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30-602: After the conquest, the Spanish crown focused on the Catholic indoctrination of the natives. Human settlements founded by royal missionaries in the New World were called "Indian doctrines" or simply " doctrines ". Originally, friars had only temporary missions: teach the Catholic faith to the natives, and then transfer the settlements to secular parishes, just like the ones that existed in Spain at

60-559: A bombing associated to a massacre, either in the previous or following days. The areas more heavily bombed were the Ixil triangle and Sacapulas , some parts of Baja Verapaz Department and also from Huehuetenango Department . After an attack of this kind it was common that up to 40% of the surviving population left town to survive, going into the mountains, into exile in Mexico or to another community. The maya k'iche' population that looked for refuge in

90-514: A few years, he had resettled about 1.4 million Indians into 840 communities, many of which were the nuclei of present-day cities, towns, and villages. Probably the most famous of the reductions were in the areas of present-day Paraguay and neighboring Argentina , Brazil , and Bolivia in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were created and governed by the Jesuit order of the Catholic Church. In

120-452: A population of 45,679. It became a municipality on December 5, 1876 and was formerly known as San Benito Nentón. The population speaks Spanish and Chuj . The Nentón town fair is from January 12 to 15 in honor of Santo Cristo de Esquipulas. The municipality has 13 middle size settlements (Spanish: aldeas) and 24 small size settlements (Spanish: caseríos). Nentón's territory includes the following sites: The Northern Transversal Strip

150-589: The Liberal Revolution of 1871 and with the creation of Quiché Department in 1872, Cunén was raised to municipality category by executive order #72 of 12 August 1872. Years later, general Jorge Ubico declared Cunén as a pre Columbine National Monument on 24 April 1931. During the Guatemalan Civil War Cunén found itself in the area where the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres -one of

180-605: The Northern Transversal strip -; as part of this offensive, there were intense attacks on civil communities with resulted in massacres that were duly recorded in both the REHMI and Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico final reports. In several cases, massacres occurred either at a special day for a community or during large scale operatives with large military force displays and aviation backup. The airplanes bombed certain zones; at least one of each nine communities suffered

210-606: The Spanish East Indies (the Philippines ). In Portuguese-speaking Latin America , such reductions were also called aldeias . The Spanish and Portuguese relocated, forcibly in many cases, indigenous inhabitants ( Indians or Indios ) of their colonies into urban settlements modeled on those in Spain and Portugal. The Royal Academy of Spain defines reducción (reduction) as "a grouping into settlement of indigenous people for

240-619: The Spanish Philippines , the Spanish colonial government founded hundreds of towns and villages across the archipelago modeled on towns and villages in Spain . The authorities often adopted a policy of reductions for the resettlement of inhabitants from far-flung scattered barrios or barangays to move into a centralized cabecera (town/district capital), where a newly built church and an ayuntamiento (town hall) were situated. This allowed

270-534: The 1520s. They were begun in Baja California in the 17th century and California in the late 18th century. Reductions in Mexico were more commonly known as congregaciones . Indian reductions in the Andes , mostly in present-day Peru and Bolivia , began on a large scale in 1570 during the rule of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo . Toledo worked to remake the society of the former Inca empire , with some success. In

300-588: The Caribbean, relocating populations to be closer to Spanish settlements, often at a distance from their home territories, and likely facilitated the spread of disease. Reductions could be either religious, established and administered by an order of the Roman Catholic church (especially the Jesuits ), or secular, under the control of Spanish or Portuguese governmental authorities. The best known, and most successful, of

330-775: The Cunén Villa in January 1981, and in the Chutuj settlement Chimanzana village in January 1982. Cunén has a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen : Cwb ). Cunén is surrounded by El Quiché municipalities. 15°20′N 91°02′W  /  15.333°N 91.033°W  / 15.333; -91.033 Indian Reductions Reductions ( Spanish : reducciones , also called congregaciones ; Portuguese : reduções ) were settlements established by Spanish rulers and Roman Catholic missionaries in Spanish America and

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360-622: The Indian population, facilitated the Spaniards' access to Indian labor, the promulgation of Christianity , and the collection of taxes and tribute. Moreover, the reduction of the Indians was intended to break down ethnic and kinship ties and detribalize the residents to create a generic, pan-Indian population, disregarding their numerous tribes and different cultures. The Spanish began creating reductions in Mexico shortly after Hernan Cortés 's conquest in

390-543: The North, the highway was closed [end of 1981 to beginning of 1982], the Army did not get in, not a single authority would come in, and the telegraph posts -which were the other communication device that existed- were taken down". "When we cut power to some (Army) barracks the power to the closest towns and village was cut as well, creating resentment in the population. Afterwards, the sabotages were commonplace in order to create chaos along

420-438: The concept of destroying the country's infrastructure, to damage the country, that did not happen. There was always an explanation... in context with the war that we were sustaining at the time and in context within the tactic moment when we were going to blow up a bridge, yes, we were going to blow it up so that the Army could not go through and to stop it from its barbarism... to cut its advances and withdraws- But from Nentón to

450-659: The country and preparing the conditions of a pre insurrection state". The EGP attacks that affected Cunén were: In order to counterattack the guerrilla offensive after the victory of the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua in 1979, general Lucas García 's government began a "Scorched earth" offensive of its own in the area controlled by the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres , - Chajul , Nebaj and Ixcán in Quiché Department-i.e., agricultural and oil-reach region of

