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94-631: The Cuming Museum in Walworth Road in Elephant and Castle , within the London Borough of Southwark , London, England, was a museum housing the collection of the Cuming family and later collections on Southwark's history. As of 2021, its collections have been rehoused in a new Southwark Heritage Centre. Richard Cuming (1777–1870) started his collecting life when he was only five years old, with some fossils and
188-496: A Roman urn filled with bones which was uncovered intact during repairs to the road and exhibited at the Royal Society . Camberwell Green , at the junction of Camberwell Road and Camberwell Church Street, was the traditional site of Camberwell Fair, an annual fair held every August. Following complaints about the noise and high crime levels generated by the fair, a group of residents bought the fairground in 1855, converting it into
282-546: A broader syllabus and more interest in applications; but William Whewell found the programme unacceptable. A controversy Babbage had with Richard Jones lasted for six years. He never did give a lecture. It was during this period that Babbage tried to enter politics. Simon Schaffer writes that his views of the 1830s included disestablishment of the Church of England , a broader political franchise , and inclusion of manufacturers as stakeholders. He twice stood for Parliament as
376-531: A candidate for the borough of Finsbury . In 1832 he came in third among five candidates, missing out by some 500 votes in the two-member constituency when two other reformist candidates, Thomas Wakley and Christopher Temple, split the vote. In his memoirs Babbage related how this election brought him the friendship of Samuel Rogers : his brother Henry Rogers wished to support Babbage again, but died within days. In 1834 Babbage finished last among four. In 1832, Babbage, Herschel and Ivory were appointed Knights of
470-668: A coin that had been given to him by a family friend. That ignited a passion for collecting, which lasted for his lifetime. He made his first significant purchases in 1806 at the sale of the Leverian Museum . His interests covered geology, scientific equipment and animalia. The collection was bequeathed to the people of Southwark by his son, Henry Syer Cuming , in 1902, and the museum opened in 1906. As described in Cuming's will, it comprised "My Museum illustrative of Natural History , Archaeology and Ethnology with my coins and medals and... other curios". The museum galleries were moved from
564-700: A conventional resident don , and inattentive to his teaching responsibilities, he wrote three topical books during this period of his life. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1832. Babbage was out of sympathy with colleagues: George Biddell Airy , his predecessor as Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, thought an issue should be made of his lack of interest in lecturing. Babbage planned to lecture in 1831 on political economy . Babbage's reforming direction looked to see university education more inclusive, universities doing more for research,
658-514: A crossroads where the A215 crosses the A213 on South Norwood High Street and South Norwood Hill becomes Portland Road. The road then travels down a hill with many shops (mainly takeaways, newsagents). It passes South Norwood Leisure Centre , a new leisure centre which includes a creche, cafe, gym, swimming pool etc. Portland Road ends with a left turn to stay on the A215 at Spring Lane or straight on to change onto
752-466: A divine legislator. In this book, Babbage dealt with relating interpretations between science and religion; on the one hand, he insisted that "there exists no fatal collision between the words of Scripture and the facts of nature;" on the other hand, he wrote that the Book of Genesis was not meant to be read literally in relation to scientific terms. Against those who said these were in conflict, he wrote "that
846-499: A fast and lifelong friendship with Herschel and with Babbage, who was then quite young. I would ask any fair-minded mathematician to read Babbage's Ninth Bridgewater Treatise and compare it with the works of his contemporaries in England; and then ask himself whence came the peculiar conception of the nature of miracle which underlies Babbage's ideas of Singular Points on Curves (Chap, viii) – from European Theology or Hindu Metaphysic? Oh! how
940-453: A horse and rider. In 1997 the railway was replaced by Tramlink ; the station is now Woodside tram stop . Shirley Road is the final road on the A215. It is home to Ashburton Community School and Trinity School of John Whitgift . It ends in Shirley , Croydon . Shirley Road skirts the nearby suburb of Addiscombe . The town is named after the historic manor of Adscomb ("Edge of the valley"),
1034-635: A later visit to Piedmont . In April 1828 he was in Rome , and relying on Herschel to manage the difference engine project, when he heard that he had become a professor at Cambridge, a position he had three times failed to obtain (in 1820, 1823 and 1826). Babbage was instrumental in founding the Royal Astronomical Society in 1820, initially known as the Astronomical Society of London. Its original aims were to reduce astronomical calculations to
