telephone exchange . Trunk signaling is the signaling between exchanges. Every signaling system can be characterized along each of the above axes of classification. A few examples: Whereas common-channel signaling systems are out-of-band by definition, and in-band signaling systems are also necessarily channel-associated,
1722-407: Is concerned with conveying addressing information, such as the calling and/or called telephone number . In the early days of telephony , with operator handling calls, the addressing formation is by voice as "Operator, connect me to Mr. Smith please". In the first half of the 20th century, addressing formation is done by using a rotary dial , which rapidly breaks the line current into pulses , with
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#17328516547661804-500: Is standardized as ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. It is also known in the UK as MF4 . Touch-tone dialing with a telephone keypad gradually replaced the use of rotary dials and has become the industry standard in telephony to control automated equipment and signal user intent. Other multi-frequency systems are also used for signaling on trunks in the telephone network. Before the development of DTMF, telephone numbers were dialed by users with
1886-416: Is the use of signals for controlling communications . This may constitute an information exchange concerning the establishment and control of a telecommunication circuit and the management of the network. Signaling systems may be classified based on several principal characteristics. In the public switched telephone network (PSTN), in-band signaling is the exchange of call control information within
1968-545: The 2007–2008 financial crisis . Nortel had an interest payment of $ 107 million due the next day, approximately 4.6% of its cash reserves of approximately $ 2.3 billion. After the announcement, the share price fell more than 79% on the Toronto Stock Exchange. Export Development Canada agreed to provide up to C$ 30 million in short-term financing through its existing credit support facility with Nortel. The Canadian government resisted characterizing its position on Nortel as
2050-550: The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation reported that lawyers and accountants received CA$ 2.5 billion from Nortel's estate. In 2001 Nortel's director of information services Kathleen Peterson was found dead at the bottom of a staircase in her home in Durham, NC. Nortel had been enduring heavy layoffs during this time, and family members report that Kathleen was worried she may too be laid off at Nortel. This
2132-498: The Internet and other communications networks. As a consequence of the stock transaction used to purchase Bay Networks, BCE ceased to be the majority shareholder of Nortel. In 1999, Nortel outsourced several of its manufacturing operations to North American contractors. In 2000, BCE spun out Nortel, distributing its holdings of Nortel to its shareholders. Bell-Northern Research was gradually absorbed into Nortel, as it first acquired
2214-548: The RCMP . The trial began on January 16, 2012, ending with acquittals for all three. The United States Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) also filed charges against them and four vice-presidents for civil fraud. On December 19, 2014, remaining civil charges from the Ontario Securities Commission and SEC were simultaneously dropped. After Dunn's firing, retired United States Admiral Bill Owens – at
2296-574: The Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), employing 94,500 people worldwide. In 2009, Nortel filed for bankruptcy protection in Canada and the United States, triggering a 79% decline in its corporate stock price. The bankruptcy case was the largest in Canadian history and left pensioners, shareholders, and former employees with enormous losses. By 2016, Nortel had sold billions of dollars in assets. Courts in
2378-574: The Carrier VoIP and Application Solutions (CVAS) unit in May 2010, as Nortel accepted its stalking horse bid of $ 282 million, with adjustments that decreased the net sale price to about $ 100 million, without a formal bidding process. Ericsson purchased Nortel's share in its joint venture with LG Electronics for US$ 242 million, forming LG-Ericsson , in June 2010. Ericsson also purchased Nortel's final operating unit,
2460-631: The DTMF specification, that indicate the status of lines, equipment, or the result of calls, and for control of equipment for troubleshooting or service purposes. Such call-progress tones are often also composed of multiple frequencies and are standardized in each country. The Bell System defined them in the Precise Tone Plan . Bell's Multi-frequency signaling was exploited by blue box devices. Some early modems were based on touch-tone frequencies, such as Bell 400-style modems. Telecommunication signaling In telecommunications , signaling