480-411: The government to defend, control and Christianize the indigenous population in scattered independent settlements, to conduct population counts , and to collect tributes . This enforced resettlement led to several revolts in the 17th century, often led by community shamans ( babaylan ). In some cases, entire villages would move deeper into island interiors to escape the reductions. A similar policy

510-613: The guerrilla organizations that operated in Guatemala- was active. This organization justified its terrorist attacks against private and public infrastructure by saying that they only impacted the economic interests of both State and the country's productive sector and that it made the Guatemalan Army more vulnerable. In the Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico final report, former EGP members said that "destroying infrastructure just under

540-475: The indoctrination of the faith. The policy of reductions was begun in 1503 by Spanish colonists on Caribbean islands. In the words of the Spanish rulers, "It is necessary that the Indians be assigned to towns in which they will live together and that they not remain or wander separated from each other in the backcountry." The Spanish ordered Indian villages to be destroyed and selected sites where new villages should be built. The concentration, or reducción of

570-623: The members died. In 1638, the Order of Preachers split their large doctrines —which meant large economic benefits for them— in groups centered around each one of their six monasteries, including the Sacapulas monastery, under whose jurisdiction was the Cunén doctrine: After the independence of Central America in 1821 began the Central American Civil War between the conservatives that wanted to keep

600-468: The missionaries only responded to their order local authorities, and never to that of the Spanish government or the secular bishops. The orders local authorities, in turn, only dealt with their own order and not with the Spanish crown. Once a doctrine had been established, the protected their own economic interests, even against those of the King and thus, the doctrines became Indian towns that remains unaltered for

630-457: The mountains was labeled as "guerrilla" by the Army, which tighten military controls around them and continuous attacks that made extremely had to get food or medical attention. These people remained in the mountains for almost two years until they finally moved to Las Guacamayas, where they became isolated due to the military pressure. A lot of people died of starvation. Specifically in Cunén, State Armed Forces would have perpetrated massacres in

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660-425: The place where the friars had their monastery and from there, they would go out to preach to settlements that belong to the doctrine and were called "annexes", "visits" or "visit towns". Therefore, the doctrines had three main characteristics: The main characteristic of the doctrines was that they were run by a group of friars, because it made sure that the community system would continue without any issue when one of

690-437: The purpose of evangelization and assimilation." In colonial Mexico , reductions were called "congregations" ( congregaciones ). Forced resettlements aimed to concentrate indigenous people into communities, facilitating civil and religious control over populations. The concentration of the indigenous peoples into towns facilitated the organization and exploitation of their labor. The practice began during Spanish colonization in

720-412: The regular orders and aristocrats in control, and the liberals who wanted to expel them. In 1829, after general Francisco Morazán 's victory, the conservative regime of Mariano de Aycinena y Piñol was taken down and both his family and associated and the regular clergy were expelled from Central America, leaving behind only secular clergy priests, although heavily weakened, given that mandatory tithing

750-737: The religious reductions were those developed by the Jesuits in Paraguay and neighboring areas in the 17th century. The largest and most enduring secular reductions were those imposed on the highland people of the former Inca Empire of Peru during the rule of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo (1569–1581). During the early stages of Christianisation of the Americas, Spanish Catholic authorities might establish ecclesiastical missionary proto- parish subdivisions - Spanish : doctrinas ; singular: Spanish : doctrina , lit.   'doctrine' – for

780-404: The rest of the Spanish colony. The doctrines were founded at the friars discretion, given that they were completely at liberty to settle communities provided the main purpose was to eventually transfer it as a secular parish which would be tithing of the bishop. In reality, what happened was that the doctrines grew uncontrollably and were never transferred to any secular parish; they formed around

810-462: The time; the friars were supposed to teach Spanish and Catholicism to the natives. And when the natives were ready, they could start living in parishes and contribute with mandatory tithing, just like the people in Spain. But this plan never materialized, mainly because the Spanish crown lost control of the regular orders as soon as their friars set course to America. Shielded by their apostolic privileges granted to convert natives into Catholicism,

840-413: Was abolished. This heavily impacted Cunén, as the Order of Preachers was forced to leave the country leaving their doctrine behind; in 1836, liberal government of Mariano Gálvez incorporated Cunén to Sololá's district. After the conservatives regained power in 1840, the regular clergy returned to Guatemala, but they were not able to recover their old properties. But they were expelled once again after

870-533: Was implemented in the nearby Mariana Islands during the Spanish–Chamorro Wars (1670–1699). Cline, Howard F. "Civil Congregation of the Indians of New Spain, 1598-1606." Hispanic American Historical Review , vol. 29, (1947) no. 3, pp. 349–369 Nent%C3%B3n Nentón is a town and municipality in the Guatemalan department of Huehuetenango . Its territory extends 717 km with

900-748: Was officially created during the government of General Carlos Arana Osorio in 1970, by Legislative Decree 60-70, for agricultural development. The decree literally said: "It is of public interest and national emergency, the establishment of Agrarian Development Zones in the area included within the municipalities: San Ana Huista, San Antonio Huista, Nentón, Jacaltenango, San Mateo Ixtatán , and Santa Cruz Barillas in Huehuetenango ; Chajul and San Miguel Uspantán in Quiché; Cobán , Chisec , San Pedro Carchá , Lanquín , Senahú , Cahabón and Chahal , in Alta Verapaz and

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