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#17328477645261128-498: A meeting hosted by John Chapman to campaign against the Booksellers Association, still a cartel . It has been written that "what Arthur Young was to agriculture, Charles Babbage was to the factory visit and machinery". Babbage's theories are said to have influenced the layout of the 1851 Great Exhibition , and his views had a strong effect on his contemporary George Julius Poulett Scrope . Karl Marx argued that
1222-401: A more standard form, and to circulate data. These directions were closely connected with Babbage's ideas on computation, and in 1824 he won its Gold Medal , cited "for his invention of an engine for calculating mathematical and astronomical tables ". Babbage's motivation to overcome errors in tables by mechanisation had been a commonplace since Dionysius Lardner wrote about it in 1834 in
1316-477: A nephew wrote to say that Babbage was born one year earlier, in 1791. The parish register of St. Mary's , Newington , London, shows that Babbage was baptised on 6 January 1792, supporting a birth year of 1791. Babbage was one of four children of Benjamin Babbage and Betsy Plumleigh Teape. His father was a banking partner of William Praed in founding Praed's & Co. of Fleet Street , London, in 1801. In 1808,
1410-402: A translation from French of the lectures of Sylvestre Lacroix , which was then the state-of-the-art calculus textbook. Reference to Lagrange in calculus terms marks out the application of what are now called formal power series . British mathematicians had used them from about 1730 to 1760. As re-introduced, they were not simply applied as notations in differential calculus . They opened up
1504-855: A uniform rate that was put into effect with the introduction of the Uniform Fourpenny Post supplanted by the Uniform Penny Post in 1839 and 1840. Colby was another of the founding group of the Society. He was also in charge of the Survey of Ireland . Herschel and Babbage were present at a celebrated operation of that survey, the remeasuring of the Lough Foyle baseline. The Analytical Society had initially been no more than an undergraduate provocation. During this period it had some more substantial achievements. In 1816, Babbage, Herschel and Peacock published
1598-571: Is St Joseph's College founded in 1855, one of the first Catholic educational institutions to be opened in England following the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy. Beulah Hill was the site of Britain's first independent television transmitter , built by the Independent Television Authority in 1955. Beulah Hill ends at a junction with the A212 (Church Road). From this junction, the A215
1692-531: Is a Divine energy which overrides what we familiarly call the laws of nature." He alluded to the limits of human experience, expressing: "all that we see in a miracle is an effect which is new to our observation, and whose cause is concealed. The cause may be beyond the sphere of our observation, and would be thus beyond the familiar sphere of nature; but this does not make the event a violation of any law of nature. The limits of man's observation lie within very narrow boundaries, and it would be arrogance to suppose that
1786-607: Is an A road in south London , starting at Elephant and Castle and finishing around Shirley . It runs through the London Boroughs of Lambeth , Southwark and Croydon . The A215 was Britain's most crash-prone A road between 1999 and 2010, having 2,836 crashes over its ten-mile length. At its northernmost point at Elephant & Castle in Newington , the A215 begins as Walworth Road, which runs between Elephant and Castle and Camberwell Road . It runs through Walworth and
1880-521: Is an inherent assumption in Frederick Winslow Taylor 's scientific management . Mary Everest Boole claimed that there was profound influence – via her uncle George Everest – of Indian thought in general and Indian logic , in particular, on Babbage and on her husband George Boole , as well as on Augustus De Morgan : Think what must have been the effect of the intense Hinduizing of three such men as Babbage, De Morgan, and George Boole on
1974-468: Is at the southern end of Herne Hill, on a busy six-road junction. It opened in 1862 and was initially the southern terminus of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway Norwood Road begins after Herne Hill railway station . It runs alongside Brockwell Park and then south to Tulse Hill . A manor house known as "Brockholle" or "Brockhalle" (the origin of the name "Brockwell") was built on Norwood Road, on what
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#17328477645262068-605: Is called South Norwood Hill . South Norwood Hill descends sharply towards South Norwood . It becomes Portland Road at the crossroads with the A213 road . Spurgeon's College is a theological college which since 1923 has been located in a mansion built in 1890 and known as Falkland Park . Otherwise this section of the A215 is mainly residential. The former porter's lodge of the Falkland Park estate still stands along South Norwood Hill as no. 217, "Falkland Lodge". Portland Road begins at
2162-535: Is displayed on the Sexual Health Clinic at the junction of Larcom Street and Walworth Road. Just off the Walworth Road was Walworth Road railway station on the London, Chatham and Dover Railway that was opened in 1863 and shut in 1916 due to wartime constraints. Walworth Road transitions into Camberwell Road where the A215 enters the former Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell . The road runs adjacent to
