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53-574: As of January 2014, work had moved to Draper Laboratory for further testing and development; "the team looks forward to larger scale animal trials and clinical human trials within a decade or less". Dr. Todd Rider presented at the SENS Foundation 's SENS6 conference. He left the Draper Laboratory in May 2015 and started a crowdfunding campaign at Indiegogo to raise funds to test the drugs against

106-439: A security scanner similar to those used at airports, but special security clearances are not required to access the semi-public areas. The research-based Draper Fellow Program sponsors about 50 graduate students each year. Students are trained to fill leadership positions in the government, military, industry, and education. The laboratory also supports on-campus funded research with faculty and principal investigators through

159-509: A "whole new industry in inertial instruments and systems for airplanes, ships, submarines , missiles, satellites and space vehicles". The National Academy of Engineering established the Charles Stark Draper Prize in 1988 on behalf of the namesake's laboratory at MIT. The prize, which is awarded annually and consists of $ 500,000 in cash, a gold medallion, and a hand-inscribed certificate, aims to "increase public understanding of

212-546: A day by taking a drop of blood obtained by a pinprick and inserting the sample into a machine that can measure glucose level. The nano-sensor approach would supplant this process. Laboratory staff worked in teams to create novel navigation systems, based on inertial guidance and on digital computers to support the necessary calculations for determining spatial positioning. Draper Laboratory applies some of its resources to developing and recognizing technical talent through educational programs and public exhibitions. It also sponsors

265-536: A demonstration of the technology, the project manager Robert P. Burns explained that the system is designed to distinguish between malicious intent and benign expressions of distress by employing a substantial body research into the psychology of deception. As of 2010 Neil Adams, a director of tactical systems programs for Draper Laboratory, led the systems integration of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency 's (DARPA) Nano Aerial Vehicle (NAV) program to miniaturize flying reconnaissance platforms. This entails managing

318-602: A derivative of DRACO. In June 2023 Kimer Med reported that it had "achieved two 100% positive results in tests against the priority viruses Dengue (DENV-2) and Zika (ZIKV). The tests were carried out by an independent laboratory in the United States, where Kimer Med’s antiviral compound, VTose, demonstrated 100% effectiveness against both Dengue and Zika virus in viral cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction assays, with low toxicity." [1] The same article reported that Kimer Med’s antiviral VTose compounds have now shown efficacy against

371-506: A full-sized motion simulator like the one used by the astronauts to practice the actual mission. Talks by Draper staffers and retirees, and free public concerts rounded out the festivities. A special Hack the Moon website was created to memorialize the celebration. Other exhibitions have highlighted different aspects of the research projects conducted at Draper, including information about employment opportunities. All visitors must pass through

424-467: A halt due to a lack of funding. In July 2020, a paper from another independent research group about the effects of DRACO in vitro was published. According to the study, DRACO was nontoxic in uninfected mammalian cells, and cells infected with H1N1 influenza virus showed a "significant", dose-dependent level of apoptosis. In August 2020 a company called Kimer Med in New Zealand started developing VTose,

477-681: A new method for turning the International Space Station , called the "optimal propellant maneuver", which achieved a 94 percent savings over previous practice. The algorithm takes into account everything that affects how the station moves, including "the position of its thrusters and the effects of gravity and gyroscopic torque". As of 2013 , at a personal scale, Draper was developing a garment for use in orbit that uses Controlled Moment Gyros (CMGs) that creates resistance to movement of an astronaut's limbs to help mitigate bone loss and maintain muscle tone during prolonged space flight. The unit

530-723: A total of seven different viruses. In March 2024 Kimer Med announced it has signed a contract valued at up to USD$ 750,000 (NZD$ 1.3 million) with Battelle Memorial Institute (Battelle), the world’s largest independent, nonprofit research and development organisation. The contract is focused on the discovery and development of new antiviral drug candidates for the treatment of alphaviruses. [2] The same article reported that since it launched in 2020, "Kimer Med has since developed innovative antivirals that have shown efficacy against 11 different viruses, including Dengue (all four types), Zika virus, and Herpes Simplex-2 (HSV-2)." There are very few therapies or prophylactics for serious viruses, but for

