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110-416: The Cèllere Codex (officially, Del Viaggio del Verrazzano Nobile Fiorentino al Servizio di Francesco I, Ri de Francia, fatto nel 1524 all'America Settentrionale , also Morgan MS. MA. 776 ) is one of three surviving copies of a manuscript originally created in 1524. This manuscript was a letter sent by Giovanni da Verrazzano (1481–1528) to King Francis I of France describing the former's navigation of
220-591: A sea route to the Pacific Ocean . Within months, four ships set sail due west for the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , but a violent storm and rough seas caused the loss of two ships. The remaining two damaged ships, La Dauphine and La Normande , were forced to return to Brittany. Repairs were completed in the final weeks of 1523, and the ships set sail again. This time, the ships headed south toward calmer waters under hostile Spanish and Portuguese control. After
330-517: A "nuclear position" in twentieth-century scholarship—has been criticised in some quarters. One modern Italian scholar, Luca Codignola, has blamed this phenomenon on a dearth of contemporary sources other than the Codex , and has condemned what he identifies as a tendency to take the manuscript "at face value", treating it as "a sort of sixteenth-century encyclopaedia". Scholars were already aware of two other copies of Verrazzano's letter in existence, although
440-450: A British couple, and their infidelities. 1920s : A Passage to India (1924), one of the best-known books by E.M. Forster , is set against the backdrop of the independence movement in India. Ernest Hemingway portrayed American men in peril abroad, beginning with his debut novel , The Sun Also Rises (1926). 1930s : Graham Greene was a keen traveller and another former spy, and from
550-576: A Roman banker, Bonacorso Ruscellay , who was a relative of Verrazzano's. Within thirty years it was in the possession of noted Italian antiquarian Paolo Giovi , and eventually resurfaced hundreds of years later in the Cèllere library. Bacchiani's version was subsequently translated into French in 1933, and again in 1946. The most recent translation was in 1956. The Director of the Pierpont Library, Frederick B. Adams, Jr. , decided to definitively publish
660-670: A Small Island (1995), American writer Bill Bryson described a farewell tour of Britain. 2000s : In A Year in the Merde (2004) English bachelor Stephen Clarke recounted comic escapades while working in Paris. In Eat, Pray, Love (2006), divorced American Elizabeth Gilbert searched for meaning in Italy, India and Indonesia. In the early chapters of Miracles of Life (2008), J. G. Ballard told of his childhood and early adolescence in Shanghai during
770-653: A Soviet expatriate living in New York City in the 1970s, including his poor work experiences, political disillusionment, and sexual experiences. In Letters from Hollywood (1986), Michael Moorcock corresponded with a friend about the life of an English writer in Los Angeles. In A Year in Provence (1989), Peter Mayle and his English family adapt to life in Southern France while renovating an old farmhouse. In Notes from
880-471: A bronze colour, some tending towards whiteness, others to a tawny colour; the face is clear-cut, the hair is long and black". Robert Knecht Verrazzano continued to Rhode Island, where they stopped at Newport , and then sailed another 450 miles (720 km) miles, which brought them to Cape Cod . This was a particularly dangerous region for explorers, and Schwartz notes the irony in Verrazzano's naming
990-718: A course across the mid-Atlantic, perhaps aware that by now Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon had mapped the area as far north as 33° 30' and that Ponce de Lyon had extended Spanish influence from South America up to Florida. This course ensured him the best chance of discovering a western passage while avoiding the Spanish fleet. After forty days sailing they reached and landed just north of Cape Fear , near Myrtle Grove Sound , North Carolina. Verrazzano named this new continent "Francesca", after his King. He knew he had not reached China, as he described it as "a new land which had not been seen before by any man, either ancient or modern". The Cèllere Codex
1100-516: A far greater degree of detail than the other versions of his letter, which may be because it was originally transcribed by Verrazzano's brother, and then further annotated by Verrazzano himself. It was sent via a series of letters to colleagues of Verrazzano in France and then to Italy, where it then remained undiscovered in a Viterbo library until the early twentieth century. Until its discovery there had been some doubt as to whether Verrazzano had ever made
1210-451: A foreign posting, and offer coaching or adjustment training before a family departs. Research suggests that tailoring pre-departure cross-cultural training and its specific relevance positively influence the fulfilment of expectations in expatriates' adjustment. According to the 2012 Global Relocation Trends Survey Report, 88 per cent of spouses resist a proposed move. The most common reasons for refusing an assignment are family concerns and
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#17328561358351320-477: A higher cost of living or hardships associated with a foreign posting. Other expenses may need to be paid, such as health care, housing, or fees at an international school . There is also the cost of moving a family and their belongings. Another problem can be government restrictions in the foreign country. Spouses may have trouble adjusting due to culture shock , loss of their usual social network, interruptions to their own career, and helping children cope with
1430-523: A letter signed by Francis I, which referred to Verrazzano's letter. Verrazzano's reputation was particularly obscure in New York City , where the 1609 voyage of Henry Hudson on behalf of the Dutch Republic came to be regarded as the de facto start of European exploration of New York. It was only by a great effort in the 1950s and 1960s that Verrazzano's name and reputation were re-established as
