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27-469: DOSKEY is a command for DOS , IBM OS/2 , Microsoft Windows , and ReactOS that adds command history , macro functionality, and improved editing features to the command-line interpreters COMMAND.COM and cmd.exe . The command was included as a terminate-and-stay-resident program with MS-DOS and PC DOS versions 5 and later, then Windows 9x , and finally Windows 2000 and later. In early 1989, functionality similar to DOSKEY

54-677: A kind of a thing, but cannot be applied to individual members of the kind. An example of this is the predicate are widespread . One cannot meaningfully say of a particular individual John that he is widespread; one may only say this of kinds, as in Certain types of noun phrases cannot be the subject of a kind-level predicate. We have just seen that a proper name cannot be. Singular indefinite noun phrases are also banned from this environment: Predicates may also be collective or distributive. Collective predicates require their subjects to be somehow plural, while distributive ones do not. An example of

81-463: A linking verb , also called a copula . A predicative adjective is an adjective , such as in Ivano is attractive , attractive being the predicative adjective. The subject and predicative adjective must also be connected by a copula. Some theories of syntax adopt a subject-predicate distinction. For instance, a textbook phrase structure grammar typically divides an English declarative sentence (S) into

108-430: A noun phrase (NP) and verb phrase (VP). The subject NP is shown in green, and the predicate VP in blue. Languages with more flexible word order (often called nonconfigurational languages ) are often also treated differently in phrase structure approaches. On the other hand, dependency grammar rejects the binary subject-predicate division and places the finite verb as the root of the sentence. The matrix predicate

135-431: A collective predicate is "formed a line". This predicate can only stand in a nexus with a plural subject: Other examples of collective predicates include meet in the woods , surround the house , gather in the hallway and carry the piano together . Note that the last one ( carry the piano together ) can be made non-collective by removing the word together . Quantifiers differ with respect to whether or not they can be

162-574: A front end to the resident history buffer functionality, which remained part of the kernel. DOSKEY has also been included in IBM OS/2 Version 2.0. In current Windows NT -based operating systems, the DOSKEY functionality is built into CMD.EXE , although the DOSKEY command is still used to change its operation. The DOSKEY command is not available in FreeDOS , which has such features built into

189-461: A predicate in traditional grammar traces back to Aristotelian logic . A predicate is seen as a property that a subject has or is characterized by. A predicate is therefore an expression that can be true of something. Thus, the expression "is moving" is true of anything that is moving. This classical understanding of predicates was adopted more or less directly into Latin and Greek grammars; from there, it made its way into English grammars, where it

216-407: A sentence indicates that it is odd or ill-formed): Stage-level predicates allow modification by manner adverbs and other adverbial modifiers. Individual-level predicates do not, e.g. When an individual-level predicate occurs in past tense , it gives rise to what is called a lifetime effect : The subject must be assumed to be dead or otherwise out of existence. A kind-level predicate is true of

243-404: Is readme.txt . The following command lists the contents of the current directory. The program name is dir , and Q is a flag requesting that the owner of each file also be listed. Predicate (grammar) The term predicate is used in two ways in linguistics and its subfields. The first defines a predicate as everything in a standard declarative sentence except the subject , and

270-611: Is also used to refer to properties and to words or phrases which denote them. This usage of the term comes from the concept of a predicate in logic . In logic, predicates are symbols which are interpreted as relations or functions over arguments . In semantics , the denotations of some linguistic expressions are analyzed along similar lines. Expressions which denote predicates in the semantic sense are sometimes themselves referred to as "predication". The seminal work of Greg Carlson distinguishes between types of predicates. Based on Carlson's work, predicates have been divided into

297-619: Is applied directly to the analysis of sentence structure. It is also the understanding of predicates as defined in English-language dictionaries. The predicate is one of the two main parts of a sentence (the other being the subject , which the predicate modifies ). The predicate must contain a verb , and the verb requires or permits other elements to complete the predicate, or else precludes them from doing so. These elements are objects (direct, indirect, prepositional), predicatives , and adjuncts : The predicate provides information about

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324-501: Is designed to be an enhanced drop-in replacement for the DOSKEY.COM that ships with MS-DOS and Windows 9x/ Windows Me . It also has a smaller disk and memory-resident footprint. The primary added feature is command and file "auto-completion" via the Tab key . Version 2.5, released in 2014, also adds full support for long filenames (LFN). Command (computing) Specifically, the term command

351-503: Is done in Bash with the builtin command printf , while it is done with the built-in function print() in Python. Here are some commands given to a command-line interpreter ( Unix shell ). The following command changes the user's working position in the directory tree to the directory /home/pete . The utility program is cd and the argument is /home/pete : The following command prints

