72-604: Cross Island may refer to: Geography [ edit ] Cross Island, Alaska, an island in the Beaufort Sea Cross Island, Bermuda Cross Island, County Down , a townland in Northern Ireland Cross Island (Maine) , an island in the U.S. state of Maine Cross Island National Wildlife Refuge , a National Wildlife Refuge in the state of Maine, U.S. Cross Island (Massachusetts) , an island in
144-644: A hydrographer . The Mackenzie River , the longest in Canada , empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of Tuktoyaktuk , which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea's shores. The sea, characterized by severe climate, is frozen over most of the year. Historically, only a narrow pass up to 100 km (62 mi) opened in August–September near its shores, but recently due to climate change in
216-589: A moratorium on commercial fishing of the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska, including the disputed waters. In July 2010, US–Canada negotiations have started in Ottawa with the next meeting planned in 2011. A joint geological survey of the area has been initiated, and the issue was marked as settled by the CIA World Factbook , though no official document has been released by September 2010. On August 20, 2009 United States Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke announced
288-496: A moratorium on fishing the Beaufort Sea north of Alaska. According to Locke: "As Arctic sea ice recedes due to climate change, there is increasing interest in commercial fishing in Arctic waters. We are in a position to plan for sustainable fishing that does not damage the overall health of this fragile ecosystem. This plan takes a precautionary approach to any development of commercial fishing in an area where there has been none in
360-617: A "middleman" for many scientists of his time. Beaufort represented the geographers, astronomers, oceanographers , geodesists , and meteorologists to that government agency, the Hydrographic Office, which could support their research. In 1849 he assisted in the publication of the Admiralty Manual of Scientific Enquiry , to assist both Navy personnel and general travellers in scientific investigations, ranging from astronomy to ethnography . Beaufort trained Robert FitzRoy , who
432-640: A boundary line based upon equidistance, although its position is somewhat undermined by its acceptance in 1867 of similar treaty wording and a similar interpretation under the treaty whereby it acquired Alaska . Both the U.S. and Canada agree that they are bound by the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf ; and they both agree that the boundary should be "equitable", as determined by the International Court of Justice . They differ on what should be deemed "equitable". The U.S. contends that "equidistance
504-629: A chance, such as carcasses and whales trapped in ice fields. "There is only one proposed Early-Entry site in eastern Beringia that still has proponents, Bluefish Caves in the Porcupine River Basin, Yukon Territory, Canada. Claims of great antiquity in the area [e.g., 30kya] have a convoluted history. A caribou tibia flesher, the most diagnostic human implement from the Old Crow basin, had been dated at near 28 kya. When redated using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of small amounts of remnant collagen
576-446: A food for seabirds and fish, primarily as polar cod and Arctic char. Polar cod is a major food of Arctic char, beluga, narwhal , seabirds and seals, which are dominated by the bearded seal ( Erignatus barbatus ) and ringed seal ( Pusa hispida ). Bearded seal and walrus also feed on benthic invertebrates. On top of the food pyramid stands the polar bear, which feeds primarily on seals, but also on any large marine mammals when it has
648-594: A line to Cape Prince Alfred, the Northwestern extreme of Banks Island , through its West coast to Cape Kellet, the Southwestern point, and thence a line to Cape Bathurst on the mainland ( 70°36′N 127°32′W / 70.600°N 127.533°W / 70.600; -127.533 ). There is an unresolved dispute involving a wedge-shaped slice on the International Boundary in the Beaufort Sea, between
720-504: A naval officer. Francis Beaufort was descended from French Protestant Huguenots , who fled the French Wars of Religion in the sixteenth century. His parents moved to Ireland from London . His father, Daniel Augustus Beaufort , was a Protestant clergyman from Navan , County Meath , Ireland, and a member of the learned Royal Irish Academy . His mother Mary was the daughter and co-heiress of William Waller, of Allenstown House . Francis