2256-481: Is now a part of Brockwell Park, in the mid-15th century. In 1809 the building was bought by wealthy merchant and Sheriff of London John Blades. Blades demolished the building, and built Brockwell Hall as a replacement at the top of the hill in the park; this building still stands today. Tulse Hill railway station is on this road. After passing the station, Norwood Road continues south past West Norwood Cemetery (home of 65 Listed Monuments ) to West Norwood and
2350-694: Is now the site of a block of council flats . Ruskin Park , immediately south of the twin hospitals, is named in his honour. Denmark Hill is home to two of London's largest hospitals , the general King's College Hospital (part of King's College London ) which moved to the site from its original central London location in 1913, and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital. It is believed by historians that 168, 170 and 172 Denmark Hill were designed by noted architect and prison designer William Blackburn due their similarity in architectural style to his other buildings. However, as
2444-493: Is that skilled workers typically spend parts of their time performing tasks that are below their skill level. If the labour process can be divided among several workers, labour costs may be cut by assigning only high-skill tasks to high-cost workers, restricting other tasks to lower-paid workers. He also pointed out that training or apprenticeship can be taken as fixed costs; but that returns to scale are available by his approach of standardisation of tasks, therefore again favouring
2538-604: Is the major shopping street of the area. East Street Market is especially busy on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. Other attractions include the Cuming Museum , Newington Reference Library and John Smith House , a former Labour Party headquarters which is now used by the local education authority . Charles Babbage , the Victorian mathematician and computer pioneer, was likely born at 44 Crosby Row, now Larcom Street, Walworth Road on 26 December 1791. A commemorative blue plaque
2632-656: Is the part of the Crystal Palace area with no name home to a large parade of competing large super markets along the A215 Norwood Road including Tesco, Cooperative, Iceland and (by Summer 2009) Sainsbury (ex Woolworth's site). West Norwood railway station is on this road. Knights Hill contains the Knights Hill Nature Reserve , one of the last remaining vestiges of the Great North Wood which once covered
2726-464: The Edinburgh Review (under Babbage's guidance). The context of these developments is still debated. Babbage's own account of the origin of the difference engine begins with the Astronomical Society's wish to improve The Nautical Almanac . Babbage and Herschel were asked to oversee a trial project, to recalculate some part of those tables. With the results to hand, discrepancies were found. This
2820-525: The Jacquard loom . Babbage had a broad range of interests in addition to his work on computers covered in his 1832 book Economy of Manufactures and Machinery . He was an important figure in the social scene in London, and is credited with importing the "scientific soirée" from France with his well-attended Saturday evening soirées . His varied work in other fields has led him to be described as "pre-eminent" among
2914-520: The London Overground network. The road continues southwest into Herne Hill, a short stretch of road running through the area of the same name . The origin of the name is disputed, but possibly derives from herons nesting on the (now buried) River Effra . The earliest known usage of the name "Herne Hill" dates from 1798. St Paul's church was rebuilt in gothic style by the architect George Edmund Street in 1858. Herne Hill railway station
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3008-640: The London Overground which was opened on 23 May 2010. One of the earliest cinemas in south London, the Electric Picture Palace, opened on Portland Road in 1910. The cinema was renamed the Central Cinema shortly afterwards, and closed in 1956, and no trace of it now remains. Portland Road is also home to the "Gold Coast", the only Ghanaian public house in London; this is a focal point for London's Ghanaian community and serves Ghanaian beer, wine and food. Roots, Routes, Roots (also known as
3102-682: The Royal Guelphic Order , however they were not subsequently made knights bachelor to entitle them to the prefix Sir , which often came with appointments to that foreign order (though Herschel was later created a baronet ). Babbage now emerged as a polemicist . One of his biographers notes that all his books contain a "campaigning element". His Reflections on the Decline of Science and some of its Causes (1830) stands out, however, for its sharp attacks. It aimed to improve British science, and more particularly to oust Davies Gilbert as President of
3196-677: The Statistical Society followed. Babbage was its public face, backed by Richard Jones and Robert Malthus . Babbage published On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures (1832), on the organisation of industrial production . It was an influential early work of operational research . John Rennie the Younger in addressing the Institution of Civil Engineers on manufacturing in 1846 mentioned mostly surveys in encyclopaedias, and Babbage's book