1540-483: A map of 1529 that clearly outlined Cape Cod. He named the cape after a general, calling it Pallavicino. He then followed the coast up to modern Maine , southeastern Nova Scotia , and Newfoundland , and he then returned to France by 8 July 1524. Verrazzano named the region that he explored Francesca in honour of the French king, but his brother's map labelled it Nova Gallia ( New France ). Stefaan Missinne, discoverer of
1650-448: A new school. These are chief reasons given for foreign assignments ending early. However, a spouse can also act as a source of support for an expatriate professional. Families with children help to bridge the language and culture aspect of the host and home country, while the spouse plays a critical role in balancing the families integration into the culture. Some corporations have begun to include spouses earlier when making decisions about
1760-589: A parent company to more closely control its foreign subsidiaries. They can also improve global coordination. A 2007 study found the key drivers for expatriates to pursue international careers were: breadth of responsibilities, nature of the international environment ( risk and challenge), high levels of autonomy of international posts, and cultural differences (rethinking old ways). However, expatriate professionals and independent expatriate hires are often more expensive than local employees. Expatriate salaries are usually augmented with allowances to compensate for
1870-402: A source of new wealth for France. It has been suggested that Verrazzano too was intending to profit personally from his voyage of discovery. The Lyonnais mercantile community was almost exclusively Florentine, like Verrazzano, and effectively formed an expatriate community. Records dating from March the previous year suggest that together Verrazzano and these merchants had formed a syndicate at
1980-586: A stop in Madeira , complications forced La Normande back to home port, but Verrazzano's ship La Dauphine departed on January 17, 1524, piloted by Antoine de Conflans, and headed once more for the North American continent. It neared the area of Cape Fear on March 21, 1524 and, after a short stay, reached the Pamlico Sound lagoon of modern North Carolina . In a letter to Francis I, described by historians as
2090-527: A storm. The remaining two, Dauphine and Le Normandie had to turn back to Brittany , where, "after a brief period interfering with Spanish shipping" off the coast, the Dauphine sailed alone to Madeira . Verrazzano left—"in great secrecy"—from Porto Santo , in the far-west of the island, on 17 January 1524. Somewhere in the Atlantic he encountered a violent storm which raged for sixteen hours. Verrazzano attributed
2200-452: A survey of expat opinions and trends on regular basis. There has been an increase in scholarly research into the field in recent years. For instance, Emerald Group Publishing in 2013 launched The Journal of Global Mobility: The home of expatriate management research . S.K Canhilal and R.G. Shemueli suggest that successful expatriation is driven by a combination of individual, organizational, and context-related factors. Of these factors,
2310-501: A verbal noun, expatriation can mean the act of someone renouncing allegiance to their native country, as in the preamble to the United States Expatriation Act of 1868 which states: 'the right of expatriation is a natural and inherent right of all people, indispensable to the enjoyment of the rights of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness'. Some neologisms have been coined, including: The term "expatriate"
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#17328561358352420-482: A very wide river". The Dauphine then tracked the coast of New England , where in Casco Bay , Maine, they first met natives who were by then experienced in trading with Europeans. the Codex reveals Verrazzano's disapproval of these natives' bad manners, as he saw it, because they were often "exhibiting their bare behinds and laughing immoderately". From there they travelled up to Nova Scotia and Newfoundland (which
2530-457: A voyage to North America in 1524. The purpose of Verrazzano's journey was to learn more about the continent. Traveling in a small ship known as the Dauphine, he explored coastal areas from the present-day State of North Carolina to Canada, observing the natural abundance of the land and the vibrant culture of its native peoples. His voyage is the earliest documented European exploration of this part of
2640-653: A young man and many of his novels, such as The Portrait of a Lady (1881), The Ambassadors (1903), and The Wings of the Dove (1902), dealt with relationships between the New World and the Old. From the 1890s to 1920s, Polish-born Joseph Conrad wrote a string of English-language novels drawing on his seagoing experiences in farflung colonies, including Heart of Darkness (1899), Lord Jim (1900) and Nostromo (1904). 1900s/1910s : German-American writer Herman George Scheffauer
2750-463: Is 11 miles (18 km) wide but "inexplicably (considering his quest for a passageway through the Americas) he did not enter". If, however, Verrazzano did indeed miss sighting these places, it may indicate that his attention to the land generally was distracted, possibly by increasingly poor weather conditions; Verrazzano gave "the opposing weather" as a reason for not landing on an island slightly later in
2860-532: Is a conscious, thoroughly planned decision, while for others it could be a ‘spur of the moment’, spontaneous decision. This decision, of course, is influenced by the individual's geographic, socioeconomic and political environment; as well as their personal circumstances. The motivation for moving (or staying) abroad also gets adjusted with the different life changes the person experiences – for example, if they get married, have children, etc. Also, different personalities (or personality types ) have diverse reactions to
2970-528: Is a list of notable works and authors, by approximate date of publication. 18th century : Persian Letters (French: Lettres persanes) is a literary work, published in 1721, by Montesquieu , relating the experiences of two fictional Persian noblemen, Usbek&Rica , who spend several years in France under Louis XIV and the Regency and who correspond with their respective friends staying at home. 19th century : American author Henry James moved to Europe as
