63-433: A crossing guard ( North American English ), lollipop man/lady ( British , Irish , and Australian English ), or school road patrol ( New Zealand English ) is a traffic management personnel who is normally stationed on busy roadways to aid pedestrians . Often associated with elementary school children, crossing guards stop the flow of traffic so pedestrians may cross an intersection. Crossing guards are known by
126-405: A Verkehrskadett (traffic cadet), if a higher level of training is passed, depending on the state's regulations about 32–120 hours. The Verkehrshelfer are equipped with reflective jackets and circular traffic signs. There is a ranking structure for traffic cadets and they wear uniforms while on duty. Some school crossings are operated by junior traffic wardens, who are typically senior pupils at
189-585: A Conscription Crisis in Ireland and politically pushed the country further to seek its independence from the UK. Since independence in 1922, the Irish Defence Forces have always been fully voluntary, and the state's foreign policy includes " military neutrality ". Italy had mandatory military service, for men only, until 31 December 2004. The right to conscientious objection was legally recognized in 1972 so that
252-601: A "non-armed military service", or a community service, could be authorised as an alternative to those who required it. The Italian Parliament approved the suspension of the mandatory military service in August 2004, with effect starting from 1 January 2005, and the Italian armed forces will now be entirely composed of professional volunteer troops, both male and female, except in case of war or serious international military crisis, when conscription by law can be reactivated. In Jamaica
315-693: A civilian, unarmed or non-combatant service optional alternative to compulsory military service: The following twenty countries have been identified as having compulsory military service limited to 1 year or less: The following 11 countries have been identified to having compulsory military service limited to 18 months or less: The following 26 countries have been identified as having compulsory military service terms longer than 18 months: The following 19 countries have been identified as having no defense forces or as having no standing army but having very limited military forces: Compulsory military service has declined considerably since 1970. A 2016 study finds "that
378-453: A crossing guard may be employed. This person may be paid or volunteer; the person may be a school employee, a member of local law enforcement, a city employee, or contracted privately. Many elementary school crossing guards are assisted by older students, known by a variety of titles such as " safety monitor " and " safety patrol ." These do not have legal responsibility for the safety of children. The first school safety patrols were formed in
441-441: A few countries also conscript women. For example, Norway , Sweden , North Korea , Israel , and Eritrea conscript both men and women. However, only Norway and Sweden have a gender-neutral conscription system, where men and women are conscripted and serve on equal formal terms. Some nations with conscription systems do not enforce them. Nations which conscript for military service typically also rely on citizens choosing to join
504-546: A head with the murder of Private Omar Carrasco at an Army base in 1994, following a brutal disciplinary action. Military conscription has not been abolished; the Mandatory Military Service Law is still in the books and might be enforced in times of war, crisis or national emergency. Conscription was known in Argentina as la colimba . The word colimba is a composite word made from the initial syllables of
567-612: A hybrid system that combines conscripts and volunteers. The Chinese system operates through a process of draft registration or levy system with recruitment quotas. De jure , military service with the PLA is obligatory for all Chinese citizens. In practice, mandatory military service has not been implemented since 1949 as the People's Liberation Army has been able to recruit sufficient numbers voluntarily. Costa Rica abolished its military in 1948. See Military of Costa Rica . On 3 October 2007,
630-451: A small pole. Australian crossing supervisors sometimes also use a normal octagonal stop sign, but often have other designs. In Japan, children sometimes hold a yellow flag themselves while crossing the street, or sometimes a crossing guard holds one while they cross. North American English North American English is the most generalized variety of the English language as spoken in
693-534: A variety of names, the most widely used in the United Kingdom, Ireland and Australia being " lollipop lady / man ", a reference to the large signs used that resemble lollipops . The verb is lollipopping , which can also be used for road works. In Australia and the United Kingdom , a school crossing supervisor or school crossing patrol officer is commonly known as a lollipop man or lollipop lady , because of
SECTION 10
#1732858106720756-438: A voluntary military service, yet those already in service had to finish their time in service. This came as a result of political and social distrust of the military, dwindling budgets which forced the military to induct fewer conscripts every year, the experience of the 1982 Falklands War which proved the superiority of professional servicemen over conscripts and a series of conscription-related brutality scandals which came to
819-431: A young boy named Charlie, referred to crossing patrol officers as "Lollipop men" for the first time. The term became widely used very quickly and has crossed into popular culture, both in the folk world (the common morris-dance tune "The Lollipop Man" has lewd lyrics in one tradition), and in the pop world (see the song by the band Sweet ). Research in the UK has revealed that crossing guards ('lollipoppers') are seen as