2542-850: The Multi-Service Switch division, in September 2010 for US$ 65 million. Nortel's Ottawa campus on Carling Avenue was purchased by Public Works and Government Services Canada (PWGSC) in October 2010 for a cash purchase price of CDN$ 208 million, to serve as the new home of Canada's National Defence Headquarters . Nortel's 53.13% stake in Turkish company Nortel Netaş was acquired by One Equity Partners (OEP) and Rhea Investments for $ 68 million in December 2010. The last major asset of Nortel, approximately 6,000 patents and patent applications encompassing technologies such as wireless, wireless 4G, data networking, optical, voice, Internet, and semiconductors,
DTMF - Misplaced Pages Continue
2624-560: The Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company, or simply Northern Electric. Until an antitrust settlement in 1949, Northern Electric was owned mostly by Bell Canada and the Western Electric Company of the Bell System , producing large volumes of telecommunications equipment based on licensed Western Electric designs. At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all companies listed on
2706-450: The Northern Electric research lab, Northern Electric Laboratories (the predecessor to Bell-Northern Research ), started looking into the possibilities of fiber optic cable , and in 1969, began work on digitizing telephone communications. Also in 1969, Northern began making inroads into the U.S. market with its switching systems. In 1972, it opened its first factory in the U.S. in Michigan . In
2788-464: The Shearer Street plant, and much of the programming was religious services for the Northern Electric employees and families in the community. In July 1923, CHYC-AM was the first radio station to provide entertainment to the riders of the transcontinental train , in a parlor car fitted with a radio set to receive the broadcast as it left Montreal and traveled west. Later in the 1920s, Northern created
2870-601: The Toronto Stock Exchange on June 26, 2009 at a price of $ 0.185 per share, down from its high in 2000 when it comprised a third of the S&;P/TSX composite index. Mike Zafirovski subsequently resigned in August, and Nortel's board of directors was reorganized with three members instead of nine. Nortel handed out $ 14.2 million in cash compensation to seven executives in 2009. Nortel also paid out $ 1.4 million to 10 former and current directors, and paid $ 140 million to lawyers, pension, human resources and financial experts helping to oversee
2952-558: The Touch-Tone feature tone dialing or DTMF . Automatic Electric (GTE) referred to it as "Touch-calling" in their marketing. Other trade names such as Digitone were used by the Northern Electric Company in Canada. As a method of in-band signaling , DTMF signals were also used by cable television broadcasters as cue tones to indicate the start and stop times of local commercial insertion points during station breaks for
3034-610: The U.S. and Canada approved a negotiated settlement of bankruptcy proceedings in 2017. Alexander Graham Bell conceived the technical aspects of the telephone in July 1874, while residing with his parents at their farm in Tutela Heights, on the outskirts of Brantford, Ontario . He later refined its design at Brantford after producing his first working prototype in Boston. Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd of Brantford,
3116-546: The United States and Canada to suppress caller ID . Public payphones that accept credit cards use these additional codes to send the information from the magnetic strip . The AUTOVON telephone system of the United States Armed Forces used signals A, B, C, and D to assert certain privilege and priority levels when placing telephone calls. Precedence is still a feature of military telephone networks, but using number combinations. For example, entering 93 before
3198-529: The above metering pulse example demonstrates that there exist channel-associated signaling systems which are out-of-band. Northern Electric Company Nortel Networks Corporation ( Nortel ), formerly Northern Telecom Limited , was a Canadian multinational telecommunications and data networking equipment manufacturer headquartered in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada. It was founded in Montreal , Quebec in 1895 as
3280-456: The administrators of Nortel's British subsidiary lost their appeal to overturn a court order requiring them to pay £2.1 billion into Nortel's underfunded pension plan. Nortel's U.S. retirement income plan is now managed by PBGC Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation . In January 2014, a pact between the U.S. and European divisions of Nortel was approved by a U.S. court. However, litigation continued. In April 2016, Nortel went back to court for
3362-453: The advent of digital trunks , supervision signals are carried by robbed bits or other bits in the E1-carrier dedicated to signaling. Line signaling is concerned with conveying information on the state of the line or channel, such as on-hook, off-hook (answer supervision and disconnect supervision, together referred to as supervision ), ringing , and hook flash . Register signaling