792-468: A position that the U.S. rejects. This dispute is in this respect a mirror image of the dispute between the U.S. and Canada over the Gulf of Maine , where the U.S. argued for "special circumstances" and Canada argued for the equidistance principle. (In that latter dispute, both of those arguments were rejected, and the border was drawn based upon geometric principles taking into account geographic factors. ) Neither
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#1732851723654864-686: A result, the sea hosts one of the largest colonies of beluga whales , and there is no sign of overfishing as of now. To prevent overfishing in its waters, the US adopted a precautionary commercial fisheries management plan in August 2009. In April 2011, the Canadian government signed a memorandum of understanding with the Inuvialuit as a first step in developing a larger ocean management plan. The Canadian government announced in October 2014 that no new commercial fisheries in
936-501: A significant extension of the U.S. possession. This dispute has taken on increased significance due to the possible presence of natural reserves within the wedge, which according to Canada's National Energy Board may contain 1,700,000,000 m (6.0 × 10 cu ft) of gas, which would cover the national consumption for 20 years, and more than 1,000,000,000 m (3.5 × 10 cu ft) of oil. Because of this, Canada argues that "special circumstances" apply to this border,
1008-655: A subway line in Singapore Cross Island Parkway (Hilton Head Island) , in South Carolina, U.S. Cross Island Parkway , a highway in Long Island, New York, U.S. Other uses [ edit ] Cross Island Chapel , a non-denominational church located in Oneida, New York See also [ edit ] Cross Bronx Expressway Cross country (disambiguation) Cross County Topics referred to by
1080-936: A temperature of −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) in summer and −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) in winter. The next layer is formed by the inflows from the Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea coming through the Bering Strait ; it extends up to the North Pole . The warmest, deep Atlantic layer has the temperatures between 0 and 1 °C (32 and 34 °F), and water at the bottom is a bit colder at −0.4 to −0.8 °C (31.3 to 30.6 °F). The average salinity varies between 28‰ and 32‰ (parts per thousand) from south to north. Typical air temperatures (at Tuktoyaktuk) are −27 °C (−17 °F) in January and 11 °C (52 °F) in July. The water currents form
1152-472: A weather station, a staff (rather like the stem of a note in musical notation) extends, with one or more half or whole barbs. For example, a stave with 3 1 ⁄ 2 barbs represents Beaufort seven on the scale, decoded as 32–38 mph, or a "moderate Gale". Beaufort, like other patrons of exploration, has had his name given to many geographical places. Among these: Beaufort created the Beaufort cipher . It
1224-568: A wedge with an area of about 21,000 km (8,100 sq mi) that is claimed by both nations. Canada's position has its roots in the Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825) between the United Kingdom and the Russian Empire that set the boundary between the two. Canada is the successor state to Great Britain in relation to this treaty, which stipulates: the line of demarcation shall follow
1296-446: Is an appropriate principle for determining a maritime boundary where there are no special circumstances in the area and when equidistance results in a boundary in accordance with equitable principles". Canada contends that an equidistance principle does not result in an equitable boundary, because distortion would occur. The coast of Yukon is concave, whereas the coast of Alaska is convex; and thus an equidistance principle would result in
1368-567: Is buried in the church gardens of St John at Hackney , London, where his tomb may still be seen. His home in London, No. 52 Manchester Street, Westminster , is marked by an historic blue plaque noting his residency and achievements. Beaufort married, firstly, Alicia Magdalena Wilson, daughter of Lestock Wilson R.N. under whom he had first served; she died in 1834. Of their children, three daughters and three sons were living in 1859. They included: Beaufort married again in 1838, to Honora Edgeworth,