3080-424: Is a manuscript attributed to Verrazzano held in the library of Count Guido Macci of Cèllere in 1908, after which it is named. It was discovered by Italian scholar Alessandro Bacchiani in 1908, who published a critical edition the following year. It was originally written on 8 July 1524 and addressed to a business associate of Gerolamo, Bonacorso Ruscellay. Written in Verrazzano's native Italian, that first draft
3190-455: Is considered by scholars to be the most important of the three copies, although there is debate as to how much weight should be given to some of the detail it provides. Over twelve pages, the Codex describes how Verrazzano sailed due west from Madeira in December 1523, and in little more than a month had arrived at North Carolina . From there they journeyed south, towards Florida . This direction
3300-476: Is copiously annotated with marginalia —at least 26 times—in a different, more hurried, hand to the prose. This has left ink blots and erasures over the pages. Historian Bernard Hoffman has described what he sees Verrazzano's text as illustrating about him: The text itself shows that we are dealing with the work of a man of letters. The humanistic culture of the Renaissance is everywhere in evidence, particularly in
3410-498: Is described in the Codex as "an isthmus one mile wide and about two hundred miles long" (and which Verrazano annotates as being so long they could "see the eastern sea from the ship"—i.e., the Pacific Ocean ), and which they thought stretched "around the tip of India, China and Cathay". American academic Thomas Suarez has discussed Verrazzano's reaction to discovering the supposed-isthmus as "bizarre": "after claiming to have unearthed
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3520-671: Is known about his personal life. After 1506, he settled in the port of Dieppe , Kingdom of France , where he began his career as a navigator. He embarked for the American coast probably in 1508 in the company of captain Thomas Aubert , on the ship La Pensée , equipped by the owner, Jean Ango . He explored the region of Newfoundland, possibly during a fishing trip, and possibly the St. Lawrence River in Canada; on other occasions, he made numerous voyages to
3630-512: Is sometimes misspelled as "ex-patriot", which author Anu Garg has characterised as an example of an eggcorn . In Canada someone who resides in a different province on a temporary basis while continuing to hold their home province's residency is colloquially called an "interprovincial expat" as opposed to an "interprovincial migrant" who changes their residency and usually is intending to move permanently. For example British Columbia and Alberta allow each others residents to attend post secondary in
3740-431: Is the first step in the expatriation process. People could be ‘pushed’ away as a reaction to specific socio-economic or political conditions in the home country, or ‘pulled’ towards a destination country because of better work opportunities/conditions. The ‘pull’ can also include personal preferences, such as climate, a better quality of life, or the fact that family/friends are living there. For some people, moving abroad
3850-596: The Cèllere Codex , Verrazzano wrote that he was convinced that the Sound was the beginning of the Pacific Ocean from which access could be gained to China. Continuing to explore the coast further northwards, Verrazzano and his crew came into contact with Native Americans living on the coast. However, he did not notice the entrances to Chesapeake Bay or the mouth of the Delaware River . In New York Bay , he encountered
3960-704: The Caribbean , and his ships returned to France without him. Verrazzano was the first and only European navigator to "systematically"—and intentionally—explore the east coast of the New World. The most important aspect of the voyage Verrazzano described in the Codex , to contemporaries, was that he had disproved the knowledge handed down by the ancients , who had taught that the Atlantic touched both Europe and Asia with nothing in between. He did not do this deliberately; Wroth points out that Verrazzano's "credulity of an open passage to Asia grew out of inherited confidence" in early writers, "particularly Aristotle". Verrazzano himself
4070-460: The Codex calls "Bacalaia"). The Dauphine had returned to Dieppe by early July 1524. However, Codignola notes that although most places can be generally identified, the narrative of the journey "is vague at best", and there are some areas, such as Chesapeake Bay and the Bay of Fundy , which, it has been asserted, he could not have missed, yet go unmentioned altogether. Chesapeake Bay, it has been noted,
4180-663: The Codex is generally considered the best quality version; I. N. P. Stokes , as part of his six-volume The Iconography of Manhattan Island , described the Codex as an "accurate and full embodiment of Verrazzano's famous lost letter" to the King. Further, it was "one of the most important documents dealing with the topography of the North-East Coast" of the United States, particularly Manhattan island , which had been up until Verrazzano's arrival undiscovered. It has been described as
4290-510: The East Coast of the United States . Verrazzano was an Italian who lived in France, and he undertook his voyage in Francis' service. The King, prompted by the French mercantile community , charged Verrazzano to discover whether there was a direct passage from the Atlantic to China and Japan. These were important trading partners—particularly in silks and spices— for most European nations. The Codex
4400-594: The Lenape in about 30 Lenape canoes and observed what he deemed to be a large lake, really the entrance to the Hudson River . He then sailed along Long Island and entered Narragansett Bay , where he received a delegation of Wampanoag and Narragansett people . The words "Norman villa" are found on the 1527 map by Visconte Maggiolo identifying the site. The historian Samuel Eliot Morison writes that "this occurs at Angouleme (New York) rather than Refugio (Newport). It
4510-538: The Lok Map of 1582. Robertus de Bailly used Gerolamo's map as the basis for his 1530 globe , and all of them included Verrazzano's imaginary isthmus. Verrazzano's voyage, with all its descriptive and cartographical errors, was still important for both explorers and mapmakers, as it effectively filled in a gap between what the Spanish had discovered in the south and what the English had towards Canada. The Codex report, after it
