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60-513: The central settlement of the Breadfield region, the town lies on the banks of the Cugir River , at the confluence of headwaters Râul Mare and Râul Mic . It is situated 300 metres (980 feet) above sea level , at the base of the Șureanu Mountains . Cugir is located in the southwestern part of Alba County, about 31 kilometres (19 miles) from Sebeș and 37 km (23 mi) from Alba Iulia ,

120-485: A humid continental climate ( Cfb in the Köppen climate classification ). The town is a heavy industrialised one, with at least half of the total working age population engaged in industrial activities, and around 30 percent engaged in lumbering activities. The Cugir Arms Factory is the main employer in town and it has diversified its production to include along the traditional products automotive components and firearms, and

180-507: A chapel. Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 Timeline The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ( German : Ausgleich , Hungarian : Kiegyezés ) established the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary , which was a military and diplomatic alliance of two sovereign states. The Compromise only partially re-established the former pre-1848 sovereignty and status of the Kingdom of Hungary , being separate from, and no longer subject to,

240-566: A great number of Romanian villages and their grounds, pastures, agricultural land and forest were seized. At the end of the 18th century factories for metal processing were founded in Cugir and Sibișel , just 15 years after the suppression of the Revolt of Horea, Cloșca and Crișan to exploit the mineral resources and also to bolster obedience towards the Empire. According to documents, the "Iron and Steel factory"

300-749: A large part of its production is destined for export. Another employer is Star Transmission Cugir S.A., a Daimler company that produces gearbox parts. The town has a high school (the David Prodan Theoretical High School), one technical school (the Ion D. Lăzărescu Technical College), 3 middle schools, and 6 kindergartens. The local football team, Metalurgistul Cugir , plays in the Liga III national division. Breadfield The Breadfield ( Romanian : Câmpul Pâinii, Hungarian : Kenyérmező , German : Brodfeld , Turkish : Ekmekoltağı )

360-706: A period of Greater German ambitions , when Austria tried to establish itself as the leading German power, Austria again needed to redefine itself to maintain unity in the face of nationalism. As a consequence of the Second Italian War of Independence and the Austro-Prussian War , the Habsburg Empire was on the verge of collapse in 1866, as these wars caused monumental state debt and a financial crisis. The Habsburgs were forced to reconcile with Hungary, to save their empire and dynasty. The Habsburgs and part of

420-570: A recognized right to refuse to carry out any "unlawful" (unconstitutional) royal orders. Thus, it was possible to question the legality of a surprisingly high proportion of the royal orders which emanated from Vienna. While in most Western European countries (like France and the United Kingdom) the king's reign began immediately upon the death of his predecessor , in Hungary the coronation was absolutely indispensable as if it were not properly executed,

480-517: Is a region in southwest Transylvania , Romania between Orăștie (Szászváros) and Sebeș (Szászsebes) in the Transylvanian Saxon land, near the Mureș River . The central settlement is Cugir ( Hungarian : Kudzsir , German : Kudschir , Turkish : Kuçir ). The Cugir River 's old Magyar name is Kenyér ( bread ), which gave rise to the name Breadfield . The region's borders to

540-657: Is considered the intellectual force behind the Compromise. Deák initially wanted independence for Hungary and supported the 1848 Revolution, but he broke with hardline nationalists and advocated a modified union under the Habsburgs. Deák believed that while Hungary had the right to full internal independence, the terms of the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 made questions of defence and foreign affairs "common" to both Austria and Hungary. The Pragmatic Sanction of 1723 had great impact on

600-588: The Austrian Empire . The compromise put an end to the 18-year-long military dictatorship and absolutist rule over Hungary which Emperor Franz Joseph had instituted after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . The territorial integrity of the Kingdom of Hungary was restored. The agreement also restored the old historic constitution of the Kingdom of Hungary. Hungarian political leaders had two main goals during

660-539: The Empire of Austria in which most his so-called Erblande lands were included. However the new Erblande term was not applied to Kingdom of Hungary In doing so he created a formal overarching structure for the Habsburg Monarchy, which had functioned as a composite monarchy for about 300 years. (Composite states/monarchies were the most common / dominant form of states in early modern era Europe. ) The Holy Roman Empire

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720-416: The Kingdom of Hungary , several ethnic minorities faced increased pressures of Magyarization . Further, the renegotiation that occurred every ten years often led to constitutional crises. Ultimately, although the Compromise hoped to fix the problems faced by a multi-national state while maintaining the benefits of a large state, the new system still faced the same internal pressures as the old. To what extent