3290-469: The University of Edinburgh , with the recommendation of Pierre Simon Laplace ; the post went to William Wallace . With Herschel, Babbage worked on the electrodynamics of Arago's rotations , publishing in 1825. Their explanations were only transitional, being picked up and broadened by Michael Faraday . The phenomena are now part of the theory of eddy currents , and Babbage and Herschel missed some of
3384-482: The exponential map ). But via Herschel he was influenced by Arbogast's ideas in the matter of iteration , i.e. composing a function with itself, possibly many times. Writing in a major paper on functional equations in the Philosophical Transactions (1815/6), Babbage said his starting point was work of Gaspard Monge . From 1828 to 1839, Babbage was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. Not
3478-444: The factory system . His view of human capital was restricted to minimising the time period for recovery of training costs. Another aspect of the work was its detailed breakdown of the cost structure of book publishing. Babbage took the unpopular line, from the publishers' perspective, of exposing the trade's profitability. He went as far as to name the organisers of the trade's restrictive practices. Twenty years later he attended
3572-497: The history of England is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about an organisation in England is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article about a London building or structure is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article relating to a museum in the United Kingdom is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Walworth Road The A215
3666-595: The "Portland Road Mosaic"), an 11-metre (36 ft) long mosaic depicting the history of the Norwood area, is under the railway bridge. The mosaic was designed by artists Gary Drostle and Rob Turner, and built by children from a number of local schools. Spring Lane is a short road that starts at the junction with Woodside Green. It lies entirely within Woodside . St Luke's Church, Ashburton Park , Ashburton Primary School and Woodside tram stop are on this road. Spring Lane
3760-516: The 1930s, London Transport and its successors have planned to extend the Bakerloo line south to a station on Camberwell Road. The original plans were abandoned due to the Second World War before much construction had been completed. Construction again began in the 1950s and 1970s, but was abandoned each time. Transport for London still intends to build this extension, but no date has been set for
3854-575: The 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked. Babbage's birthplace is disputed, but according to the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography he was most likely born at 44 Crosby Row, Walworth Road , London, England. A blue plaque on the junction of Larcom Street and Walworth Road commemorates the event. His date of birth was given in his obituary in The Times as 26 December 1792; but then
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3948-819: The Almighty which afterwards so much disgusted me in my youthful years. Rejecting the Athanasian Creed as a "direct contradiction in terms", in his youth he looked to Samuel Clarke 's works on religion, of which Being and Attributes of God (1704) exerted a particularly strong influence on him. Later in life, Babbage concluded that "the true value of the Christian religion rested, not on speculative [theology] ... but ... upon those doctrines of kindness and benevolence which that religion claims and enforces, not merely in favour of man himself but of every creature susceptible of pain or of happiness." In his autobiography Passages from
4042-616: The Attwood family home, once in 1829 and again in 1832, completing some compositions there. The house was demolished in the late 1960s. In March 1966, shortly before the World Cup tournament , the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen from an exhibition at Central Hall Westminster . It was found seven days later by a dog named Pickles , wrapped in newspaper at the bottom of a suburban garden hedge at Beulah Hill. The story made national headlines. Nearby
4136-524: The B243, Woodside Green . From June 2010, the road will be the site of a station on the new London Overground network. The northern section of the road was historically known as "Cholmerden" or "The Goat House". The Minister's of Bailiffs Account of the Chauntry of St Nicholas show that an annual rent of 33 shillings and four pence was paid on the land between 1442–1483; this is the earliest recorded reference to
4230-671: The Babbage family moved into the old Rowdens house in East Teignmouth . Around the age of eight, Babbage was sent to a country school in Alphington near Exeter to recover from a life-threatening fever. For a short time, he attended King Edward VI Grammar School in Totnes , South Devon, but his health forced him back to private tutors for a time. Babbage then joined the 30-student Holmwood Academy , in Baker Street, Enfield , Middlesex , under