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4620-579: The Spice Islands via the Cape of Good Hope , but although his fleet of three ships left France in 1527, the weather was sufficiently poor to force Verrazzano to return to France by that September. He was subsequently instructed by Chabot to seek out "a great river on the coast of Brazil" in another attempt at seeking a passage to the Pacific. This voyage was to be Verrazzano's last; he was killed and eaten somewhere in
4730-514: The United Nations defines the term as 'a person who voluntarily renounces his or her nationality '. Historically, it also referred to exiles . The word expatriate comes from the Latin words ex ' out of ' and patria ' native country, fatherland ' . Dictionary definitions for the current meaning of the word include: These definitions contrast with those of other words with
4840-474: The Verrazano–Narrows Bridge was named. The lake he saw was actually Upper New York Bay , but they did not sail far enough up the river for this to become apparent. He described the many New Yorkers they saw as "dressed in birds' feathers of various colours, and they came toward us joyfully uttering loud cries of wonderment". It is likely that Verrazzano would have stayed longer, but a storm blew up in
4950-449: The "most significant" and the "definitive document" of Verrazano's voyage on account of its "semi-autobiographic" nature. The Cèllere Codex was written before Verrazano sent his king, Francis I, an official report, but after he had returned from the New World. Verrazzano devoted about one-third of the Codex to the natives he found on the new continent, especially their appearance, customs and society. Other areas of particular interest were
5060-486: The 'holy grail' of navigators, Verrazzano apparently made no attempt to cross the 'isthmus', either on land or through any of the inlets he reported, inlets which one of his longboats would have had little difficulty maneuvering. Nor does Verrazzano appear to have made an attempt to return to his promising isthmus", particularly as it would have been impossible for him to have not seen the gaps from which fresh water flowed, and which, therefore, could have theoretically provided
5170-431: The 1504 Globe da Vinci, has critically analyzed the contents of Verrazzano's travel diary. In the process, he has uncovered important, hitherto unknown iconographic aspects that shed new light on Verrazzano and his connection to Leonardo da Vinci evidence. Verrazzano arranged a second voyage, with financial support from Jean Ango and Philippe de Chabot , which departed from Dieppe with four ships early in 1527. One ship
5280-620: The 1930s to 1980s many of his novels and short stories dealt with Englishmen struggling to cope in exotic foreign places. Tender is the Night (1934), the last complete novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald , was about a glamorous American couple unravelling in the South of France. George Orwell drew heavily on his own experiences as a colonial policeman for his novel Burmese Days (1934). Evelyn Waugh satirised foreign correspondents in Scoop (1938). 1940s : From
5390-588: The Atlantic Coast. This monument rests upon stone from Castello di Verrazzano, the explorer's ancestral home. Expatriate An expatriate (often shortened to expat ) is a person who resides outside their country of citizenship . The term often refers to a professional, skilled worker, or student from an affluent country. However, it may also refer to retirees , artists and other individuals who have chosen to live outside their native country. The International Organization for Migration of
5500-513: The Bahamas , and the Lesser Antilles , Verrazzano anchored out to sea and rowed ashore, probably on the island of Guadeloupe . He was allegedly killed and eaten by the native Caribs . The fleet of two or three ships was anchored out of gunshot range, and no one could respond in time. However, older historical accounts suggest that Verrazzano was the same person as the corsair Jean Fleury , who
5610-562: The Eastern Ocean Giovanni da Verrazzano, Cèllere Codex , c.1524 Although the King had left Verrazzano a commission to fit out a new expedition (of four ships), no sooner had this been completed then the ships were requisitioned for Francis' war effort. Verrazzano may have attempted to find another patron in either the King of England , or Portugal In the event, he formed a partnership with Admiral Chabot and Jean Ango to travel to
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#17328561358355720-579: The European discoverer of the harbour, during an effort to name the newly built Narrows bridge after him. In Commemoration of Verrazzano's Voyage to America erected by the Delaware Commission on Italian Heritage and Culture 2008 A native of Val Di Greve in the Tuscany region of Italy, he studied navigation as a young man and became a master mariner. He was engaged by the King of France to lead
5830-405: The French kidnapped a native boy. Another 300 miles (480 km) miles north brought the Dauphine to Sandy Hook , New Jersey. They soon came to "a wide river between two prominent hills and took a small boat up-river to a densely populated land. At that point, the river widened to a lake". Verrazzano named one of the peaks "Angoleme" (King Francis' had been Count of Angouleme before ascending to
5940-501: The French king in whose name he sailed. That and other names he bestowed on features he discovered have not survived. He had the misfortune of making significant discoveries in the same three years (1519 to 1521) that the dramatic Conquest of the Aztec Empire and Ferdinand Magellan 's circumnavigation of the world occurred. Magellan did not complete his voyage, but his publicist Antonio Pigafetta did so, and Spanish publicity outweighed
6050-656: The Jungle Bar (1979) by Robert Drewe portrayed an Australian out of his depth while working for the UN in South-East Asia. 1990s : In both Cocaine Nights (1996) and Super-Cannes (2000), J. G. Ballard's English protagonists uncover dark secrets in luxurious gated communities in the South of France. 2000s : Platform (2001) was French author Michel Houellebecq's novel of European sex tourists in Thailand. Prague (2002)