780-413: The Kingdom of Hungary . The Cisleithanian (Austrian) and Transleithanian (Hungarian) states were governed by separate parliaments and prime ministers. The two countries conducted unified diplomatic and defence policies. For these purposes, "common" ministries of foreign affairs and defence were maintained under the monarch's direct authority, as was a third finance ministry responsible only for financing

840-719: The Principality of Transylvania would be reestablished. Austrian Prime Minister Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg and his government, operating from November 1848, pursued a radically new imperial policy. It wanted to develop a uniform empire in the spirit of the imperial constitution issued by Franz Joseph I in Olmütz on 4 March 1849, and as a result, Hungary's constitution and territorial integrity would be abolished. The centralist March Constitution of Austria introduced neo-absolutism in Habsburg ruled territories, and it provided absolute power for

900-489: The World War I , only three European countries declared ethnic minority rights, and enacted minority-protecting laws: the first was Hungary (1849 and 1868), the second was Austria (1867), and the third was Belgium (1898). In contrast, the legal systems of other pre-WW1 era European countries did not allow the use of European minority languages in primary schools, in cultural institutions , in offices of public administration and at

960-493: The "Frontier Police" in Transylvania. They also tried to recruit Romanians from southern Transylvania between Baraolt and Orăștie , but the locals put up a fierce resistance against the enrollment. The population revolted due to a policy of forced removal and deportation used to convince the peoples to join in, and a bloody massacre took place in the place known today as the old market of the town. Severe clashes occurred again in

1020-631: The 1848 Revolutions and the Russian intervention had a very high price. In 1858 already 40 percent of the Austrian Imperial government's expenditures went to service the state debt. An expensive mobilization during the Crimean War (1853–1856) and a disastrous campaign against Piedmont-Sardinia in 1859 brought the state to the verge of bankruptcy. The threat of fiscal insolvency and the demands of his creditors for an open and credible budgetary process forced

1080-832: The Austrian administration and Austrian government until the 1848 revolution. Hungary was governed to a greater degree by the Council of Lieutenancy of Hungary (the Gubernium) in Pressburg (Pozsony) and, to a lesser extent, by the Hungarian Royal Court Chancellery in Vienna, independent of the Imperial Chancellery of Austria. From 1526 to 1851, the Kingdom of Hungary maintained its own customs borders, which separated Hungary from

1140-638: The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. As the Hungarian statesman Ferenc Deák argued, according to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1723, constitutional governing of Hungary was a fundamental prerequisite of the Habsburg rule over Hungary . The foreign policy and defense, as well as financing them, were the most important joint affairs of Austria-Hungary , the resulting dual monarchy , to be based on

1200-512: The Compromise: The power of the monarch significantly increased in a comparison with the pre-1848 status of Hungary. This meant a great reduction in Hungarian sovereignty and autonomy, even in comparison with the pre-1848 status quo. The Austro-Hungarian compromise and its supporting liberal parliamentary parties remained bitterly unpopular among the ethnic Hungarian voters, and the continuous successes of these pro-compromise Liberal Party in

1260-515: The Hungarian coronation oath they had to agree to uphold the old constitutional arrangements of the country and preserve the territorial integrity of the Hungarian realm. This coronation oath was obligatory for the Hungarian monarchs during the coronation process since the Golden Bull of 1222 . The Hungarians, who were regarded as equal after the Compromise, only partially acquiesced to granting "their" minorities recognition and local autonomy. In

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1320-520: The Hungarian Parliament: for the Diet always had the lawful right of [declaring] War and Peace." The other serious problem for the Habsburgs was the traditionally highly autonomous counties of Hungary , which proved to be a solid and major obstacle in the construction of absolutism in Hungary. The counties were the centers of local public administration and local politics in Hungary, and they possessed

1380-427: The Hungarian parliamentary elections caused long lasting frustration for Hungarians. The ethnic minorities had the key role in the political maintenance of the compromise in Hungary, because they were able to vote the pro-compromise liberal parties into the position of the majority/ruling parties of the Hungarian parliament. The pro-compromise liberal parties were the most popular among ethnic minority voters, however i.e.