583-587: A very delicate region of the ear, the implant will allow sensory cells to regrow, ultimately restoring the patient's hearing". As of 2010 , Heather Clark of Draper Laboratory was developing a method to measure blood glucose concentration without finger-pricking. The method uses a nano-sensor, like a miniature tattoo, just several millimeters across, that patients apply to the skin. The sensor uses near-infrared or visible light ranges to determine glucose concentrations. Normally to regulate their blood glucose levels, diabetics must measure their blood glucose several times

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636-459: Is an American non-profit research and development organization, headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts ; its official name is The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc (sometimes abbreviated as CSDL ). The laboratory specializes in the design, development, and deployment of advanced technology solutions to problems in national security, space exploration, health care and energy. The laboratory

689-419: Is available on Earth from gravity. Without it an applied force would result in an equal force in the opposite direction, either in a straight line or spinning. In space, this could send an astronaut out of control. Currently, astronauts must affix themselves to the surface being worked on. The CMGs would offer an alternative to mechanical connection or gravitational force. On November 29, 2018, Draper Laboratory

742-401: Is based on a design by a Japanese company called ispace , which is a team member of Draper in this venture. Subcontractors in this venture include General Atomics which will manufacture the lander, and Spaceflight Industries , which will arrange launch services for the lander. As of September 2023, Draper and ispace are developing a lunar lander called APEX 1.0 to deliver CLPS payloads to

795-413: Is called a Variable Vector Countermeasure suit, or V2Suit, which uses CMGs also to assist in balance and movement coordination by creating resistance to movement and an artificial sense of "down". Each CMG module is about the size of a deck of cards. The concept is for the garment to be worn "in the lead-up to landing back on Earth or periodically throughout a long mission". In 2013, a Draper/MIT/NASA team

848-505: Is effected via one of the last steps in the apoptosis pathway in which complexes containing intracellular apoptosis signalling molecules simultaneously bind multiple procaspases . The procaspases transactivate via cleavage, activate additional caspases in the cascade, and cleave a variety of cellular proteins, thereby killing the cell. It has been shown that DRACOs are nontoxic in 11 mammalian cells types and effective against 15 different viruses. Draper Laboratory Draper Laboratory

901-445: Is necessitated by gradual error growth or "drift"), because of the threat of hostile blocking or jamming of signal. A less accurate inertial system usually means a less costly system, but one that requires more frequent recalibration of position from another source, like GPS. Systems which integrate GPS with INS are classified as "loosely coupled" (pre-1995), "tightly coupled" (1996-2002), or "deeply integrated" (2002 onwards), depending on

954-675: The ASME 's Rufus Oldenburger Medal in 1971, the Robert H. Goddard Trophy in 1978, the AACC 's Richard E. Bellman Control Heritage Award and the Smithsonian 's Langley Gold Medal in 1981, and the National Academy of Engineering 's Founders Award. His renown was international, and was recognized by many foreign countries, including France , United Kingdom , Germany , Switzerland , Czechoslovakia , and

1007-833: The American Physical Society , the American Academy of Arts and Sciences , the American Society of Mechanical Engineers , and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers . Draper received more than 70 honors and awards, including the Howard N. Potts Medal in 1960, the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement in 1961, the National Medal of Science from President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964,

1060-523: The Charles Stark Draper Prize , one of the three so-called "Nobel Prizes of Engineering" administered by the US National Academy of Engineering . From time to time, Draper Laboratory hosts free exhibitions and events open to the public, which are presented in special semi-public spaces at the front of the central atrium space in the main Duffy Building. For example, in 2019 Draper presented Hack

1113-494: The Charles Stark Draper Prize , which is administered by the National Academy of Engineering . It is awarded "to recognize innovative engineering achievements and their reduction to practice in ways that have led to important benefits and significant improvement in the well-being and freedom of humanity". Achievements in any engineering discipline are eligible for the $ 500,000 prize. Charles Stark Draper Charles Stark " Doc " Draper (October 2, 1901 – July 25, 1987)