378-433: Is marked in blue, and its two arguments are in green. While the predicate cannot be construed as a constituent in the formal sense, it is a catena . Barring a discontinuity , predicates and their arguments are always catenae in dependency structures. Some theories of grammar accept both a binary division of sentences into subject and predicate while also giving the head of the predicate a special status. In such contexts,

405-439: Is used in imperative programming languages. The name arises because statements in these languages are usually written in a manner similar to the imperative mood used in many natural languages . A statement in an imperative programming language would then be a sentence in a natural language, and the command would be the predicate . Many programs allow specifically formatted arguments , known as flags or options, which modify

432-444: The argument is the directory /bin : The following command displays the contents of the files ch1.txt and ch2.txt . The program name is cat , having two file name arguments: Here are some commands for the DOS , OS/2 and Microsoft Windows command prompt processor. The following command displays the contents of the file readme.txt . The program name is type and the argument

459-458: The command interpreter. DOSKEY allows the use of several command switches : DOSKEY [/switch ...] [macroname=[text]] During a DOSKEY session, the following keyboard shortcuts can be used: DOSKEY implements support for command macros, a simple text-substitution facility which is used somewhat like command line aliases in other environments. The absence of a command history in COMMAND.COM

486-492: The default behaviour of the program, while further arguments may provide objects, such as files, to act on. As an analogy to a natural language, the flags are adverbs, while the other arguments are objects . The meaning of command is highly dependent on context. For example, some authors refer to conditionals as commands while they are called expressions in Python or Bash and statements in JAVA. Similarly, writing to stdout

513-429: The following subclasses, which roughly pertain to how a predicate relates to its subject. A stage-level predicate is true of a temporal stage of its subject. For example, if John is "hungry", then he typically will eat some food. His state of being hungry therefore lasts a certain amount of time, and not his entire lifespan. Stage-level predicates can occur in a wide range of grammatical constructions and are probably

540-415: The most versatile kind of predicate. An individual-level predicate is true throughout the existence of an individual. For example, if John is "smart", this is a property that he has, regardless of which particular point in time we consider. Individual-level predicates are more restricted than stage-level ones. Individual-level predicates cannot occur in presentational "there" sentences (a star in front of

567-413: The other defines it as only the main content verb or associated predicative expression of a clause . Thus, by the first definition, the predicate of the sentence Frank likes cake is likes cake , while by the second definition, it is only the content verb likes , and Frank and cake are the arguments of this predicate. The conflict between these two definitions can lead to confusion. The notion of

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594-478: The same functionality. DOSKEY also added a macro expansion facility, though special support was required before applications such as command line processors could take advantage of it. Starting with Novell DOS 7 in 1993, the macro capabilities were provided by an external DOSKEY command as well. In order to also emulate the DOSKEY history buffer functionality under DR-DOS, the DR-DOS DOSKEY worked as

621-404: The subject, such as what the subject is, what the subject is doing, or what the subject is like. The relation between a subject and its predicate is sometimes called a nexus . A predicative nominal is a noun phrase : in the sentence George III is the king of England , the phrase the king of England is the predicative nominal. In English, the subject and predicative nominal must be connected by

648-410: The term predicator is used to refer to that head. There are cases in which the semantic predicand has a syntactic function other than subject. This happens in raising constructions, such as the following: Here, you is the object of the make verb phrase , the head of the main clause, but it is also the predicand of the subordinate think clause, which has no subject. The term predicate

675-404: The text Hello World on the standard output stream, which, in this case, just prints the text on the screen. The program name is echo and the argument is "Hello World". The quotes are used to prevent Hello and World being treated as separate tokens: The following commands are equivalent. They list files in the directory /bin . The program is ls , having three flags ( l , t , r ), and

702-643: Was a serious inconvenience ever since the earliest versions of MS-DOS. Numerous third-party programs have been written to address the issue; many were available long before Microsoft supplied DOSKEY. Some of them, including JP Software 's 4DOS and NDOS , also provide additional editing capabilities lacking in DOSKEY, such as filename completion . Some of the better-known DOSKEY alternatives are Jack Gersbach's DOSEDIT , Chris Dunford's CED , Sverre Huseby's DOSED , Ashok Nadkarni's CMDEDIT , Steven Calwas's ANARKEY , Eric Tauck's TODDY , and enhanced DOSKEY written by Paul Houle. Paul Houle's Enhanced DOSKEY

729-475: Was introduced with DR-DOS 3.40 with its HISTORY CONFIG.SYS directive. This enabled a user-configurable console input history buffer and recall as well as pattern search functionality on the console driver level, that is, fully integrated into the operating system and transparent to running applications. In the summer of 1991, DOSKEY was introduced in MS-DOS/PC ;DOS 5.0 in order to provide some of

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