1440-482: The Hungarian political elite arranged the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867. The Compromise was arranged and legitimated by a very small part of the Hungarian society (suffrage was very limited: less than 8% of the population had voting rights), and was seen by a very large part of the population as betrayal of the Hungarian cause and the heritage of the 1848–49 War of Independence. This caused deep and lasting cracks in Hungarian society. Hungarian statesman Ferenc Deák

1500-567: The Hungarian revolutionary parliament (with the exception of the laws based on the 9th and 10th points) were restored by Franz Joseph. Under the Compromise, the lands of the House of Habsburg were reorganized as a real union between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary, headed by a single monarch who reigned as Emperor of Austria in the Austrian half of the empire, and as King of Hungary in

1560-552: The Hungarians). As early as the mid-1880s, Lord Salisbury, leader of the British Conservative Party , had contemplated using the 1867 Austro-Hungarian example as a model for a reformed relationship between Britain and Ireland. In 1904, Arthur Griffith published the highly influential book The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for Ireland , setting out a detailed proposal for an Anglo-Irish dual monarchy similar to

1620-413: The Kingdom stayed " orphaned ". Even during the long personal union between the Kingdom of Hungary and other Habsburg-ruled areas, no Habsburg monarch could promulgate laws or exercise his royal prerogatives in the territory of Hungary until he had been crowned as King of Hungary . Since the Golden Bull of 1222 , all Hungarian monarchs had to take a coronation oath during the coronation procedure, where

1680-700: The Middle Ages, the Duchy of Austria was an autonomous state within the Holy Roman Empire , ruled by the House of Habsburg , and the Kingdom of Hungary was a sovereign state outside the empire. In 1526, Hungary was defeated and partially conquered by the Ottoman Empire. King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia had no legitimate heir and died young in the Battle of Mohács . Louis II's brother-in-law, Ferdinand I of Habsburg ,

1740-501: The Pragmatic Sanction of 1723. He also felt that Hungary benefited from continued union with wealthier, more industrialized Austria and that the Compromise would end the continual pressures on Austria to choose between the Magyars and the Slavs of the Kingdom of Hungary. Imperial Chancellor Beust quickly negotiated the Compromise with the Hungarian leaders. Beust was particularly eager to renew

1800-516: The Slovak, Serb and Romanian minority parties remained unpopular among their own ethnic minority voters. The coalitions of Hungarian nationalist parties – which were supported by the overwhelming majority of ethnic Hungarian voters – always remained in the opposition, with the exception of the 1906–1910 period, where the Hungarian-supported nationalist parties were able to form a government. Before

1860-430: The area when the authorities decided to "brake" the neighboring villages Șibot and Vinerea to establish the 4th company. Finally, after severe conflicts and pressure, in 1764, 6 regiments were established and in 1768 another battalion was formed so that the frontier police in Transylvania was of approximatively 17,000 soldiers. After the loss of Silesia , the authorities and the Austrian business began investing funds into

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1920-572: The capital of the county. It lies on the border with Hunedoara County , 17 km (11 mi) from Orăștie and 41 km (25 mi) from Deva . Throughout the history the name of the town is mentioned in many documents under different names in different languages, therefore the old settlement "villa Kunentum" becomes in 1493 villa Kudzyr, in 1566 Kwczyr, in 1599 – Kuchir, in 1656 – Kuchjir, in 1673 – Kucsir, in 1733 – Kuser, in 1750 – Kudsier, 1760–1762 – Kudzser, in 1805 Kudsir and in 1850 – Kusir. Numerous archeological discoveries prove that life in

1980-525: The conflict with Prussia and thought a quick settlement with Hungary would make that possible. Franz Joseph and Deák signed the Compromise, and it was ratified by the restored Diet of Hungary on 29 May 1867. Beust's revenge against Prussia did not materialize. When, in 1870, Beust wanted Austria–Hungary to support France against Prussia, Hungarian Prime Minister Gyula Andrássy was "vigorously opposed" and effectively vetoed Austrian intervention. The settlement with Hungary consisted then of three parts:

2040-444: The dual monarchy stabilized the country in the face of national awakenings and to what extent it alleviated or aggravated the situation is still debated today. In a letter on 1 February 1913, to Foreign Minister Berchtold , Archduke Franz Ferdinand said that " irredentism in our country ... will cease immediately if our Slavs are given a comfortable, fair and good life" instead of being trampled on (as they were being trampled on by

2100-579: The factory became owned by the Romanian state and during World War II its production was seized by Nazi Germany for war purposes. Since 1946 the Cugir Arms Factory oriented its production towards military components and house appliances, especially washing machines. It became the top Romanian producer of sewing machines for industrial and private purposes. During the Romanian Revolution , Cugir