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1166-611: The Google Lunar X Prize send the first privately funded robot to the Moon. To qualify for the prize, the robot must travel 500 meters across the lunar surface and transmit video, images and other data back to Earth. A team developed a "Terrestrial Artificial Lunar and Reduced Gravity Simulator" to simulate operations in the space environment, using Draper Laboratory's guidance, navigation and control algorithm for reduced gravity. In 2012, Draper Laboratory engineers in Houston , Texas developed

1219-737: The Soviet Union . Draper was inducted as a member of the inaugural class to the International Space Hall of Fame . Draper was inducted into the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 1981. He died in the Mount Auburn Hospital in Cambridge, Massachusetts , at age 85. He was eulogized as "one of the foremost engineers of our time", and Howard Wesley Johnson , Chairman of the MIT Corporation , credited him for creating

1272-494: The UGM-27 Polaris missile program. The Apollo software team was led by Margaret Hamilton (who wrote code to provide visual cues when prioritization was working correctly) and included work by programmers such as Hal Laning , Dick Battin and Don Eyles . Draper has locations in several US cities: Former locations include Tampa, Florida at University of South Florida (Bioengineering Center). According to its website,

1325-598: The University of Missouri in 1917, then transferred to Stanford University , California in 1919, from which he earned a B.A . in psychology in 1922. He matriculated at MIT in 1922, earning a Bachelor of Science degree in electrochemical engineering (1926), and Master of Science (1928), and a Doctor of Science (1938) degrees in physics . Charles Stark Draper's relatives were prominent in his home state of Missouri , including his cousin, Governor Lloyd C. Stark . Draper began teaching at MIT as an assistant professor. He

1378-551: The herpesvirus and retrovirus families. In total it was predicted that $ 500,000 per year for 4 years would be needed to optimise and demonstrate DRACOs against clinically relevant viruses, however, two crowdfunding campaigns for $ 90,000 both failed to reach their target in 2016. In 2015, an independent research group reported to have successfully observed antiviral activity against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) using DRACOs in vitro . As of December 2015, research related to DRACOs had ground to

1431-643: The Apollo computers and software. Draper was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1981 for his multiple inventions and scientific contributions. Draper was a member of the U.S. National Academy of Engineering of the National Academy of Sciences as well as the French Academy of Sciences . He had served as president of the International Academy of Astronautics , and was a member of

1484-576: The Moon , a celebration of the 50th anniversary of the first Apollo Moon landing on July 20, 1969 . The exhibition featured artifacts, such as the Apollo Guidance Computer hardware developed at Draper, and the mission software developed by Draper staffers including Don Eyles , Margaret Hamilton , and Hal Laning . Visitors could practice landing the Apollo Lunar Module on a software simulator, and then attempt to land while riding inside

1537-551: The Moon and back safely to Earth. The laboratory contributed to the development of inertial sensors, software, and other systems for the GN&;C of commercial and military aircraft, submarines, strategic and tactical missiles, spacecraft, and uncrewed vehicles. Inertial-based GN&C systems were central for navigating ballistic missile submarines for long periods of time undersea to avoid detection, and guiding their submarine-launched ballistic missiles to their targets, starting with

1590-522: The University R&;D program. It offers undergraduate student employment and internship opportunities. Draper Laboratory conducts a STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) K–12 and community education outreach program, which it established in 1984. Each year, the laboratory distributes more than $ 175,000 through its community relations programs. These funds include support of internships, co-ops, participation in science festivals and

1643-528: The cognitive robotics group at the laboratory in this effort. As of 2009 , the US Department of Homeland Security funded Draper Laboratory and other collaborators to develop a technology to detect potential terrorists with cameras and other sensors that monitor behaviors of people being screened. The project is called Future Attribute Screening Technology (FAST). The application would be for security checkpoints to assess candidates for follow-up screening. In