4324-637: The Creator ever open to our examination, we possess a firm basis on which to raise the superstructure of an enlightened creed. The more man inquires into the laws which regulate the material universe, the more he is convinced that all its varied forms arise from the action of a few simple principles ... The works of the Creator, ever present to our senses, give a living and perpetual testimony of his power and goodness far surpassing any evidence transmitted through human testimony. The testimony of man becomes fainter at every stage of transmission, whilst each new inquiry into
4418-556: The English clergy of that day hated Babbage's book! Babbage was raised in the Protestant form of the Christian faith, his family having inculcated in him an orthodox form of worship. He explained: My excellent mother taught me the usual forms of my daily and nightly prayer; and neither in my father nor my mother was there any mixture of bigotry and intolerance on the one hand, nor on the other of that unbecoming and familiar mode of addressing
4512-451: The Life of a Philosopher (1864), Babbage wrote a whole chapter on the topic of religion, where he identified three sources of divine knowledge: He stated, on the basis of the design argument , that studying the works of nature had been the more appealing evidence, and the one which led him to actively profess the existence of God . Advocating for natural theology, he wrote: In the works of
4606-515: The Norwood Triangle. Norwood Road is home to St Luke's Church , a Grade II listed building designed by Francis Octavius Bedford in 1823–5 and rebuilt by GE Street in 1870. The Regal Cinema opened on Norwood Road in January 1930; it was unusual in that it also staged live stage shows to accompany films (including performances by animals from circuses visiting the nearby park). It was home to
4700-511: The Regal Redheads, a troupe of dancing girls who performed in the interval . Knights Hill starts in the north at West Norwood in the Norwood Triangle one-way system, and runs through a council ward also named as Knight's Hill . It ends in the south at a junction with the A214 at Crown Lane and Crown Dale. Knights Hill becomes Beulah Hill here at Crown Point. To the north, south of Knight's Hill
4794-539: The Reverend Stephen Freeman. The academy had a library that prompted Babbage's love of mathematics. He studied with two more private tutors after leaving the academy. The first was a clergyman near Cambridge ; through him Babbage encountered Charles Simeon and his evangelical followers, but the tuition was not what he needed. He was brought home, to study at the Totnes school: this was at age 16 or 17. The second
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#17328477645264888-591: The Royal Society, which Babbage wished to reform. It was written out of pique, when Babbage hoped to become the junior secretary of the Royal Society, as Herschel was the senior, but failed because of his antagonism to Humphry Davy . Michael Faraday had a reply written, by Gerrit Moll , as On the Alleged Decline of Science in England (1831). On the front of the Royal Society Babbage had no impact, with
4982-515: The Whitmore sisters. He made a home in Marylebone in London and established a large family. On his father's death in 1827, Babbage inherited a large estate (value around £100,000, equivalent to £10.9 million or $ 15 million today), making him independently wealthy. After his wife's death in the same year he spent time travelling. In Italy he met Leopold II, Grand Duke of Tuscany , foreshadowing
5076-457: The area. The 1647 Parliamentary Survey described Knights Hill as "a small common wood containing 40 pollard oaks and two elms". Beulah Hill (originally "Gravel Pit Road" ) begins at a crossroads where the A215 crosses the A214 and Knights Hill becomes Beulah Hill. The road makes a sharp turn to the east where it continues through the neighbourhoods of Upper Norwood . On the sharp bend is the ornamental Beulah Hill Pond . Formerly "Big Pond", it
5170-571: The area. The road at the time ran through an ancient woodland known as the North Wood (the origin of the modern place name Norwood ). The area was cleared for farmland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Industrial development began in the early 19th century following construction of the Grand Surrey Canal , linking the area to Surrey Commercial Docks and the River Thames in 1809. This section of
5264-463: The barb that both Babbage and Brewster had received public money. In the debate of the period on statistics ( qua data collection) and what is now statistical inference , the BAAS in its Statistical Section (which owed something also to Whewell ) opted for data collection. This Section was the sixth, established in 1833 with Babbage as chairman and John Elliot Drinkwater as secretary. The foundation of
5358-664: The bland election of the Duke of Sussex to succeed Gilbert the same year. As a broad manifesto, on the other hand, his Decline led promptly to the formation in 1831 of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS). The Mechanics' Magazine in 1831 identified as Declinarians the followers of Babbage. In an unsympathetic tone it pointed out David Brewster writing in the Quarterly Review as another leader; with
5452-425: The canal was closed in 1836, with the London and Croydon Railway built along the canal bed; modern housing development began in the mid-19th century following the opening of the railway. In 1839 the London and Croydon Railway opened Jolly-sailor station (sic)—listed as "Jolly-sailor near Beulah Spa" on fares lists and timetables—at the north end of the street. The station was renamed Norwood in 1846. The station
