Cuncos , Juncos or Cunches is a poorly known subgroup of Huilliche people native to coastal areas of southern Chile and the nearby inland. Mostly a historic term, Cuncos are chiefly known for their long-running conflict with the Spanish during the colonial era of Chilean history .
25-633: Cunco may refer to: Cunco people Cunco, Chile Cunco Castle near Villanueva del Fresno , Spain Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cunco . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cunco&oldid=1185270745 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
50-623: A complex system intermarried families or clans with local allegiance. The details of the identity of the Cuncos is not fully clear. José Bengoa defines "Cunco" as a category of indigenous Mapuche-Huilliche people in southern Chile used by the Spanish in colonial times . The Spanish referred to them as indios cuncos . Eugenio Alcamán cautions that the term "Cunco" in Spanish documents may not correspond to an ethnic group since they were defined, like other denominations for indigenous groups, chiefly on
75-470: A failure as Mapuches who were expected to aid the Spanish as Indian auxiliaries according to the Parliament of Boroa did not support the Spanish expedition. While away from Valdivia hostile local Mapuches killed twelve Spanish. The expedition from Valdivia soon ran out of supplies and decided to return to Valdivia without having confronted the Cuncos. The expedition from Carelmapu was more successful reaching
100-438: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cunco people Cuncos cultivated maize , potatoes and quinoa and raised chilihueques . Their economy was complemented by travels during spring and summer to the coast where they gathered shellfish and hunted sea lions . They were said to live in large rukas . Cuncos were organized in small local chiefdoms forming
125-495: The Destruction of Osorno the Cuncos had bad relations with the Spanish settlements of Calbuco and Carelmapu formed by exiles from Osorno and loyalist Indians . Indeed, the area between Reloncaví Sound and Maipué River was depopulated as a consequence of this conflict that not only included warfare but slave raiding too. On March 21, 1651, Spanish ship San José aimed to the newly re-established Spanish city of Valdivia
150-523: The Huilliche language . Laurelia sempervirens , known in Huilliche triwe and in Spanish as laurel , is the ritual tree of the Huilliche of Futahuillimapu. The main modern areas of Huilliche settlement are two; San Juan de la Costa west of Osorno and Compu - Chadmo in the southeast of Chiloé Island . The mythological cosmologies of the Huilliche has many parallels in the indigenous religions of
175-519: The Precordillera east of Osorno . This purchase was later ratified by Chilean courts and serves to illustrate how Chilean authorities ignored their own legal order that guaranteed Huilliche property. As result of the establishment of Chilean and European settlers, including Germans, around Bueno River , Osorno Huilliches living in the Central Valley migrated to the coastal region of Osorno. In
200-402: The battle of Curalaba in 1598 triggered a general uprising that led to the destruction of all Spanish cities in Huilliche territory except Castro. The portion of Futahuillimapu south of Maipué River became largely depopulated following a period of pillaging by the Spanish and loyalist Huilliches that had relocated from Osorno to the forts of Carelmapu and Calbuco . After Valdivia
225-590: The Andes, which suggests but does not prove a partial origin in present-day Argentina. During the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries, the mainland Huilliche were generally successful at resisting Spanish encroachment . However, after the Figueroa incursion of 1792 Huilliches were decisively defeated and their territory was gradually opened to European settlement beginning with the Parliament of Las Canoas . Today, most Huilliche speak Spanish, but some, especially older adults, speak
250-716: The Central Andes including the Inca religion . In the 1540s Spanish conquereros led by Pedro de Valdivia arrived in Central Chile from newly conquered Peru . Between 1549 and 1553 the Spanish founded several cities in Mapuche territory and one in Huilliche territory: Valdivia . Albeit the death of Pedro de Valdivia in 1553 halted the Spanish conquests for a while Osorno and Castro were established in Huilliche territory in 1558 and 1567 respectively. The Spanish defeat by Mapuches in
275-401: The Cuncos as inhabiting the area between Valdivia and Chiloé. Tapping on Febrés work Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro writes that Cuncos inhabit the mainland north of Chiloé Archipelago as far north as to limit with "Araucanian barbarians" (Mapuche from Araucanía ). Hervás y Panduro list them as one of three "Chilean barbarians" groups inhabiting the territory between latitudes 36° S and 41° S,
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#1732844966907300-486: The Cuncos distinguished themselves from the nearby Huilliches of the plains and the southern Cuncos of Maullín and Chiloé Archipelago by their staunch resistance to Spanish rule. That the Cuncos were a distinct group is also shown, according to Urbina, by the fact that the colonial Spanish also considered them the most barbarian of the southern Mapuche groups and that the Cuncos and (non-Cunco) Huilliche considered themselves different. Jesuit Andrés Febrés mentions