882-690: Is legally required to stop if one or more signs are being displayed. The stop signs used are mounted onto the pedestrian crossing poles which have a hinged bracket attached, allowing the students to easily and quickly extend (swing) the sign out onto the roadway, during breaks in the traffic. These signs are removed from the poles and stored away while the crossing is not in operation and are usually constructed from aluminium, allowing them to be light and relatively easy to carry by younger students. Kea Crossings (school patrols that do not operate on pedestrian crossings), and School Traffic Wardens, are also in place at some New Zealand schools where low to medium traffic
945-554: Is present. The crossing guard service in Switzerland is provided by traffic cadets organized by the Swiss Traffic Cadets Association . Depending on the canton the all volunteer cadets are equipped with different uniforms and a ranking structure. Adult crossing guards guide children. No universal regulations exist that describe who may be a crossing guard, where crossing guards are stationed, or for what purposes
1008-464: Is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia , air forces , and naval forces , whether as a chosen job ( volunteer ) or as a result of an involuntary draft ( conscription ). Few nations, such as Israel , require a specific amount of military service from every citizen, except for special cases, such as limitation determined by a military physical or religious belief. Most countries that use conscription systems only conscript men;
1071-526: The Algerian War (1954–62), conscripts had not been deployed abroad or in war zones, except those volunteering for such deployments. On 15 November 2010, the German government voted in favour of suspending universal conscription with the aim of establishing a professional army by 1 July 2011. The last conscripts were drafted on 1 January 2011. Hungary abolished mandatory military service by November 2004, after
1134-537: The Governor General , followed by final approval 90 days later as a retrospective action by parliament. The defense act of 1903 clearly states this. Barbados has no conscription. The country has set the minimum age for voluntary recruitment into the Barbados Defence Force at 18. Younger recruits may be conscripted with parental consent. Belgium suspended conscription on 31 December 1992 by amending
1197-559: The Republic wanted a stronger defense and to expand its radical ideas throughout Europe. The 1798 Jourdan Act stated: "Any Frenchman is a soldier and owes himself to the defense of the nation". Thus Napoleon Bonaparte could create afterward the Grande Armée with which he set out on the first large intra-European war. France suspended peacetime military conscription in 1996, while those born before 1979 had to complete their service; since
1260-612: The United States and Canada . Because of their related histories and cultures, plus the similarities between the pronunciations (accents), vocabulary, and grammar of American English and Canadian English , the two spoken varieties are often grouped together under a single category. Canadians are generally tolerant of both British and American spellings, with British spellings of certain words (e.g., colour ) preferred in more formal settings and in Canadian print media; for some other words
1323-566: The United States and Canada . In North America, different English dialects of immigrants from England , Scotland , Ireland , and other regions of the British Isles mixed together in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were developed, built upon, and blended together as new waves of immigration, and migration across the North American continent, developed new dialects in new areas, and as these ways of speaking merged with and assimilated to
SECTION 20
#17328581067201386-430: The license plate numbers and other descriptors of alleged violators to local law enforcement, who decide what to do with that information; results may range from nothing at all to a verbal warning to a written summons and fine. Similar procedures exist in most areas for school bus drivers, who may observe motorists disobeying the bus stop arm or flashing lights usually displayed when children are entering or exiting
1449-560: The parliament had modified the constitution, ending a long-standing political dispute. To restore drafting, a two-thirds vote in parliament is needed, which is unlikely in the short term. As of 2011 , the country is developing a professional army, with strong emphasis on "contract soldiers" who voluntarily serve 4+4 years for a wage. In December 2011, the National Assembly re-established the possibility of mandatory military service for every male citizen - with Hungarian address - between
1512-557: The 1920s, because of growing concern for the well-being of students walking to school because of increasing fatalities and crossing incidents. The nation's first school patrol crossing was created in St. Paul, Minnesota on February 17, 1921. Another early safety patrol was established in Omaha, Nebraska in 1923. Crossing guards, except those who are duly sworn public safety officers, have no arrest powers, may not write tickets , and may only forward
1575-691: The 1950s but only for service in Australia during times of conflicts but the ( Vietnam War ) saw NS deployed to war with over 500 killed in action and thousands wounded in action with about half of the casualties being NS. The Vietnam War was lost on 1 May 1975 over three years after the Australian Defence Force withdrew in late 1971. All forms of conscription were abolished by the Whitlam government in later 1972. Conscription can be reactivated at any time should war break out; first upon mere declaration by