1440-525: Is called the Beaufort cipher . The deciphered writings have revealed family and personal problems, including some of a sexual nature. It appears that between 1835 and his marriage to Honora Edgeworth in November 1838, he had incestuous relations with his sister Harriet . His diary entries, in cipher , show that he was tortured by guilt over this. He died on 17 December 1857, at age 83 in Hove , Sussex , England. He
1512-719: Is comparable to the International Geophysical Year of our time.) Beaufort promoted the development of reliable tide tables around British shores, publishing the first edition of the Admiralty Tide Tables in 1833. This inspired similar research for Europe and North America. Aiding his friend William Whewell , Beaufort gained the support of the Prime Minister, Duke of Wellington , in expanding record-keeping at 200 British Coastguard stations. Beaufort gave enthusiastic support to his friend, Sir George Airy ,
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#17328517236541584-613: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Beaufort Sea The Beaufort Sea ( / ˈ b oʊ f ər t / BOH -fərt ; French : Mer de Beaufort ) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean , located north of the Northwest Territories , Yukon , and Alaska , and west of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago . The sea is named after Sir Francis Beaufort ,
1656-587: Is relatively small owing to the cold climate. Major fish species include polar cod ( Boreogadus saida ), Arctic cod ( Arctogadus glacialis ), saffron cod ( Eleginus gracilis ), Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus ), chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta ), Arctic cisco ( Coregonus autumnalis ), least cisco ( Coregonus sardinella ), lake whitefish ( Coregonus clupeaformis ), broad whitefish ( Coregonus nasus ), Pacific herring ( Clupea pallasii ), fourhorn sculpin ( Myoxocephalus quadricornis ), inconnu ( Stenodus leucichthys ) and flatfish . The eastern part of
1728-486: Is very low. The sea contains significant resources of petroleum and natural gas under its shelf, such as the Amauligak field. They were discovered in the period between the 1950s and 1980s, and since the latter part of that period their exploration has become the major human activity in the area. The traditional occupations of fishing and whale and seal hunting are practiced only locally, and have no commercial significance. As
1800-677: The Astronomer Royal and noted mathematician, in achieving a historic period of measurements by the Greenwich and Good Hope observatories. By the time Beaufort retired the Admiralty Chart series was a truly worldwide resource with 2,000 charts covering every sea. Beaufort retired from the Royal Navy with the rank of rear admiral on 1 October 1846, at the age of 72. He became "Sir Francis Beaufort" on being appointed KCB (Knight Commander of
1872-621: The Athabaskan First Nations peoples and Inuit during 1920–1960, but has since declined. The Beaufort Sea contains major gas and petroleum reserves beneath the seabed, a continuation of proven reserves in the nearby Mackenzie River and North Slope. The Beaufort Sea was first explored for sub-shelf hydrocarbons in the 1950s and estimated to contain about 250 km (60 cu mi) of oil and 300,000 km (72,000 cu mi) of natural gas under its coastal shelf. Offshore drilling began in 1972; about 70 wells were set up by
1944-504: The British East India Company East Indiaman Vansittart . She was wrecked, but all but one man of her crew survived and Beaufort returned home. Beaufort commenced his naval career in 1790 by joining HMS Latona as a midshipman . She was paid off late in the year and Beaufort transferred in 1791 to the fifth rate frigate HMS Aquilon . After the commencement of war with France he
2016-584: The Inuvialuit community. The International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the Beaufort Sea as follows: On the North. A line from Point Barrow , Alaska, to Lands End, Prince Patrick Island ( 76°16′N 124°08′W / 76.267°N 124.133°W / 76.267; -124.133 ). On the East. From Lands End through the Southwest coast of Prince Patrick Island to Griffiths Point, thence
2088-768: The Kongakut River in Alaska and the Firth River in Yukon empty into the Beaufort. The major river to flow into the sea is the Mackenzie, Canada's longest, which empties into the Canadian part of the sea, west of Tuktoyaktuk. The coastal shelf area is rather narrow, especially near and east of Point Barrow in the Alaskan part of the sea, and contains numerous submarine valleys . It becomes wider near