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3444-436: The benefit of cable companies. Until out-of-band signaling equipment was developed in the 1990s, fast, unacknowledged DTMF tone sequences could be heard during the commercial breaks of cable channels in the United States and elsewhere. Previously, terrestrial television stations used DTMF tones to control remote transmitters. In IP telephony , DTMF signals can also be delivered as either in-band or out-of-band tones, or even as
3526-661: The blame mostly on strategic mistakes and poor management at the company. On January 14, 2009, Nortel filed for protection from creditors, in the United States under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code , in Canada under the Companies' Creditors Arrangement Act , and in the United Kingdom under the Insolvency Act 1986 . Nortel was the first major technology company to seek bankruptcy protection during
3608-440: The companies listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX), employing 94,500 worldwide, with 25,900 in Canada alone. Nortel's market capitalization fell from C$ 398 billion in September 2000 to less than C$ 5 billion in August 2002, as Nortel's stock price plunged from C$ 124 to C$ 0.47. When Nortel's stock crashed , it took with it a wide swath of Canadian investors and pension funds and left 60,000 Nortel employees unemployed. Roth
3690-460: The company immediately were rejected by the board of directors. Kunis quit shortly thereafter. At the year's end, directors Lynton "Red" Wilson and John Cleghorn retired from the board. Mike S. Zafirovski , who had served as president and CEO of GE Lighting and then as Motorola President and COO, succeeded Owens as president and CEO on November 15, 2005. Motorola filed a suit against Zafirovski's hiring, alleging that his new position would break
3772-607: The company's bankruptcy proceedings. Nokia Siemens Networks made a stalking horse bid to purchase Nortel's CDMA and LTE assets for $ 650 million. By the July 21 deadline for additional bids, MatlinPatterson and Ericsson had made offers, and Ericsson emerged as the victor in the following auction, with a purchase price of $ 1.13 billion. Avaya won an auction for Nortel's Enterprise Solutions business, including Nortel's stake in Nortel Government Solutions and DiamondWare , for $ 900 million, after having placed
3854-504: The company's efforts on digital technology. Northern Telecom was the first company in its industry to announce and deliver a complete line of fully digital telecommunications products. The product line was branded "Digital World" and included the DMS-100 , a fully digital central office switch serving as many as 100,000 lines, which was a key contributor to the company's revenue for close to 15 years. Starting in 1977, Nortel grew rapidly after
3936-608: The company's most senior executives returned $ 8.6 million of bonuses they were paid based on the erroneous accounting. Investigators ultimately found about $ 3 billion in revenue had been booked improperly in 1998, 1999, and 2000. More than $ 2 billion was moved into later years, about $ 750 million was pushed forward beyond 2003 and about $ 250 million was wiped away completely. The accounting scandal hurt both Nortel's reputation and finances, as Nortel spent an estimated US$ 400 million on outside auditors and management consultants to retrain staff. To improve its liquidity, in 2003 Nortel arranged
4018-546: The dial pulses either directly by operating relays or by storing the number in a digit register that records the dialed number. The physical distance for which this type of dialing was possible was restricted by electrical distortions and was possible only on direct metallic links between end points of a line. Placing calls over longer distances required either operator assistance or provision of special subscriber trunk dialing equipment. Operators used an earlier type of multi-frequency signaling. Multi-frequency signaling ( MF )
4100-517: The financial statements. In late October 2003, Nortel announced that it intended to restate approximately $ 900 million of liabilities carried on its previously reported balance sheet as of June 30, 2003, following a comprehensive internal review of these liabilities. The company stated that the restatement's principal effects would be a reduction in previously reported net losses for 2000, 2001, and 2002 and an increase in shareholders' equity and net assets previously reported on its balance sheet. A dozen of
4182-1054: The first talking movie sound system in the British Empire for a theater in Montreal. During the Great Depression in the 1930s, Northern Electric was affected, like most other companies. From the beginning of 1930 through the end of 1933, sales dropped from $ 34 million to $ 8.2 million, with employees dropping from 6,100 to 2,400. In 1949, an antitrust suit in the U.S. forced AT&T / Western Electric to sell its stake in Northern Electric to Bell Canada. AT&T spun off Northern Electric in 1956. Deprived of its Western Electric tie, Northern began developing its own products. In 1953, Northern Electric produced its first television sets using tubes made by RCA . Bell Canada acquired 100 percent of Northern Electric in 1964; through public stock offerings starting in 1973, Bell's ownership of Northern Electric and its successors would be reduced, though it continued to have majority control. In 1966,