6160-471: The Library's Codex, complete with transcription, translation, appendices and footnotes. Adams appointed the Library's consultant, Lawrence C. Wroth to undertake the work, and it was eventually published in 1970. Wroth's book utilised and printed the 1956 translation of the Codex . The reliance historians of the period have sometimes placed upon it— Seymour I. Schwartz , for example, has described it as holding
6270-483: The United Nations estimated that 232 million people, or 3.2% of the world population, lived outside their home country. As of 2019, according to the United Nations , the number of international migrants globally reached an estimated 272 million, or 3.5% of the world population. Some multinational corporations send employees to foreign countries to work in branch offices or subsidiaries. Expatriate employees allow
6380-509: The United States after studying there. In My Family and Other Animals (1956) and its sequels, Gerald Durrell described growing up as the budding naturalist in an eccentric English family on the Greek island of Corfu during the late 1930s. In As I Walked Out One Midsummer Morning (1969), Laurie Lee told of busking and tramping in his youth across 1930s Spain. 1970s-1990s : In It's Me, Eddie (1979), Eduard Limonov discusses his time as
6490-456: The area after the "intensely disliked papal official", Francesco Armellini . The final leg of the journey took them to Newfoundland, or what he termed "the land which the Britons once found, which lies in 50 degrees" which took him to Cape Breton and Nova Scotia . The immediate public response to Verrazzano's return to France in 1525 seems to have been that his voyage had been a failure and that
6600-612: The assumption that this MS is a clerk's copy (or one of several copies) of the letter as Verrazzano wrote it in his native Italian; and it is quite likely the very one to which Verrazzano appended in his own hand important notes to be incorporated in the translation into French for the King-an idea supported by the fact that many of the notes are such as would be of personal complimentary interest to King Francis. William Francis Ganong All three surviving copies of Verrazzano's letter appear to be based upon three separate originals. The Codex
6710-575: The case," writes Ronald S. Love, "Verrazzano always considered himself to be Florentine," and he was considered a Florentine by his contemporaries as well. He signed documents employing a Latin version of his name, "Janus Verrazanus", and he called himself "Jehan de Verrazane" in his will dated 11 May 1526 in Rouen , France (preserved at the Archives départementales de la Seine-Maritime). In contrast to his detailed account of his voyages to North America, little
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#17328561358356820-516: The century, French diplomacy defended the various actions of French sailors—whether corsairs or fishermen—with reference to the 1524 voyage. Until the Codex was discovered, nineteenth-century historians had no proof that Verrazzano had ever made his voyage in 1524, as no other record of it was found to exist in either French or Italian archives. Until then, there was some doubt among scholars as to whether his voyage had taken place at all. The nineteenth-century antiquarian Buckingham Smith denounced
6930-674: The challenges of adjusting to a host-country culture; and these reactions affect their motivations to continue (or not) living abroad. In this era of international competition, it is important for companies, as well as for countries, to understand what is that motivates people to move to another country to work. Understanding expatriates' motivations for international mobility allows organisations to tailor work packages to match expatriates' expectations in order to attract and/or retain skilled workers from abroad. Trends in recent years among business expatriates have included: The Munich-based paid expatriate networking platform InterNations conducts
7040-434: The citizenship of many opponents, such as Albert Einstein , Oskar Maria Graf , Willy Brandt and Thomas Mann , often expatriating entire families. Students who study in another country are not referred to as expatriates. The number of expatriates in the world is difficult to determine, since there is no governmental census. Market research company Finaccord estimated the number to be 66.2 million in 2017. In 2013,
7150-524: The closest he had come to "mineral booty were the sweet potatoes whose colour, it was hoped, might be regarded as proof of copper deposits". Verrazzano probably intended to return to explore the east coast further, but by the time he returned to France the political situation had changed drastically. French fortunes were falling in the Italian wars, and Francis, already 100 miles (160 km) south of Dieppe, in Blois ,
7260-417: The cosmographical appendix, in which Verrazzano's empirical philosophy appears with great clarity. Verrazzano's writing in the Codex has been interpreted in different ways. Two recent scholars have praised Verrazzano's prose. John Allen has called Verrazzano's landscape descriptions as "lyric", while Theodore Cachey described him as viewing French territorial expansion "through the lens of the Renaissance...it
7370-462: The distinction of being the discoverer of a large portion of the North American coast". In response, The Nation wrote the same year that the controversy could not be over, because there were still "archives to search, documents to compare, statements to verify or impugn", and that suggestions that Verrazzano had not made the voyages as claimed were based solely on assumptions by his critics. The French cartographic scholar Marcel Destombes noted that in
7480-497: The eastern Mediterranean. In September 1522, the surviving members of the Magellan expedition returned to Spain, having circumnavigated the globe. Competition in trade was becoming urgent, especially with Portugal. French merchants and financiers urged King Francis I of France to establish new trade routes. In 1523, the king asked Verrazzano to explore on France's behalf an area between Florida and Newfoundland , intending to find
7590-472: The entire voyage as "a fabrication", and H. C. Murphy "plausibly argued" that not only had Verrazzano never reached America but that the letter of 8 July 1524 was not even his. They believed, instead, that Verrazzano was instead a corsair named Jean Florin ("the Florentine"). This historiographical dispute was known as the "Verrazzano controversy". It was considered at least possible that Verrazzano's letter