2160-463: The Woolwich , Beaufort received his first post-captain commission, commanding Frederickstein . Throughout 1811–1812, Beaufort charted and explored southern Anatolia , a region he referred to as Karamania , locating many classical ruins, including Hadrian's Gate . An attack on the crew of his boat (at Ayas , near Adana ), by Turks interrupted his work and he received a serious bullet wound in
2232-685: The theory of evolution he presented in his book The Origin of Species . Later, when Beaufort persuaded the Board of Trade to set up a Meterorological Department, Fitzroy became its first director Using his many connections, including the Royal Society , Beaufort helped to obtain funding for the Antarctic voyage of 1839–1843 by James Clark Ross for extensive measurements of terrestrial magnetism , coordinated with similar measurements in Europe and Asia. (This
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2304-414: The 1980s and 200 wells by 2000. These activities resulted in dredging of about 46.5 million m3 of sea bottom soil, as well as discharge of drilling muds which contained barite , clay, caustic soda , and heavy metals zinc, copper, lead, chromium, cobalt, nickel, cadmium and mercury. About 50,400 m (1,780,000 cu ft) of oil was produced in 1986. A major gas field, named Taglu Gas Field ,
2376-629: The 1990s. The major settlements along the Beaufort Sea are Tuktoyaktuk (population 930 in 2009 ) in Canada and Prudhoe Bay, Alaska . Although Prudhoe Bay is permanently populated by only a few people, there are thousands of contract workers in the area employed on petroleum production at the Prudhoe Bay Oil Field , which is on the coastal lowland known as the North Slope . Artificial islands , such as Endicott and Northstar , have been raised near
2448-400: The 4,000 years old settlements. While originally they lived nomadic life, later, they started to form permanent settlements. Their population is increasing, but the unemployment rate is relatively high. Bowhead whales were hunted in the sea between 1888 and 1914. This practice stopped, first because of the decline in whale population and then because of government regulations, but resumed in
2520-627: The Admiralty was formed, which as well as the Hydrographic Department included the great astronomical observatories at Greenwich , England, and the Cape of Good Hope , Africa, and the Nautical Almanac and Chronometer Offices, and Beaufort was responsible for the administration. Beaufort directed some of the major maritime explorations and experiments of that period. He played a leading role in
2592-531: The Arctic the ice-free area in late summer has greatly enlarged. Until recently, the Beaufort Sea was known as an important reservoir for the replenishment of Arctic sea ice. Sea ice would often rotate for several years in the Beaufort Gyre , the dominant ocean current of the Beaufort Sea, growing into sturdy and thick multi-year ice. Claims that the seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago have been largely discredited (see below); present population density
2664-566: The Arctic , the ice-free area in late summer greatly enlarged. During the record minimum extent of Arctic sea ice in September, 2012, the sea ice boundary had retreated northward much farther than normal from the coast. The channels of the Mackenzie River thaw earlier, in late May–early June. This thawing increases the average water discharge from about 150,000 to 250,000 m /s (5,300,000 to 8,800,000 cu ft/s). Hidden changes in
2736-572: The Bath) on 29 April 1848, a relatively belated honorific considering the eminence of his position from 1829 onward. In 1840, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society . Beaufort's extant correspondence of more than 200 letters and journals contained portions written in personal cipher. Beaufort altered the Vigenère cipher , by reversing the cipher alphabet, and the resulting variant
2808-406: The Beaufort Sea are clearly distinct from those of other Canadian and Alaskan waters, despite often sharing a common wintering habitat. The food chain of the Beaufort Sea is relatively simple: It starts with phytoplankton and epontic algae (single-cell algae associated with the lower interface of sea ice ), which provide energy to zooplankton, and epontic and coastal amphipods. The latter serve as
2880-613: The Beaufort Sea is covered with tundra and marks the northern limit of the terrestrial range of the polar bear in North America. The Mackenzie River is an important habitat for whales and seabirds and is still relatively untouched by commercial traffic. The delta of Mackenzie River contains numerous lakes and ponds which are inhabited by muskrat . The sea hosts about 80 species of zooplankton , more than 70 species of phytoplankton , and nearly 700 species of polychaetes , bryozoans , crustaceans and mollusks , but their total volume