1638-620: The 1962 Law on Conscription, which became applicable only to conscripts drafted in 1993 and earlier. In practice this meant that the law no longer applied to those born in 1975 and later. Since 1 March 1995 the Belgian armed forces consist of professional volunteers only. Belize has set minimum age for voluntary recruitment into the Armed Forces at 18. (According to the Section 16 of the Defense Act of
1701-958: The American spelling prevails over the British (e.g., tire rather than tyre ). Dialects of American English spoken by United Empire Loyalists who fled the American Revolution (1775–1783) have had a large influence on Canadian English from its early roots. Some terms in North American English are used almost exclusively in Canada and the United States (for example, the terms diaper and gasoline are widely used instead of nappy and petrol ). Although many English speakers from outside North America regard those terms as distinct Americanisms , they are just as common in Canada, mainly due to
1764-561: The Defence Ordinance of 1977.) Conscription has never been prescribed in the Defense Act, but is at the Governor General's discretion. Bosnia and Herzegovina abolished compulsory military service as of 1 January 2006. Bulgaria abolished compulsory military service. The last conscripts were sent home on 25 November 2007. Previously there was mandatory military service for male citizens from 18 to 27 years of age. Duration of
1827-567: The Indian Army became the largest all-volunteer force in history, rising to over 2.5 million men in size. It has since maintained the world's second largest army after China and the world's largest all-volunteer army. Saddam Hussein's large Iraqi army was largely composed of conscripts, except for the elite Republican Guard . About 20,000-35,000 conscripts died during the First Persian Gulf War , also known as Operation Desert Storm. In
1890-580: The Iraqi Army was recreated as a volunteer force with training overseen at first by the Coalition Provisional Authority and later by the American presence. The whole island of Ireland was exempted from UK First World War conscription in 1916, but in April 1918 new legislation empowered the UK government to extend it to Ireland. Although the government never implemented this legislation, it led to
1953-578: The Law 19.992, due to the creation of the Corporación Nacional de Reparación y Reconciliación, sons and certain other relatives of victims of human rights violations and/or political violence, during Pinochet's dictatorship, are extempt of the military service draft, that was compulsory at that time. In 2009, with the Law 20.405, more victims were recognised by the Republic of Chile and the exemption of relatives
Crossing guard - Misplaced Pages Continue
2016-465: The UK, the stop sign has the word "STOP", a horizontal strip of black, and an international symbol for children (the symbol is sometimes replaced with the written word "CHILDREN"). The design is based upon the Vienna Convention international standard roadsign for "passing without stopping prohibited". The patrollers are employed by local authorities, but there is a greater degree of standardization of
2079-486: The age of 18 and the age of 40. Even though drafting is still banned in peacetime, the listing of citizens fit for military service starts in January 2012. According to the legislation, the conscripts can only be drafted in "state of emergency" or as defensive measure, the National Assembly can authorise drafting. India has never had mandatory military service, either under British rule or since independence in 1947. In WWII
2142-488: The age of 18. The Schülerlotse is legally not allowed to stop the traffic, just to show that students want to cross, the Schulwegpolizist is entitled to stop the traffic. The Schülerlotse are equipped with reflective jackets and a traffic signs. In Germany the crossing guards are called Schülerlotse (pupil pilot ), Verkehrshelfer (traffic assistant) or Schulweghelfer (way-to-school assistant). Due to
2205-799: The armed forces as a career. Some nations with armed forces do not conscript their personnel (e.g. most NATO and European Union states). Instead, they promote military careers to attract and select recruits; see military recruitment . Some, usually smaller, nations have no armed forces at all or rely on an armed domestic security force (e.g. police , coast guard ). In this summary, 195 countries are included. The following 107 countries and territories have been identified as having no enforced conscription: The following countries and regions have been identified as having both compulsory and voluntary military service: The following 13 countries have been identified as having selective conscription: The following fifteen countries have been identified as having
2268-499: The body or inside their sign, to record offending cars and registrations. In 1999 it was reported that training in coping with the problem of aggressive drivers would be provided to School Crossing Patrols in Derby . In Austria the crossing guards are colloquially called Schülerlotse (German for "School Crossing Guard"). The service was initiated the first time in Salzburg in 1964. Most of
2331-481: The bus. In some cases, the crossing guard may be injured due to a speeding car. For example in Kansas City, Kansas, Bob S. Nill was credited with saving two children before being struck and killed by a distracted driver. Several countries have a unique sign for use by crossing guards to order traffic to stop. In Canada and the United States, crossing guards use a smaller version of the standard octagonal stop sign on
2394-527: The crossing guards are about 3,000 volunteers or men, liable for Zivildienst (an alternative mandatory community service, instead of military service ). If volunteers or officials of the Zivildienst are not available, this service is fulfilled by officers of the local or federal police . The legal denominations are Schülerlotse for students from the age of 11 until 18 and Schulwegpolizist (German for "School Crossing Police Officer") for persons over