7700-450: The expedition's planning stage. This was intended to divide both the investment and the profit from the voyage between them; they are described as tous marchans florentins (French for "all Florentine merchants"). Verrazzano left France with a ship provided and paid for by the King, a 100-ton caravel called Le Dauphine . He had a crew of 50 men, materiel and provisions sufficient for eight months at sea in December 1523. Verrazzano chose
7810-558: The final years of the British Empire in India. John le Carré made use of overseas settings for The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1963) and many of his subsequent novels about British spies. 1970s : In The Year of Living Dangerously (1978), Christopher Koch portrayed the lead-up to a 1965 coup in Indonesia through the eyes of an Australian journalist and a British diplomat. A Cry in
7920-498: The globe as they knew it between them. France had a particularly bitter commercial rivalry with Portugal, which repeatedly led to armed clashes in the areas where their mutual interests overlapped, such as the Brazilian and West African coasts . On the other hand, Francis wanted Portugal's assistance in the war in Italy. More immediately, his financial situation sufficiently precarious to make an expedition worthwhile—provided it discovered
8030-510: The harbour and after only a day the Dauphine was forced to retreat further out to sea, at which point Verrazzano decided to continue his navigation northwards: "greatly to our regret", wrote Verrazzano, as the region was, he believed "not without things of value". "These people", wrote Verrazzano of the Rhode Islanders, "are the most beautiful and have the most civil customs we have found on this voyage. They are taller than we are; they are
8140-751: The landscape, including climate and vegetation. In its various forms it is the only primary source historians' possess regarding Verrazzano's 1524 navigation of the north-east, and American historian Lawrence C. Wroth called it "the earliest geographical, topological and ethnological survey" stretching from Newfoundland to Florida . Indeed, the degree to which historians have relied on the Codex as informing them evidentially on subjects as diverse as flora , fauna , navigation , vegetation patterns , aboriginal relations , native food ("very wholesome"), and native boats ("a single log" carrying between 10 and 15 men of around 20 feet (6.1 m) to 30 feet (9.1 m) long). All considerations, indeed, are consistent with
8250-409: The latter being on the same parallel — an observation that was to become all too familiar to northern explorers and settlers. Luca Codignola The Codex states at the very beginning how King Francis' instructions were to "discover new lands" and especially a new route to Cathay. It begins by describing Verrazzano's departure from France with four ships, of which two were lost almost immediately in
8360-542: The light of modern scholarship, the criticisms of Smith and Murphy—"whose books nobody now reads"—have been discounted and the Codex is seen as just latest and best piece of evidence for Verrazzano's 1524 navigation, for which the evidence was already firm. Giovanni da Verrazzano Giovanni da Verrazzano ( / ˌ v ɛr ə ˈ z ɑː n oʊ , - ə t ˈ s ɑː -/ VERR -ə- ZAH -noh, -ət- SAH - , Italian: [dʒoˈvanni da (v)verratˈtsaːno] ; often misspelled Verrazano in English; 1485–1528)
8470-601: The material richness of the place". A photographic facsimile of the original document was created and published in 1916 by Phelps Stokes, and this was accompanied by a translation of the Codex by Edward Hagaman Hall . The Cèllere Codex is now held by the Morgan Library and Museum , in Manhattan , as MS MA 776. They were surprised that the climate was, in May, 'somewhat' colder than Rome,
8580-751: The mid-1940s to the 1990s, American-born Paul Bowles set many short stories and novels in his adopted home of Morocco, including The Sheltering Sky (1949). Malcolm Lowry in Under the Volcano (1947) told the tale of an alcoholic British consul in Mexico on the Day of the Dead. 1950s : From the 1950s to the 1990s, American author Patricia Highsmith set many of her psychological thrillers abroad, including The Talented Mr. Ripley (1955). James Baldwin's novel Giovanni's Room (1956)
8690-526: The miniseries deals with Americans in Hong Kong. Tom Rachman in his debut novel The Imperfectionists (2010) wrote of journalists working for an English-language newspaper in Rome. Memoirs of expatriate life can be considered a form of travel literature with an extended stay in the host country. Some of the more notable examples are listed here in order of their publication date, and recount experiences of roughly
8800-458: The most significant have been outlined as: cross-cultural competences, spousal support, motivational questions, time of assignment, emotional competences, previous international experience, language fluency, social relational skills, cultural differences, and organizational recruitment and selection process. Expatriate milieus have been the setting of many novels and short stories, often written by authors who spent years living abroad. The following
8910-517: The new continent. A few days later the Dauphine sailed again, this time north-easterly—always within sight of the coastline—passing North Carolina and Georgia . This area Verrazzano named Selva di Lauri and Campo di Cedri , or the Forest of Laurels and Field of Cedars. The French next passed Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey—"on a sea characterised by enormous waves"—where he recorded seeing Navesink Highlands , which he called "little mountain by
9020-399: The news of the French voyage. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a great debate in the United States about the authenticity of the letters that he wrote to Francis I to describe the geography, flora, fauna, and native population of the east coast of North America. Others thought that they were authentic, almost universally the current opinion, particularly after the discovery of