5546-899: The clues to unification of electromagnetic theory , staying close to Ampère's force law . Babbage purchased the actuarial tables of George Barrett , who died in 1821 leaving unpublished work, and surveyed the field in 1826 in Comparative View of the Various Institutions for the Assurance of Lives . This interest followed a project to set up an insurance company, prompted by Francis Baily and mooted in 1824, but not carried out. Babbage did calculate actuarial tables for that scheme, using Equitable Society mortality data from 1762 onwards. During this whole period, Babbage depended awkwardly on his father's support, given his father's attitude to his early marriage, of 1814: he and Edward Ryan wedded
5640-420: The concept of a trade . John Ruskin went further, to oppose completely what manufacturing in Babbage's sense stood for. Babbage also affected the economic thinking of John Stuart Mill . George Holyoake saw Babbage's detailed discussion of profit sharing as substantive, in the tradition of Robert Owen and Charles Fourier , if requiring the attentions of a benevolent captain of industry , and ignored at
5734-407: The concept of a digital programmable computer. Babbage is considered by some to be " father of the computer ". He is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer , the Difference Engine , that eventually led to more complex electronic designs, though all the essential ideas of modern computers are to be found in his Analytical Engine , programmed using a principle openly borrowed from
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#17328477645265828-400: The contradiction they have imagined can have no real existence, and that whilst the testimony of Moses remains unimpeached, we may also be permitted to confide in the testimony of our senses." The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise was quoted extensively in Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation . The parallel with Babbage's computing machines is made explicit, as allowing plausibility to
5922-404: The country seat of the Heron family, which was situated on Shirley Road. The building no longer exists. Ashburton Playing Fields are just off Shirley Road, behind the school. The fields were first dedicated as a public horse racing course by James I in the early 17th century. Following the opening of the nearby Woodside railway station in 1871 large numbers of Londoners began travelling to
6016-470: The display of the collections and public access to them. The Cuming and local history collections have been re-displayed at the new Southwark Heritage Centre and Walworth Library, 145 Walworth Road, SE17 1RW, next door to the former town hall and library complex, which once housed the old Newington Library and Cuming Museum. 51°29′27″N 0°05′50″W / 51.490804°N 0.097162°W / 51.490804; -0.097162 This article related to
6110-460: The fields of functional equations (including the difference equations fundamental to the difference engine) and operator ( D-module ) methods for differential equations . The analogy of difference and differential equations was notationally changing Δ to D, as a "finite" difference becomes "infinitesimal". These symbolic directions became popular, as operational calculus , and pushed to the point of diminishing returns. The Cauchy concept of limit
6204-401: The first floor of the Newington Public Library to the building next door, the former Walworth Town Hall , in 2006. On 25 March 2013, that building was seriously damaged by fire, severely affecting the museum galleries but leading to only a very small loss from the collections. Around 98% of objects on display at the time of the fire were recovered and were placed in storage to await a solution to
6298-577: The first part of the book. The second part considered the "domestic and political economy" of manufactures. The book sold well, and quickly went to a fourth edition (1836). Babbage represented his work as largely a result of actual observations in factories, British and abroad. It was not, in its first edition, intended to address deeper questions of political economy; the second (late 1832) did, with three further chapters including one on piece rate . The book also contained ideas on rational design in factories, and profit sharing . In Economy of Machinery
6392-438: The many polymaths of his century. Babbage, who died before the complete successful engineering of many of his designs, including his Difference Engine and Analytical Engine, remained a prominent figure in the ideating of computing. Parts of his incomplete mechanisms are on display in the Science Museum in London. In 1991, a functioning difference engine was constructed from the original plans. Built to tolerances achievable in
6486-429: The mathematical atmosphere of 1830–65. What share had it in generating the Vector Analysis and the mathematics by which investigations in physical science are now conducted? In 1837, responding to the series of eight Bridgewater Treatises , Babbage published his Ninth Bridgewater Treatise , under the title On the Power, Wisdom and Goodness of God, as manifested in the Creation . In this work Babbage weighed in on