2160-635: The historical constitution of Hungary and tried to nullify it. In the failed Hungarian Revolution of 1848 , the Magyars came close to ending ties with the Habsburg Dynasty , but were defeated by the Austrian Empire only by the military intervention of the Russian Empire . After the restoration of Habsburg power, Hungary was placed under martial law . A military dictatorship was created in Hungary. Every aspect of Hungarian life would be put under close scrutiny and governmental control. German became

2220-527: The institution was practically defunct until the end of 1858. Hungarians responded with passive resistance. Anti-Habsburg and anti-German sentiments were strong. In the following years, the empire instituted several reforms but failed to resolve problems. After the Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49, the independent customs system of Hungary was abolished. Hungary became part of the unified imperial customs system on 1 October 1851. The suppression of

2280-506: The legal courts. The resulting system was maintained until the dissolution of the dual monarchy after World War I . The favoritism shown to the Magyars, the second largest ethnic group in the dual monarchy after the Germans, caused discontent on the part of other ethnic groups like the Slovaks and Romanians . Although a "Nationalities Law" was enacted to preserve the rights of ethnic minorities,

2340-464: The local governments of its counties) as they had been previously. Thus, under the new arrangements, no Austrian imperial institutions were involved in its internal government. The Hungarian legal system and judicial system remained separated and independent from the unified legal and judicial systems of the other Habsburg ruled areas. Accordingly, the administration and the structures of central government of Kingdom of Hungary also remained separate from

2400-411: The mining and manufacturing industry in Transylvania. In 1764 Empress Maria Theresa of Austria gave long-term loans without interest to concessionaires that pledged to exploit the mines and the state and concessionaire manufactories used free workers brought from Styria , Carinthia , Tyrol , Upper Hungary or Dalmatia , but the local peasants represented the main work force. Due to industrialisation,

2460-501: The monarch. The Austrian constitution was accepted by the Imperial Diet of Austria , in which Hungary had no representation and traditionally had no legislative power in the territory of Kingdom of Hungary; still, it also tried to abolish the Diet of Hungary , which existed as the supreme legislative power in Hungary since the late 12th century. The new Austrian constitution also went against

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2520-444: The negotiations. One was to regain the traditional status (both legal and political) of the Hungarian state, which had been lost after the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 . The other was to restore the series of reform laws (the so-called April Laws ) of the revolutionary parliament of 1848, which were based on the 12 points that established modern civil and political rights and economic and societal reforms in Hungary. The April Laws of

2580-529: The new monarchs had to agree to uphold the constitutional arrangement of the country, to preserve the liberties of his subjects and the territorial integrity of the realm. On 7 March 1849 an imperial proclamation was issued in the name of the emperor Franz Joseph establishing a united constitution for the whole empire. According to the new proclamation, the traditional territorial integrity of Kingdom of Hungary would be terminated and carved up, and it would be administered by five separated military districts, while

2640-421: The official language of public administration. An edict issued on 9 October 1849 placed education under state control, the curriculum was prescribed and controlled by the state, the teaching of national history was restricted and history was taught from a Habsburg viewpoint. Even the bastion of Hungarian culture, The academy , was kept under control: the institution was staffed with foreigners, mostly Germans, and

2700-448: The other lands of the Habsburg monarchy . Unlike other Habsburg-ruled areas, the Kingdom of Hungary had an old historic constitution , which limited the power of the Crown and had greatly increased the authority of the parliament since the 13th century. The Golden Bull of 1222 was one of the earliest examples of constitutional limits being placed on the powers of a European monarch, which

2760-456: The perspective of the ország (the country), Hungary was regnum independens , a separate Land as the above mentioned Article X of 1790 stipulated. The Court reassured the diet, however, that the assumption of the monarch's newly adopted title (Emperor of Austria) did not in any sense affect the laws and the constitution on the territory of Kingdom of Hungary. Hungary's affairs continued to be administered by its own institutions (King and Diet and

2820-537: The political settlement, which was to be permanent and would remain part of the fundamental constitution of the monarchy; the periodical financial settlement, determining the partition of the common expenses as arranged by the Quota-Deputations and ratified by the parliaments; and the Customs Union and the agreement on currency, a voluntary, reversible arrangement between the two governments and parliaments. Under

2880-506: The region flourished as early as the Bronze Age , around the 10th century BC, Cugir being part of the territory known as "The Iron Gates of Transylvania ", a region famous for its natural iron resources. In 88–44 BC, king Burebista , the most powerful of the kings of Thrace , according to the historian Acronion , established the new capital in the area, at Sarmizegetusa Regia (located in the Șureanu Mountains , west of Cugir). In this period