9130-415: The other province while retaining their home province's residency. In the 19th century, travel became easier by way of steamship or train . People could more readily choose to live for several years in a foreign country, or be sent there by employers. The table below aims to show significant examples of expatriate communities which have developed since that time: During the 1930s, Nazi Germany revoked
9240-401: The passage westwards that he was looking for. Travelling approximately 160 miles (260 km) miles northwards, Verrazzano sent a landing party ashore at around what is now Worcester County, Maryland , or Accomac County , Virginia. Due to what he called the "beauty of the trees"—describing the coast as "very green and forested, but without harbours"—he named the country Arcadia . While ashore,
9350-553: The same decade unless noted otherwise. Medieval : In The Travels of Marco Polo ( c. 1300 ), Rustichello da Pisa recounted the tales of Italian merchant Marco Polo about journeying the Silk Road to China. 1930s-1960s : In the first half of Down and Out in Paris and London (1933), George Orwell described a life of low-paid squalor while working in the kitchens of Parisian restaurants. In The America That I Have Seen (1949), Egyptian Islamist Sayyid Qutb denounced
9460-459: The same meaning, such as: The varying use of these terms for different groups of foreigners can be seen as implying nuances about wealth, intended length of stay, perceived motives for moving, nationality, and even race. This has caused controversy, with some commentators asserting that the traditional use of the word "expat" has had racist connotations. An older usage of the word expatriate referred to an exile . Alternatively, when used as
9570-487: The sea". They next came to New York (which he named Nova Gallia , Latin for New France) and Rhode Island coastlands. Here he "temporarily set aside his cautious practice of always dropping anchor off-shore in open waters" and sailed straight into what was probably Narragansett Bay . Here he noted its good defensive position and the potential it possessed for coastal fortifications . He described Staten Island and Brooklyn as "two small but prominent hills...[either side of]
9680-486: The service of the English King, Henry VII . In September 1522 Sebastiano Elcano made the first circumnavigation of the globe, and in the following year the king of France, Francis I , was persuaded to despatch an expedition. This was under the command of the Florentine explorer and humanist Giovanni da Verrazzano . Verrazzano was tasked with discovering a westward-passage to China, which would enable traders to avoid
9790-446: The ship's survival to divine intervention —and its own seaworthiness . He travelled westwards along the 32nd parallel (approximately 150 miles north of Columbus' route) and eventually—sighting "a new land never before seen by anyone"—landed at Cape Fear. The Codex describes how he sailed 160 miles (260 km) south to Florida in search of a harbour. Finding none, he returned to Cape Fear and disembarked, making their first steps upon
9900-532: The son of Piero Andrea di Bernardo da Verrazzano and Fiammetta Cappelli. It is generally claimed that he was born in the Castello di Verrazzano , hence its birth indicator (similar to Leonardo da Vinci ). Some alternative theories have been elaborated; for example, certain French scholars assume that Verrazzano was born in Lyon , France, the son of Alessandro di Bartolommeo da Verrazano and Giovanna Guadagni. "Whatever
10010-539: The spouse's career. Expatriate failure is a term which has been coined for an employee returning prematurely to their home country, or resigning. About 7% of expatriates return early, but this figure does not include those who perform poorly while on assignment or resign entirely from a company. When asked the cost of a premature expatriate's return, a survey of 57 multinational companies reported an average cost of about US$ 225,000. People move abroad for many different reasons. An understanding of what makes people move
10120-496: The throne in 1515) and the other he named "Santa Margarita", after the king's sister, Margaret of Valois . He named other headlands after members of the French nobility such as the Duc d'Alençon , seigneur de Bonnivet , the Duc de Vendôme and the Comte de St-Pol . Verrazzano and his crew had discovered New York Harbor . They dropped anchor at what is now called The Narrows , after which event
10230-483: The treacherous Straits of Magellen . This was the goal Columbus had originally set out to achieve over 30 years earlier. Lyon was the hub of France's silk industry, and a newer, shorter such passage would protect and increase their lucrative trade with Cathay . Francis was a willing backer, although no Royal commission survives for the expedition: he was frustrated that Portugal, Spain, and the Papacy had effectively divided
10340-493: The voyage at all. Verrazzano's fellow Italian, Christopher Columbus , in the service of the Catholic Monarchs of Spain , had reached the New World in 1492, and over the next thirty years, three European nations — the English, Portuguese and Spanish —investigated the new continent, claiming land for their respective monarchs when possible. A few years after Columbus, John Cabot made multiple voyages to Newfoundland in
10450-453: The voyage. Verrazzano navigated the mouth of the Delaware River and named it the "Vandoma"; he did not, Phelps Stokes noted, name the Hudson River , merely describing it as "a very great river". Martha's Vineyard he termed "Aloysia". The Codex is also the only version of Verrazzano's letter to contain a reference to the—"false sea" (imaginary)— Isthmus of Verrazzano , which is unmentioned on any other contemporary maps of his voyage. This
10560-571: Was a debut novel by Arthur Phillips which dealt with Americans and Canadians in Hungary towards the end of the Cold War. Shantaram (2003) was a bestselling novel by Gregory David Roberts about an Australian criminal who flees to India. 2010s : American novelist Chris Pavone has set several thrillers overseas since his debut The Expats (2012). Janice Y. K. Lee in The Expatriates (2016) and
10670-436: Was a fraud and one which had had the active participation of King Francis. Francis' intention, it was suggested, was to allow him to lay claim to the country without the need to fund an expensive exploration. The American Antiquarian Society , for example, stated at their 1876 AGM that "the time seems not yet to have arrived when this society should attempt a judicial decision upon the claims made in behalf of John Verrazzano to