6580-404: The original documentation relating to the construction of these houses has been lost or destroyed, it has proved impossible to confirm this. Immediately south of the Maudsley Hospital is Denmark Hill railway station , built in 1866 and rebuilt following a fire in 1980, on the South London line . This station forms part of the East London line westward extension to Clapham Junction as part of
6674-416: The park which remains today. In Victorian times Camberwell Road was a focal point of south London's Music hall scene, with a number of music halls opening from the 1850s onwards. Following the advent of the cinema and later of television, the music halls fell into decline, with the last closing in 1956. Nearby Orpheus Street marks the site of the Metropole Music Hall. Since the New Works Programme of
6768-547: The racecourse. Following pressure from the Mayor of Croydon , concerned about the large crowds, the racecourse was closed in 1890 and replaced with a golf course ; this was bought by the council in 1942 and given to public use as playing fields. Charles Babbage Charles Babbage KH FRS ( / ˈ b æ b ɪ dʒ / ; 26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871) was an English polymath . A mathematician, philosopher, inventor and mechanical engineer, Babbage originated
6862-495: The railway between Elephant & Castle tube station and Loughborough Junction railway station . Much of Camberwell Road is a conservation area , due to its well-preserved large houses from the early 19th century. By the time of the Domesday Book , Camberwell was already a significant settlement. The town remained a popular resort for Londoners due to its believed medicinal wells . In 1685, John Evelyn 's Diary mentions
6956-408: The side of uniformitarianism in a current debate. He preferred the conception of creation in which a God-given natural law dominated, removing the need for continuous "contrivance". The book is a work of natural theology , and incorporates extracts from related correspondence of Herschel with Charles Lyell . Babbage put forward the thesis that God had the omnipotence and foresight to create as
7050-415: The source of the productivity of the factory system was exactly the combination of the division of labour with machinery, building on Adam Smith , Babbage and Ure. Where Marx picked up on Babbage and disagreed with Smith was on the motivation for division of labour by the manufacturer: as Babbage did, he wrote that it was for the sake of profitability , rather than productivity, and identified an impact on
7144-432: The theory that transmutation of species could be pre-programmed. Jonar Ganeri, author of Indian Logic , believes Babbage may have been influenced by Indian thought; one possible route would be through Henry Thomas Colebrooke . Mary Everest Boole argues that Babbage was introduced to Indian thought in the 1820s by her uncle George Everest: Some time about 1825, [Everest] came to England for two or three years, and made
7238-447: The time. Charles Babbage's Saturday night soirées , held from 1828 into the 1840s, were important gathering places for prominent scientists, authors and aristocracy. Babbage is credited with importing the "scientific soirée" from France with his well-attended Saturday evening soirées . Works by Babbage and Ure were published in French translation in 1830; On the Economy of Machinery
7332-417: The trains into a slit in the pipe, meaning that trains were literally sucked towards the pumping station or blown away from it. The pumping station was built in a Gothic style, with a very tall ornate tower which served both as a chimney and as an exhaust vent for air pumped from the propulsion pipe. As part of the construction works for the atmospheric-propulsion system, the world's first railway flyover
7426-602: The university. Babbage, John Herschel , George Peacock , and several other friends formed the Analytical Society in 1812; they were also close to Edward Ryan . As a student, Babbage was also a member of other societies such as The Ghost Club , concerned with investigating supernatural phenomena, and the Extractors Club, dedicated to liberating its members from the madhouse, should any be committed to one. In 1812, Babbage transferred to Peterhouse, Cambridge . He
7520-666: The work. After the A215 crosses the A202 it becomes Denmark Hill. This road was originally known as Dulwich Hill, and was renamed in 1683 to commemorate the marriage of Princess Anne (later Queen Anne ) to Prince George of Denmark . The road runs between King's College Hospital and The Maudsley Hospital before going alongside Ruskin Park . Further south the road passes the Denmark Hill Estate. The Victorian art critic , author and social critic John Ruskin lived at 163 Denmark Hill from 1842 to 1871. The house no longer stands and
7614-433: The works of the Almighty gives to us more exalted views of his wisdom, his goodness, and his power. Like Samuel Vince , Babbage also wrote a defence of the belief in divine miracles . Against objections previously posed by David Hume , Babbage advocated for the belief of divine agency, stating "we must not measure the credibility or incredibility of an event by the narrow sphere of our own experience, nor forget that there
7708-593: Was an Oxford tutor, under whom Babbage reached a level in Classics sufficient to be accepted by the University of Cambridge. Babbage arrived at Trinity College, Cambridge , in October 1810. He was already self-taught in some parts of contemporary mathematics; he had read Robert Woodhouse , Joseph Louis Lagrange , and Maria Gaetana Agnesi . As a result, he was disappointed in the standard mathematical instruction available at