2940-445: The ruling Liberal party in Hungarian parliamentary elections. Therefore, the political maintenance of the Austro-Hungarian Compromise, and thus Austria-Hungary itself, was mostly a result of the popularity of the pro-compromise ruling Liberal Party among ethnic minority voters in the Kingdom of Hungary. According to Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria , "There were three of us who made the agreement: Deák , Andrássy and myself." In

3000-467: The settlement of Cugir (villa Kunentum) was an important center for metal extracting and processing, with renowned workshops producing tools, weapons, and coins. Cugir has a complex political history with periods under the Principality of Transylvania , the Habsburg monarchy , the Kingdom of Hungary , and the Kingdom of Romania . In the mid-18th century the Habsburg Empire authorities established

3060-694: The south are the Cugir Mountains , to the north the Mureș River, to the west Hunedoara County , and to the east the Sebeș River . The area is a fertile plain. Formerly, Breadfield's population was largely Saxons , but today it is chiefly Romanians . In 1479 the Hungarians scored a victory over the Ottoman Army in the Battle of Breadfield , near Șibot . In remembrance of the victory, Stephen V Báthory built

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3120-485: The two "common" portfolios. The relationship of Hungary to Austria before the 1848 revolution had been personal union , whereas after the compromise of 1867 its status was reduced to partnership in a real union . Thus Hungarian society widely considered the compromise as a betrayal of the vital Hungarian interests and the achievements of the reforms of 1848. The compromise remained bitterly unpopular among ethnic Hungarian voters: ethnic Hungarians did not generally support

3180-501: The two parliaments took very different approaches to this issue. The basic problem in the later years was that the Compromise with Hungary only encouraged the appetites of non-Hungarian minorities in Hungary that were historically within the boundaries of the Hungarian Kingdom. The majority of Hungarians felt they had accepted the Compromise only under coercion. The Hungarian monarchs were always crowned as King of Hungary , due to

3240-410: The united customs system of other Habsburg-ruled territories. The involvement and integration of Kingdom of Hungary into a different state was legally impossible, due to the provisions of the old Hungarian constitution and Hungarian public law. "At any time in the past, Hungary might have made peace with a power with which Austria was at war, if the kings had not falsified their oath by not assembling

3300-536: The unwilling Franz Joseph to authorize political reform. In 1866, Austria was completely defeated in the Austro-Prussian War . Its position as the leading state of Germany ended, and the remaining German minor states were soon absorbed into the German Empire , created by Prussia 's Bismarck . Austria also lost much of its remaining claims and influence in Italy , which had been its chief foreign policy interest. After

3360-483: Was abolished in 1806. The Kingdom of Hungary had always been considered a separate realm, the country's status was affirmed by Article X, which was added to Hungary's constitution in 1790 during the phase of the composite monarchy; it described the state as a Regnum Independens . From the perspective of the Court since 1723, regnum Hungariae had been a hereditary province of the dynasty's three main branches on both lines. From

3420-502: Was elected King of Hungary by a rump Parliament in Pozsony (now Bratislava) in December 1526. The Ottomans were subsequently driven out of Hungary by the cooperation of international Western Christian forces led by Prince Eugene of Savoy between 1686 and 1699. From 1526 to 1804, Hungary was ruled by the Habsburg dynasty as kings of Hungary , but remained nominally and legally separate from

3480-611: Was established in Cugir in the year 1799, one of the first factories in Transylvania and since then the history of the town has revolved around it. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , it became part of the Kingdom of Hungary within Austria-Hungary up until the end of World War I . From that time, it has been part of Romania , which was acknowledged internationally by the Treaty of Trianon in 1920. Thereafter

3540-428: Was forced on the Hungarian king in much the same way King John of England was made to sign Magna Carta . The Hungarian parliament was the most important political assembly since the 12th century, which emerged to the position of the supreme legislative institution in the Kingdom of Hungary from the 1290s. In 1804, Francis II, Holy Roman Emperor , who was also ruler of the lands of the Habsburg monarchy , founded

3600-458: Was the first locality in Alba County and the fourth in the country where protests against the communist regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu occurred, on December 21, 1989. At the 2021 census , Cugir had a population of 19,473. According to the census from 2011 , the town had a total population of 21,376; of those, 95.4% were Romanians , 3.4% Roma , 0.9% Hungarians , and 0.2% Germans . Cugir has

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