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#17328516547664264-498: The former Chief Operating Officer of Cisco Systems , was hired as president and COO, and was expected to succeed Owens as CEO. Shortly afterward, Daichendt appointed ex-Cisco Chief Science Officer Gary Kunis as chief technology officer (CTO). Both Garys were concerned about the overall direction of Nortel, especially when compared to Cisco, their previous employer. Just three months later, Daichendt resigned after both his restructuring plan and his suggestion that Owens and Currie leave
4346-515: The fraud was allegedly to close gaps between its true performance, its internal targets and Wall Street expectations. Nortel settled the case, paying $ 35 million, which the Commission distributed to affected shareholders, and reported periodically to the commission on remedial measures to improve its financial accounting. Nortel announced plans in February 2008 to eliminate 2,100 jobs, and to transfer another 1,000 jobs to lower-cost centres. As part of
4428-550: The introduction of its DMS line of digital central office telephone switches, especially after the AT&;T breakup in 1984. Northern Telecom became a significant supplier in Europe and China and was the first non-Japanese supplier to Nippon Telegraph and Telephone . In 1983, due to deregulation, Bell Canada Enterprises (later shortened to BCE ) was formed as the parent company to Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. Bell-Northern Research
4510-500: The late 1960s and early 1970s, Northern began shipping its first digital switching systems , one of the earliest such systems to be sold. Northern Telecom was, with Bell-Northern Research, in the early 1970s a part owner of MicroSystems International , a semiconductor manufacturer based in Nepean, outside Ottawa. In March 1976, the company name was changed to Northern Telecom Limited, and management announced its intention to concentrate
4592-411: The late 1990s, but the market was soon saturated. When the speculative telecom bubble of the late 1990s reached its pinnacle late in the year 2000, Nortel was to become one of the most major casualties. Nortel's revenues would be dented by a saturated market and the failure of WorldCom , which was a major customer. At its height, Nortel accounted for more than a third of the total valuation of all
4674-590: The mid-1950s. Edward Fleetford Sise was the president and his brother Paul Fleetford Sise was the vice-president and general manager. During the First World War Northern Electric manufactured the Portable Commutator , a one-wire telegraphic switchboard for military operations in the field. In 1922, Northern started to produce, for $ 5, the "Peanut" vacuum tube, which required only a single dry-cell battery. The use of alternating current
4756-481: The next downstream long-distance telephone operator. This semi-automated signaling and switching proved successful in both speed and cost effectiveness. Based on this prior success with using MF by specialists to establish long-distance telephone calls, dual-tone multi-frequency signaling was developed for end-user signaling without the assistance of operators. The DTMF system uses a set of eight audio frequencies transmitted in pairs to represent 16 signals, represented by
4838-506: The number of pulses conveying the address. Finally, starting in the second half of the century, address signaling is by DTMF . Channel-associated signaling (CAS) employs a signaling channel that is dedicated to a specific bearer channel . Common-channel signaling (CCS) employs a signaling channel which conveys signaling information relating to multiple bearer channels. These bearer channels, therefore, have their signaling channel in common. Compelled signaling refers to signaling where
4920-456: The only possibility in cases when number of available samples is limited. As DTMF signaling is often transmitted in-band with voice or other audio signals present simultaneously, the DTMF signal definition includes strict limits for timing (minimum duration and interdigit spacing), frequency deviations, harmonics, and amplitude relation of the two components with respect to each other ( twist ). National telephone systems define other tones, outside
5002-473: The receipt of each signal from an originating register needs to be explicitly acknowledged before the next signal can be sent. Most forms of R2 register signaling are compelled, while R1 multi-frequency signaling is not. The term is only relevant in the case of signaling systems that use discrete signals (e.g. a combination of tones to denote one digit), as opposed to signaling systems which are message-oriented (such as SS7 and ISDN Q.931) where each message