2952-643: The Beaufort Sea will be considered until research has shown sustainable stocks that would be made available to Inuvialuit first. The Canadian government designated blocks of the Beaufort Sea as Marine Protected Areas (MPAs). The Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam MPA surrounds the Parry Peninsula in the Amundsen Gulf , and the Tarium Niryutait MPA is located at the Mackenzie River delta and estuary. The protected areas are set to protect species and habitats for
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3024-412: The Beaufort Sea. Stan Rogers references the Beaufort Sea in his popular Canadian Folk Song " Northwest Passage ". Francis Beaufort Sir Francis Beaufort KCB FRS FRGS FRAS MRIA ( / ˈ b oʊ f ər t / BOH -fərt ; 27 May 1774 – 17 December 1857) was an Irish hydrographer , the creator of the Beaufort cipher and the Beaufort scale , and
3096-475: The Canadian territory of Yukon and the U.S. state of Alaska. Canada claims the maritime boundary to be along the 141st meridian west out to a distance of 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi), following the Alaska–Yukon land border. This follows the natural prolongation principle , which holds that a nation's maritime boundary should reflect the 'natural prolongation' of where its land territory reaches
3168-739: The East Indies and escorted a convoy of East Indiamen back to Britain. The Admiralty then tasked him with conducting a hydrographic survey of the Rio de la Plata estuary in South America. Experts were very impressed by the survey Beaufort brought back. Notably, Alexander Dalrymple remarked in a note to the Admiralty in March ;1808, that "we have few officers (indeed I do not know one) in our Service who have half his professional knowledge and ability, and in zeal and perseverance he cannot be excelled." After
3240-463: The Mackenzie River, such as Herschel Island (4 km (2.5 mi) off the shore, area 18 km (6.9 sq mi)) and Barter Island (0.3 km (0.19 mi) from the coast, area 13 km (5.0 sq mi)). The coasts are low, with the maximum elevations between 250 and 750 m (820 and 2,460 ft). The soil is frozen all year around at the depth below about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or less, forming permafrost , and only
3312-448: The Navy . He served in that post for 26 years, longer than any other Hydrographer. G.S. Ritchie , himself Hydrographer (1966–1971) described this period as the "High Noon" of Admiralty surveying. The geographical scope of surveying was greatly increased, both in home waters and overseas. The production of new charts increased from 19 in 1830 to 1230 in 1855. In 1831, a Scientific Branch of
3384-547: The U.S. nor Canada has pressed for a swift resolution for the matter, or arbitration at the International Court of Justice, however; and the two have in the meantime cooperated in several measures aimed at preserving the maritime environment. Before the end of 2004, the US leased eight plots of land below the water for oil exploration and exploitation, provoking a diplomatic protest from Canada. On 20 August 2009, United States Secretary of Commerce Gary Locke announced
3456-599: The U.S. state of Massachusetts Cross Island (Nova Scotia) , an island offshore from Lunenburg, Nova Scotia Cross Island, Mumbai , an uninhabited islet off the southeast coast of Mumbai Cross Island Trail , a rail trail in Queen Anne's County, Maryland and part of the American Discovery Trail and the East Coast Greenway Transportation [ edit ] Cross Island MRT line ,
3528-475: The action resulted in the capture of the 14-gun polacca Calpe . Beaufort was promoted to the rank of Commander on 13 November 1800. While recovering from his wounds, during which he received a "paltry" pension of £45 per annum, he helped his brother-in-law, Richard Lovell Edgeworth , to construct a semaphore line from Dublin to Galway . He spent two years at this activity, for which he would accept no remuneration. Beaufort returned to active service and
3600-502: The bone produced a 1.8 kya date (Yesner 1996b:255)". There is no evidence for anomalous occupation of Beaufort coasts in the context of Arctic cultures generally, including the arrival about 4,000 years ago by Paleo-Eskimos such as the Dorset culture , around 1,000 years ago by the Thule and finally by the modern Inuit . From early ages, they practiced fishing – bones of Arctic char were found at