2457-456: The effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media. The list of divergent words becomes longer if considering regional Canadian dialects, especially as spoken in the Atlantic provinces and parts of Vancouver Island where significant pockets of British culture still remain. There are a considerable number of different accents within the regions of both
2520-504: The end of the Second World War in 1945. All Chilean men between 17 and 24 years are eligible for military service. Since 2005, military service is voluntary and then mandatory if quotas necessary for the armed forces are not completed. The General Directorate of National Mobilization (In Spanish: Dirección General de Movilización Nacional, or DGMN) is responsible for the recruitment of volunteers and conscripts. Since 1992, according to
2583-450: The government proposed to the parliament of the Republic of Croatia a decision to suspend all compulsory military service. This was supported by President Stjepan Mesić , and after a vote in the parliament on 5 October 2007, the decision became official. As of 1 January 2008, obligatory military (or civil) service is replaced with voluntary military service. Earlier partial and temporary 3 years long suspension of obligatory military service
Crossing guard - Misplaced Pages Continue
2646-522: The greater American dialect mixture that solidified by the mid-18th century. Below, several major North American English accents are defined by particular characteristics: A majority of North American English (for example, in contrast to British English) includes phonological features that concern consonants, such as rhoticity (full pronunciation of all /r/ sounds), conditioned T-glottalization (with satin pronounced [ˈsæʔn̩] , not [ˈsætn̩] ), T- and D-flapping (with metal and medal pronounced
2709-613: The increasing traffic the first service started in 1954. Currently there are about 50,000 traffic assistants and traffic cadets in Germany, all of them are volunteers . The traffic assistants are trained, organized and equipped by the Deutsche Verkehrswacht (German Traffic Watch Association) in cooperation with the respective state police . To become a traffic assistant, the candidate has to pass an exam which varies from state to state and lasts 6–12 hours. A Verkehrshelfer can become
2772-462: The intervening years, Iraq's military suffered from decay and poor leadership, but there was still compulsory service. Note: One of voluntary program was "Ashbal Saddam" known as "Saddam's Cubs" where children were trained to defend Iraq through "toughening" exercises such as firearms training and dismembering live chickens with their teeth. Following the Iraq War where the original military was disbanded,
2835-560: The militia". Conscription into a full-time military service had only been instituted twice by the government of Canada, during both world wars. Conscription into the Canadian Expeditionary Force was practiced in the last year of the First World War in 1918. During the Second World War, conscription for home defence was introduced in 1940 and for overseas service in 1944. Conscription has not been practiced in Canada since
2898-529: The modified circular stop sign they carry, which resembles a large lollipop . The term was coined in the 1960s when road safety awareness programs were rolled out in schools throughout the UK and the crossing patrols were introduced by the Road Traffic Regulation Act 1967. Ventriloquist John Bouchier visited schools nationwide with his ventriloquist dummy to help make children more aware of road safety. During these visits John's main character,
2961-497: The patrols each day, with students being trained each year by the New Zealand Police . Around 950 school patrols operate nationally. The two students on duty control and stop the flow of vehicles approaching a pedestrian crossing (or school crossing point) from either direction allowing school students to safely cross the road. This is done by extending orange school patrol signs onto the roadway in one or both directions so that
3024-517: The post to which the soldier is assigned. A member of the Defense Forces shall be appointed to the position after completing a basic course for a soldier or sailor. The recruitment recruits professionals whose posts require 11 months of military service (drivers, specialists, non-commissioned officers and reserve commanders). Modern conscription was invented during the French Revolution , when
3087-442: The probability of a shorter military service time is positively associated with smaller country populations, smaller lagged army sizes, increases in primary schooling among young males, and having common law legal origins." Albania had compulsory military service. Albania's armed forces announced an objective to create a professional army by the end of 2010. Argentina suspended military conscription in 1995 and replaced it with
3150-537: The safest school crossing option by parents and children, with nine out of ten (92 per cent) believing that every school should have one. In Australia, school crossing supervisors are employed by state government transport authorities and are posted at crossing sites by government officers. The exceptions to this rule are Victoria , where local councils employ crossing supervisors through their local laws department and Western Australia , where supervisors are known alternatively as police traffic wardens, and are employed by