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#17328516547665084-595: The reductions, Nortel shut down its Calgary campus in 2009. During its reporting of third quarter 2008 results, Nortel announced it would restructure into three vertically-integrated business units: Enterprise, Carrier Networks, and Metro Ethernet Networks. As part of the decentralization of its organization, four executive positions were eliminated, effective January 1, 2009: Chief Marketing Officer – Lauren Flaherty; Chief Technology Officer – John Roese; Global Services President – Dietmar Wendt; and Executive Vice President Global Sales – Bill Nelson. A net reduction of 1,300 jobs
5166-461: The requirements. This led to the addition of the number sign (#, ''pound'' or "diamond" in this context, "hash", "square" or "gate" in the UK, and " octothorpe '' by the original engineers) and asterisk or "star" (*) keys as well as a group of keys for menu selection: A, B, C and D. In the end, the lettered keys were dropped from most keypads and it was many years before the two symbol keys became widely used for vertical service codes such as *67 in
5248-440: The restrictions on importing telephone equipment from the United States. In addition to telephones, four years later, the department started manufacturing switchboards, at first the 50-line Standard Magneto Switchboard. The small manufacturing department expanded yearly with the growth and popularity of the telephone to 50 employees in 1888. By 1890 it had been transformed into its own branch of operations with 200 employees, and
5330-425: The same physical channel, or within the same frequency band, that the message (the callers' voice) is using. An example is dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF), which is used on most telephone lines to customer premises. Out-of-band signaling is telecommunication signaling on a dedicated channel separate from that used for the message. Out-of-band signaling has been used since Signaling System No. 6 (SS6)
5412-414: The start and/or end of some prerecorded VHS videocassettes. Information on the master version of the video tape is encoded in the DTMF tones. The encoded tones provide information to automatic duplication machines, such as format, duration and volume levels in order to replicate the original video as closely as possible. DTMF tones are used in some caller ID systems to transfer the caller ID information,
5494-412: The ten digits, the letters A to D, and the symbols # and * . As the signals are audible tones in the voice frequency range, they can be transmitted through electrical repeaters and amplifiers, and over radio and microwave links, thus eliminating the need for intermediate operators on long-distance circuits. AT&T described the product as "a method for pushbutton signaling from customer stations using
5576-665: The terms of the non-disclosure agreement he had signed. Nortel agreed to pay $ 11.5 million on his behalf to settle the lawsuit. Nortel also paid out US$ 575 million and 629 million common shares in 2006 to settle a class-action lawsuit that accused the company of misleading investors about the company's health. Currie stepped down as Executive Vice President and CFO in early 2007. In February 2007, Nortel announced its plans to reduce its workforce by 2,000 employees, and to transfer an additional 1,000 jobs to lower-cost job sites. The Securities and Exchange Commission filed civil fraud charges against Nortel for accounting fraud from 2000 to 2003;
5658-525: The time a member of the board of directors – was appointed interim CEO. Nortel Networks subsequently returned to using the Nortel name for branding purposes only (the official company name was not changed). Nortel acquired PEC Solutions, a provider of information technology and telecommunications services to various government agencies and departments, in June 2005 and renamed it Nortel Government Solutions Incorporated (NGS). LG Electronics and Nortel formed
5740-472: The trademark Touch-Tone . The term was first used by AT&T in commerce on July 5, 1960, and was introduced to the public on November 18, 1963, when the first push-button telephone was made available to the public. As a parent company of Bell Systems, AT&T held the trademark from September 4, 1962, to March 13, 1984. It is standardized by ITU-T Recommendation Q.23. In the UK, it is also known as MF4. Other vendors of compatible telephone equipment called
5822-465: The two manufacturing companies' integration. Then, in January 1914, the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company and the Imperial Wire and Cable Company merged into the Northern Electric Company , commonly known simply as Northern Electric. The new company opened the doors on a new manufacturing plant in January 1915. This facility, located on Shearer Street, was the primary manufacturing centre until