7802-422: Was constructed at the north end of Portland Road, to carry the new atmospheric line over the conventional steam line below. In 1847, the atmospheric propulsion experiment was abandoned. Following construction of new lines, the station closed on 1 June 1859 and was replaced by a new station on the south side of the road, Norwood Junction , which is still in use, now part of the newly-extended East London line of
7896-435: Was described what is now called the "Babbage principle". It pointed out commercial advantages available with more careful division of labour . As Babbage himself noted, it had already appeared in the work of Melchiorre Gioia in 1815. The term was introduced in 1974 by Harry Braverman . Related formulations are the "principle of multiples" of Philip Sargant Florence , and the "balance of processes". What Babbage remarked
7990-560: Was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1816. After graduation, on the other hand, he applied for positions unsuccessfully, and had little in the way of a career. In 1816 he was a candidate for a teaching job at Haileybury College ; he had recommendations from James Ivory and John Playfair , but lost out to Henry Walter . In 1819, Babbage and Herschel visited Paris and the Society of Arcueil , meeting leading French mathematicians and physicists. That year Babbage applied to be professor at
8084-625: Was first an article in the Encyclopædia Metropolitana , the form in which Rennie noted it, in the company of related works by John Farey Jr. , Peter Barlow and Andrew Ure . From An essay on the general principles which regulate the application of machinery to manufactures and the mechanical arts (1827), which became the Encyclopædia Metropolitana article of 1829, Babbage developed the schematic classification of machines that, combined with discussion of factories, made up
8178-421: Was immediately adjacent to a level crossing over Portland Road. In 1844, the London and Croydon Railway was given parliamentary authority to test an experimental pneumatic propulsion system on the railway (referred to at the time as the atmospheric-propulsion system). A pumping station was built on Portland Road; this created a vacuum in a pipe paralleling the railway tracks. A piston extended downwards from
8272-526: Was in 1821 or 1822, and was the occasion on which Babbage formulated his idea for mechanical computation. The issue of the Nautical Almanac is now described as a legacy of a polarisation in British science caused by attitudes to Sir Joseph Banks , who had died in 1820. Babbage studied the requirements to establish a modern postal system , with his friend Thomas Frederick Colby , concluding there should be
8366-444: Was intended as a watering stop for horses and cattle using the road, and still contains a railing to prevent animals straying into deep water. The "Conquering Hero" pub was built next to the pond for the use of people stopping to allow livestock to use the pond, and remains today. The composer and organist of St Paul's Cathedral , Thomas Attwood , lived in a large house on Beulah Hill from 1821 to 1834. Felix Mendelssohn stayed at
8460-437: Was kept at bay. Woodhouse had already founded this second "British Lagrangian School" with its treatment of Taylor series as formal. In this context function composition is complicated to express, because the chain rule is not simply applied to second and higher derivatives. This matter was known to Woodhouse by 1803, who took from Louis François Antoine Arbogast what is now called Faà di Bruno's formula . In essence it
8554-405: Was known to Abraham De Moivre (1697). Herschel found the method impressive, Babbage knew of it, and it was later noted by Ada Lovelace as compatible with the analytical engine. In the period to 1820 Babbage worked intensively on functional equations in general, and resisted both conventional finite differences and Arbogast's approach (in which Δ and D were related by the simple additive case of
8648-432: Was notable for many years in having one of the few Ancient lights notices in London outside central London, on a private house immediately opposite the station. The sign was taken down in 2005. Woodside railway station was built in 1871 to serve Croydon Racecourse ( see below ). The station was unusual in being designed for horses, with access ramps instead of steps and with unusually high entrances designed to accommodate
8742-492: Was the top mathematician there, but did not graduate with honours. He instead received a degree without examination in 1814. He had defended a thesis that was considered blasphemous in the preliminary public disputation, but it is not known whether this fact is related to his not sitting the examination. Considering his reputation, Babbage quickly made progress. He lectured to the Royal Institution on astronomy in 1815, and
8836-423: Was translated in 1833 into French by Édouard Biot , and into German the same year by Gottfried Friedenberg. The French engineer and writer on industrial organisation Léon Lalanne was influenced by Babbage, but also by the economist Claude Lucien Bergery , in reducing the issues to "technology". William Jevons connected Babbage's "economy of labour" with his own labour experiments of 1870. The Babbage principle
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