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1696-477: The degree of integration of the hardware. As of 2006 , it was envisioned that many military and civilian uses would integrate GPS with INS, including the possibility of artillery shells with a deeply integrated system that can withstand 20,000 g , when fired from a cannon. In 2010 Draper Laboratory and MIT collaborated with two other partners as part of the Next Giant Leap team to win a grant towards achieving

1749-520: The development and early application of advanced guidance, navigation, and control (GN&C) technologies to meet the needs of the US Department of Defense and NASA . The laboratory's achievements include the design and development of accurate and reliable guidance systems for undersea-launched ballistic missiles, as well as for the Apollo Guidance Computer that unfailingly guided the Apollo astronauts to

1802-562: The first contract given out for the Apollo program to send humans to the Moon , which was announced by President John F. Kennedy on 25 May of that year. This led to the creation of the Apollo Guidance Computer , a one-cubic-foot computer that controlled the navigation and guidance of the lunar module to the Moon on nine launches, six of which landed on the Moon's surface. Draper taught and conducted research at MIT until January 1970, devoting most of his energy during his final decade to completing

1855-478: The laboratory staff applies its expertise to autonomous air, land, sea and space systems; information integration; distributed sensors and networks; precision-guided munitions; biomedical engineering; chemical/biological defense; and energy system modeling and management. When appropriate, Draper works with partners to transition their technology to commercial production. The laboratory encompasses seven areas of technical expertise: Project areas that have surfaced in

1908-483: The laboratory staff includes the areas of guidance, navigation, and control technologies and systems; fault-tolerant computing; advanced algorithms and software systems; modeling and simulation; and microelectromechanical systems and multichip module technology. In 1932 Charles Stark Draper, an MIT aeronautics professor, founded a teaching laboratory to develop the instrumentation needed for tracking, controlling and navigating aircraft. During World War II , Draper's lab

1961-510: The moon in 2026. Draper researchers develop artificial intelligence systems to allow robotic devices to learn from their mistakes, This work is in support of DARPA -funded work, pertaining to the Army Future Combat System . This capability would allow an autonomous under fire to learn that that road is dangerous and find a safer route or to recognize that its fuel status and damage status. As of 2008 , Paul DeBitetto reportedly led

2014-626: The news referred to Draper Laboratory's core expertise in inertial navigation , as recently as 2003. More recently, emphasis has shifted to research in innovative space navigation topics, intelligent systems that rely on sensors and computers to make autonomous decisions, and nano-scale medical devices. The laboratory staff has studied ways to integrate input from Global Positioning System (GPS) into Inertial navigation system -based navigation in order to lower costs and improve reliability. Military inertial navigation systems (INS) cannot totally rely on GPS satellite availability for course correction (which

2067-558: The ones that do exist, they can be divided into 3 categories: So in order to overcome these obstacles the antiviral DRACO was developed. DRACO is selective for virus -infected cells . Differentiation between infected and healthy cells is made primarily via the length and type of RNA transcription helices present within the cell. Most viruses produce long dsRNA helices during transcription and replication. In contrast, uninfected mammalian cells generally produce dsRNA helices of fewer than 24 base pairs during transcription. Cell death

2120-450: The original buildings was converted into an enclosed 20,000-square-foot (1,900 m ) multistory atrium to accommodate security scanning, reception, semipublic areas, temporary exhibition space, and employee dining facilities. The open, airy interior space, designed by Boston architects Elkus Manfredi , features a green wall planting and plentiful seating. A primary focus of the laboratory's programs throughout its history has been

2173-464: The precise control of fluids on very small scales". The device is a "flexible, fluid-filled machine", which uses tubes that expand and contract to promote fluid flow through channels with a defined rhythm, driven by a micro-scale pump, which adapts to environmental input. The system, funded by the National Institutes of Health , may treat hearing loss by delivering "tiny amounts of a liquid drug to

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2226-644: The provision of tours and speakers-is an extension of this mission. As of 2021 , Draper Laboratory also sponsors Draper Spark!Lab, at the National Museum of American History on the National Mall in Washington, DC. The hands-on invention workspace operated by the Smithsonian Institution is free to all visitors, and focuses on educational activities for children aged 6 to 12 years. The company endows