10780-510: Was about an American man having an affair in Paris with an Italian bartender. Anthony Burgess worked as a teacher in Malaya and made it the setting of The Malayan Trilogy (1956-1959). The Alexandria Quartet (1957-1960) was the best-known work of Lawrence Durrell , who was born in India to British parents and lived overseas for most of his life. 1960s : English writer Paul Scott is best known for The Raj Quartet (1965-1975) dealing with
10890-515: Was active from 1900 to 1925. English writer W. Somerset Maugham , a former spy, set many short stories and novels overseas, such as The Moon and Sixpence (1919) in which an English stockbroker flees to Tahiti to become an artist, and The Razor's Edge (1944) in which a traumatised American pilot seeks meaning in France and India. Ford Madox Ford used spa towns in Europe as the setting for his novel The Good Soldier (1915) about an American couple,
11000-512: Was an Italian ( Florentine ) explorer of North America , in the service of King Francis I of France . He is renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524 , including New York Bay and Narragansett Bay . Verrazzano was born in Val di Greve , south of Florence , the capital and the main city of the Republic of Florence ,
11110-428: Was an eclectic courtly language and literature". Margaret Eisendrath, on the other hand, has highlighted the author's "detachment" from his subject. She particularly notices it in his description of their failed kidnapping of a young woman and the successful kidnap of the boy: "what is most striking about this description", she suggests, "is the way it conveys the natives' terror in the same tone as that in which it praises
11220-459: Was disseminated through the navigational and cartographic communities, "bolstered the growing conviction among the best English and French geographers that North America was a separate continent", and that a solid land mass connected La Florida of the Spanish to Newfoundland in the north. Verrazzano also provided the provenance and justification for French activities in the Americas: until the end of
11330-431: Was executed for piracy by the Spanish at Puerto del Pico, Spain . The geographic information derived from this voyage significantly influenced sixteenth-century cartographers. Despite his discoveries, Verrazzano's reputation did not proliferate as much as other explorers of that era. For example, Verrazzano gave the European name Francesca to the new land that he had seen, in accordance with contemporary practices, after
11440-621: Was not without danger, as Florida represented the northerly point of the Spanish Empire , and Spanish warships patrolled the sea. Verrazzano then turned northwards again and, hugging the coast, passed Virginia, New Jersey, and eventually New York, where he anchored in what is now New York Harbor. He then continued north around New England, to Newfoundland, where, with provisions running low, he turned eastwards. Verrazzano and crew returned to Dieppe in July 1524. The Codex describes Verrazzano's journey in
11550-585: Was personally travelling there to oversee a renewed campaign. Verrazzano despatched a report from Dieppe. Knecht posits that the king may not have found time to read Verrazano's report, or even to meet the navigator in Lyon (where the King had reached by 7 August). My intention on this voyage was to reach Cathay and the extreme eastern coast of Asia, but I did not expect to find such an obstacle of new land as I have found; and if for some reason I did expect to find it, I estimated there would be some strait to get through to
11660-418: Was persuaded otherwise, and reported that the "New World which above I have described is connected together, not adjoining Asia or Africa (which I know to be a certainty)". The Codex is, Verrazzano continued, "the most accurate and the most valuable of all the early coastal voyages that has come down to us". It also led to the creation of what would be the definitive map of the world, Gerolamo's map of 1529 and
11770-630: Was probably intended to compliment one of Verrazzano's noble friends. There are several places called 'Normanville' in Normandy, France. The main one is located near Fécamp and another important one near Évreux , which would naturally be it. West of it, conjecturally on the Delaware or New Jersey coast, is a Longa Villa , which Verrazzano certainly named after François d'Orléans, duc de Longueville ." He stayed there for two weeks and then moved northwards. He discovered Cape Cod Bay , his claim being proved by
11880-695: Was separated from the others in a gale near the Cape Verde Islands . Still, Verrazzano reached the coast of Brazil with two ships and harvested a cargo of brazilwood before returning to Dieppe in September. The third ship returned later, also with a cargo of brazilwood. The partial success did not find the desired passage to the Pacific Ocean, but it inspired Verrazzano's final voyage, which left Dieppe in early 1528. There are conflicting accounts of Verrazzano's demise. In one version, during his third voyage to North America in 1528, after he had explored Florida,
11990-513: Was titled A Discourse upon the Indies when it was first transcribed for public consumption by Giovanni Ramusio , the "official cosmographer of the Venetian Republic". It consists of 12 numbered sheets of Italian paper, with text on both sides, measuring 11.375 inches (28.89 cm) x 8.5 inches (22 cm). It is written in the cursive court hand of the period, probably that of a secretary. It
12100-595: Was transcribed, multiple times, into French for the King. It is unique among the surviving copies in being annotated by Verrazzano himself. These annotations are considerable, and they both expand on the context of the events the Codex describes and provide detailed minutiae about them. It is likely that many other versions of the letter were written for the convenience of the scribe before translating, although they appear not to have survived. The annotated Codex appears to have been given to either Leonardo Tedaldi or Thomaso Sartini , Lyonaisse merchants, and then forwarded to
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