3213-581: The same), at least one of the LOT vowel mergers (the LOT – PALM merger is completed among virtually all Americans and the LOT – THOUGHT merger among nearly half, while both are completed among virtually all Canadians), and yod-dropping (with tuesday pronounced /ˈtuzdeɪ/ , not /ˈtjuzdeɪ/ ). The last item is more advanced in American English than Canadian English. Military service Military service
SECTION 50
#17328581067203276-454: The same, as [ˈmɛɾɫ̩] ), L-velarization (with filling pronounced [ˈfɪɫɪŋ] , not [ˈfɪlɪŋ] ), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before /r/ (so that, Mary , marry , and merry are all commonly pronounced the same ), raising of pre-voiceless /aɪ/ (with price and bright using a higher vowel sound than prize and bride ), the weak vowel merger (with affected and effected often pronounced
3339-668: The school, working in teams of six. Crossing guards in Japan are called Gakudōyōgoin (学童擁護員). The system started in Tokyo in 1959. It was founded as a way to offer employment to widows after World War II . In New Zealand , a school crossing patrol, officially called a School Traffic Safety Team, but more commonly known as a School Patrol or Road Patrol, was first introduced in 1931 and has been acknowledged in New Zealand legislation since 1944. Students and supervising teachers are in charge of running
3402-431: The service depended on the degree of education. For citizens studying for or holding a bachelor's degree or higher the service was six months, and for citizens with no higher education it was nine months. The duration of service was two years in 1992, and was dropping steadily, until it was finally abolished. Compulsory service in a sedentary militia was practiced in Canada as early as 1669. In peacetime, compulsory service
3465-445: The system across the country than in the US. They are often older people who have retired from full-time employment. They may be based at a pelican crossing , a zebra crossing , or just an ordinary point on the road widely used as a crossing. Due to an increase in abuse, threats and other aggressive behavior from some drivers, some lollipop people have been issued with cameras, either worn on
3528-529: The traffic management unit of the WA Police . Supervisors in WA use handheld neon stop-flags instead of the traditional lollipop. Under UK law it is an offence for a motorist not to stop if signalled to do so by a patroller. In the past, patrollers only had the authority to stop the traffic for children. The Transport Act 2000 changed the law so that a patroller had the authority to stop the traffic for any pedestrian. In
3591-568: The verbs correr (to run), limpiar (to clean) and barrer (to sweep), as it was perceived that all a conscript did during service was running, cleaning and sweeping. Conscripts themselves were known and referred to as " colimbas ". Voluntary service in the Boer War (1899–1902) was initially from a number of the separate colonies before federation in 1901 and later volunteers were deployed as an Australian force. Two conscription referendums were defeated during World War I . Military service during WW1
3654-526: The words "STOP - SCHOOL PATROL" is clearly displayed to any approaching driver. Once the traffic has stopped, one student verbally instructs pedestrians to cross the road. One of the two students leads the crossing with a series of verbal calls. When a gap in the traffic appears the leader calls "signs out" (both signs are extended onto the road). "Check" (Both students check that traffic is stopping/stopped). "Cross now" (students may cross safely) and finally "signs in" (Signs are withdrawn from road). All traffic
3717-518: Was also amended At present, military conscription only exists in theory and has done so since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949 . Compositional military conscription has never been enforced. In 1955, the legal basis for conscription in China, the first Military Service Law created a system of compulsory military service. Since the late 1970s, the Chinese conscription laws mandate
3780-582: Was introduced in 1997 in the aftermath of the United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium when members of Serbs of Croatia community from the region were exempt from conscription, although they were permitted to volunteer. The Czech Republic abolished compulsory military service on 31 December 2004. Ecuador 's Constitutional Tribunal ruled in June 2007 that compulsory military service
3843-527: Was typically limited to attending an annual muster, although they were mobilized for longer periods during war. Compulsory service in the sedentary militia continued until the late 19th century when Canada's sedentary Reserve Militia system fell into disuse. The legislative provision that formally made every male inhabitant of military age a member of the Reserve Militia was removed in 1904, replaced with provisions that made them theoretically "liable to serve in
SECTION 60
#17328581067203906-569: Was unconstitutional. Military service has been voluntary since 2009. From 2003, unit-based training for conscripts was introduced and conscripts began to be called into service in 2 parts: pre-service and main occupation. The length of military service is often determined by the manner in which the professional is recruited. Those who entered the service in January and July by pre-conscription generally earn 11 months, those who arrived in October 8 months. The final length of service shall be determined by
3969-681: Was voluntary ( First Australian Imperial Force ) as was service in WW2 ( Second Australian Imperial Force ). Volunteer militia units (part-time civilian soldiers) were to be used only within the Commonwealth of Australia (such as in the Great Emu War in 1932) but in 1942 some militia units were deployed to Papua New Guinea , as it was considered part of Australia at that time, to fight the advancing and later withdrawing Japanese invasion army. Various levels of conscription (National Service) were in force during
#719280