2279-455: The time of the Vietnam War , despite the absence of a role of the laboratory in that war. As it divested from MIT, the laboratory was initially moved to 75 Cambridge Parkway and other scattered buildings near MIT, until a centralized new 450,000-square-foot (42,000 m ) building could be erected at 555 Technology Square . The complex, designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (Chicago),

2332-559: The vehicle, communications and ground control systems allow NAVs to function autonomously to carry a sensor payload to achieve the intended mission. The NAVS must work in urban areas with little or no GPS signal availability, relying on vision-based sensors and systems. In 2009, Draper collaborated with the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary to develop an implantable drug-delivery device, which "merges aspects of microelectromechanical systems , or MEMS, with microfluidics, which enables

2385-412: Was also developing a CMG-augmented spacesuit that would expand the current capabilities of NASA's "Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue" (SAFER)—a spacesuit designed for "propulsive self-rescue" for when an astronaut accidentally becomes untethered from a spacecraft. The CMG-augmented suit would provide better counterforce than is now available for when astronauts use tools in low-gravity environments. Counterforce

2438-658: Was an American scientist and engineer , known as the "father of inertial navigation ". He was the founder and director of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology 's Instrumentation Laboratory, later renamed the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory , which made the Apollo Moon landings possible through the Apollo Guidance Computer it designed for NASA . Draper was born in Windsor, Missouri . He attended

2491-478: Was appointed a full professor in aeronautical engineering in 1939. It was here that he founded the Instrumentation Laboratory in the 1930s, spun off in 1973 as the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory . Draper's interest in flight instrumentation was influenced by becoming a pilot in the 1930s: although he failed to become an Air Corps pilot, he learned to fly by enrolling in a civilian course. Draper

2544-434: Was caused by cutbacks in defense funding, and changes in government contracting rules. In response, Draper expanded its work addressing non-defense national goals in areas such as space exploration, energy resources, medicine, robotics, and artificial intelligence, and also took measures to increase its non-government work, eventually growing to 1400 employees within the decade. In 2017, a formerly open-air courtyard between

2597-568: Was founded in 1932 by Charles Stark Draper at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to develop aeronautical instrumentation, and came to be called the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory . During this period the laboratory is best known for developing the Apollo Guidance Computer , the first silicon integrated circuit –based computer. It was renamed for its founder in 1970, and separated from MIT in 1973 to become an independent, non-profit organization. The expertise of

2650-656: Was known as the Confidential Instrument Development Laboratory . Later, the name was changed to the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory or I-Lab . As of 1970, it was located at 45 Osborn Street in Cambridge. The laboratory was renamed for its founder in 1970 and remained a part of MIT until 1973 when it became an independent, not-for-profit research and development corporation. The transition to an independent corporation arose out of pressures for divestment of MIT laboratories doing military research at

2703-422: Was named a Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) contractor by NASA , which makes it eligible to bid on delivering science and technology payloads to the Moon for NASA. Draper Lab formally proposed a lunar lander called Artemis-7 . The company explained that the number 7 denotes the 7th lunar lander mission in which Draper Laboratory would be involved, after the six Apollo lunar landings. The lander concept

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2756-488: Was one of the pioneers of inertial navigation, a technology used in aircraft , space vehicles, and submarines that enables such vehicles to navigate by sensing changes in direction and speed using gyroscopes and accelerometers . A pioneering figure in aerospace engineering , he contributed to the Apollo space program with his knowledge of guidance systems. In 1961 Draper and the Instrumentation Lab were awarded

2809-492: Was opened in 1976 (later renamed the "Robert A. Duffy Building" in 1992). In 1984, the newly-built 170,000-square-foot (16,000 m ) Albert G. Hill Building was opened at One Hampshire Street, and connected across the street to the main building via a securely enclosed pedestrian skybridge . However in 1989, Draper Lab was compelled to cut its workforce of over 2000 in half, through a combination of early retirement, attrition, and involuntary layoffs. This drastic shrinkage

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