5904-505: The voice transmission path". In order to prevent consumer telephones from interfering with the MF-based routing and switching between telephone switching centers, DTMF frequencies differ from all of the pre-existing MF signaling protocols between switching centers: MF/R1, R2 , CCS4, CCS5, and others that were later replaced by SS7 digital signaling. DTMF was known throughout the Bell System by
5986-499: Was a three-story brick building that soon started manufacturing telephones for the Bell System , leading to the city's style as The Telephone City . After Cowherd's death in 1881 which resulted in the closure of his Brantford factory, a mechanical production department was created within the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and production of Canadian telephone equipment was transferred to Montreal in 1882 to compensate for
6068-690: Was also announced. As its stock price dropped below $ 1, the New York Stock Exchange notified Nortel that it would be delisted if its common shares failed to rise above $ 1 per share within 6 months. Rumours continued to persist of Nortel's poor financial health, amid the late 2000s recession , and its bids for government funds were turned down. There is suspicion that industrial espionage and knockoff Asian products brought down Nortel or at least accelerated its demise. An extensive analysis by University of Ottawa professor Jonathan Calof and recollections of former Nortel executive Tim Dempsey have placed
6150-451: Was criticized after it was revealed that he cashed in his own stock options for a personal gain of C$ 135 million in 2000 alone. CEO John Roth retired in 2001. His planned successor and chief operating officer (COO), Clarence Chandran, already on sick leave due to complications following his 1997 stabbing in Singapore, decided to quit, however. Chief financial officer (CFO) Frank Dunn
6232-420: Was eventually chosen as Roth's permanent replacement. Frank Dunn presided over a dramatic restructuring of Nortel, which included laying off two-thirds of its workforce (60,000 staff) and writedowns of nearly US$ 16 billion in 2001 alone.This had some initial perceived success in turning the company around, with an unexpected return to profitability reported in the first quarter of 2003. The black ink triggered
6314-530: Was incorporated as the Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited. Northern Electric and Manufacturing Company Limited was incorporated on December 7, 1895. The initial stock capital was $ 50,000 at $ 100 per share, with 93% held by the Bell Telephone Company of Canada and the remainder held by seven corporate directors. The first general stockholders meeting was held on March 24, 1896. In December 1899, The Bell Telephone Company of Canada bought
6396-548: Was introduced in the 1970s, and also in Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) in 1980 which became the standard for signaling among exchanges internationally. In the mid-20th century, supervision signals on long-distance trunks in North America were primarily in-band, for example at 2600 Hz , necessitating a notch filter to prevent interference. Late in the century, all supervisory signals had been moved out of band. With
6478-525: Was jointly owned 50–50 by Bell Canada and Northern Telecom. The combined three companies were referred to as the tricorporate. As Nortel, the streamlined identity it adopted for its 100th anniversary in 1995, the company set out to dominate the burgeoning global market for public and private networks. In 1998, with the acquisition of Bay Networks , the company's name was changed to Nortel Networks to emphasize its ability to provide complete solutions for multiprotocol, multiservice, global networking over
6560-477: Was later extended by an additional $ 27 million. Claiming that the retention bonuses proposal was extraordinary, acting US trustee Roberta DeAngelis objected to the payment of $ 55.6 million to 866 employees. However, court-appointed representatives for Nortel's former employees, who are creditors in the Ontario bankruptcy court, have signed an agreement to not oppose any employee incentive program. GENBAND purchased
6642-553: Was sold for $ 4.5 billion to a consortium including Apple , EMC, Ericsson, Microsoft , BlackBerry Limited , and Sony , pending American and Canadian court approval. (Google had placed the initial stalking horse bid of $ 900 million and later upped the bid to $ 1,902,160,540, then $ 2,614,972,128, and eventually $ 3.14159 billion, which are references to Brun's constant , Meissel–Mertens constant , and pi .) Bankruptcy filings state that Nortel owed former Canadian engineers $ 285,000 for patent awards that were not paid. In October 2011,
6724-440: Was still under development during this time. The "Northern Electric Peanut tube was the smallest tube made, and drew only one-tenth of an ampere and was the most remarkable radio frequency amplifier ever made." During the 1920s Northern Electric made kettles , toasters , cigar lighters, electric stoves , and washing machines . In January 1923, Northern Electric started to operate an AM radio station with call letters CHYC , in
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