325-650: The Cuncos settled in Chiloé Island in Pre-Hispanic times as consequence of a push from more northern Huilliches who in turn were being displaced by Mapuches . The indigenous inhabitants of the northern half of Chiloé Island, of Mapuche culture, are variously referred as Cunco, Huilliche or Veliche . The lands of the Cunco were described in colonial sources as rainy and rich in swamps , rivers, streams with thick forests with stout and tall trees. Flat and cleared terrain
350-565: The Parliament of Boroa. The indios cuncos were the subject of Juan de Salazar 's failed slave raid in 1654 that ended in a Spanish defeat at the Battle of Río Bueno . This battle served as catalyst for the devastating Mapuche uprising of 1655 . Albeit the Cuncos had occasional conflicts with the Spanish from Valdivia as in the 1650s and 1750s , over-all relations towards the Spanish of Calbuco, Carelmapu and Chiloé were more hostile. Indeed,
375-600: The Spanish at the Parliament of Las Canoas . Huilliche people The Huilliche ( Spanish pronunciation: [wi.ˈʝi.tʃe] ), Huiliche or Huilliche-Mapuche are the southern partiality of the Mapuche macroethnic group in Chile and Argentina . Located in the Zona Sur , they inhabit both Futahuillimapu ("great land of the south") and, as the Cunco or Veliche subgroup,
400-525: The Spanish authorities in Valdivia . In 1792 the Huilliches were ravaged by a Spanish army led by Tomás de Figueroa . A peace parliament and treaty was signed in 1793. In the treaty Huilliche property was recognized by the Spanish. Sociedad Stuttgart, a society established in the 19th century to bring German settlers to Chile, purchased about 15 000 km under fraudulent conditions from Huilliches in
425-614: The Spanish in Valdivia were able to slowly advance their positions by trade and land purchases in the second half of the 18th century. Eventually Spanish domains reached all the way from Valdivia to Bueno River . Amidst a period of renewed conflict in 1770 the Spanish destroyed a road the Cuncos had built from Punta Galera to Corral to attack the Spanish. Following a devastating raid of Tomás de Figueroa through Futahuillimapu in 1792, Cunco apo ülmen Paylapan ( Paill’apangi ) sent messengers ( wesrkin ) to participate in negotiations with
450-466: The basis of the territory they inhabited. Ximena Urbina stresses that the differences between the southern Mapuche groups are poorly known but that their customs and language appear to have been the same. The Cuncos, she claims, are ethnically and culturally significantly more distant from the Araucanian Mapuche than neighboring (non-Cunco) Huilliches. Urbina also notes that the core group of
475-549: The northern half of Chiloé Island . The Huilliche are the principal indigenous people of those regions. According to Ricardo E. Latcham the term Huilliche started to be used in Spanish after the second founding of Valdivia in 1645, adopting the usage of the Mapuches of Araucanía for the southern Mapuche tribes. Huilliche means 'southerners' (Mapudungun willi 'south' and che 'people'.) A genetic study showed significant affinities between Huilliches and indigenous peoples east of
500-643: The other being the Araucanians and Huilliche . The Cuncos lived in the Chilean Coast Range and its foothills. Proper Huilliches lived east of them in the flatlands of the Central Valley . There are differing views on the southern extent of the Cunco lands, some accounts mention the Maullín River as the limit while other say the Cuncos inhabited the land all the way to the middle of Chiloé Island . A theory postulated by chronicler José Pérez García holds
525-405: The people of Chiloé. Their ponchos were described by Moraleds as less pleasing ("vistosos") than those of Chiloé. A new battle took place between Spanish and Huilliche forces in 1759 near the shores of río Bueno. The outcome of the battle has been subject ot different interpretations. The battle of 1759 was an exception to the overall policy of befriending indigenous communities on behalf of
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#1732844966907550-410: The site of abandoned city of Osorno . Here the Spanish were approached by Huilliches who gave them three caciques who were allegedly involved in the looting and murder of the wrecked Spanish. Governor of Chile Antonio de Acuña Cabrera planned a new Spanish punitive expedition against the Cuncos but was dissuaded by Jesuits who warned him that any large military assault would endanger the accords of
575-520: Was pushed by storms into coasts inhabited by the Cuncos south of Valdivia. There the ship ran aground and while most of the crew managed to survive the wreck nearby Cuncos killed them and took possession of the valuable cargo. The Spanish made fruitless efforts to recover anything left in wreck. Two punitive expeditions were assembled one started in Valdivia advancing south and the other in Carelmapu advancing north. The expedition from Valdivia turned into
600-446: Was refounded in 1645, the Spanish struggled to establish a land route to the vicinities of Chiloé Archipelago across independent Huilliche territory. There are reports in the 17th and 18th centuries of internal conflicts among the Huilliche. This may have stunted population growth. In late 18th century Basque navigator José de Moraleda wrote that Huilliches of Osorno were more stocky, agile and of general better appearance than
625-453: Was scarce and local roads very narrow and of poor quality. The Cuncos should not be confused with Cuncos from the locality of Cunco further north. Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro mention the language of cuncos as an accent or dialect similar to "Chiloense", the language of the indigenous people of Chiloé Archipelago , asserting the languages of Huilliches, Cuncos, Pehuenches and Araucanians (Mapuche) were mutually intelligible. Ever since
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