3672-418: The clockwise-directed Beaufort Gyre , that results in south-westerly and westerly currents near the shores. The Mackenzie River partly affects this circulation inducing minor eastwards streams near its mouth. The river annually brings about 15 million tonnes of sediments which are rich in dolomite and calcium carbonate . Those deposits are spread over the sea and mixed with mud and gravel. The shoreline of
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#17328517236543744-467: The coast. The position of the United States is that the boundary line should be perpendicular to the coast out to a distance of 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi), following a line of equidistance from the coast. The equidistance principle argues that a nation's maritime boundaries should conform to a median line that is equidistant from the shores of neighbouring nations. This difference creates
3816-414: The daughter of his brother-in-law Richard Lovell Edgeworth and his second wife. (Francis' sister Frances Beaufort had married Edgeworth as his fourth wife years earlier in the 1810s.) During these early years of command, Beaufort developed the first versions of his Wind Force Scale and Weather Notation coding, which he was to use in his journals for the remainder of his life. From the circle representing
3888-410: The delta of the Mackenzie River but nowhere exceeds 145 km (90 mi). Near the coast, the depths are shallower than 60 m (200 ft) but they rapidly increase northwards up to a few kilometers, transforming into a massive platform which is geologically similar to that of the oceans. There are many small islands in the sea and in the delta of the Mackenzie River. A few larger ones lie west of
3960-617: The disputed area covered a 21,436 square kilometres (8,276 sq mi) section of the Beaufort Sea. He wrote that Canada had filed a " diplomatic note " with the US in April when the USA first announced plans for the moratorium. Jack Layton , leader of the New Democratic Party of Canada , called the U.S. moratorium over the disputed waters in the Beaufort Sea the "largest encroachment on Canadian territory in our history." Several rivers such as
4032-438: The greatest scientists and applied mathematicians of his time, including Mary Somerville , John Herschel , George Biddell Airy , and Charles Babbage . Francis Beaufort had a lifelong keen awareness of the value of accurate charts for those risking the seas, as he was shipwrecked at the age of fifteen due to a faulty chart. His most significant accomplishments were in nautical charting . Beaufort first went to sea in 1789 on
4104-437: The hip. He returned to England and drew up his charts. In 1817, he published his book Karamania; or a brief description of the South Coast of Asia Minor, and of the Remains of Antiquity . In 1829, Beaufort was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society , and in the same year, at the age of 55 (retirement age for most administrative contemporaries), Beaufort was appointed as the British Admiralty Hydrographer of
4176-467: The ice cover of the Beaufort Sea were discovered in 2009. Whereas the ice area remain stable, as detected by the observation satellites, so as the associated water temperature and salinity , the ice structure has changed recently. The new ice, called rotten ice , is thinner and much weaker structurally. The sea water has a stable temperature and is separated into four distinct layers as follows. The top 100 m (330 ft) are surface water which has
4248-409: The past." There is no widespread commercial fisheries in those waters now. The moratorium was imposed in anticipation that global warming would make those waters accessible to commercial fisheries. The moratorium stirred controversy in Canada because the region where the USA announced the moratorium included a large wedge-shaped region of disputed waters. Randy Boswell, of Canada.com wrote that
4320-459: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cross Island . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cross_Island&oldid=983136365 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
4392-422: The sea is a major habitat of beluga whales with an estimated population of 39,000. This population is stable and might even be increasing; it is not affected by the offshore oil exploration in the area. Belugas spend summer in the coastal area and Mackenzie River delta, which are free of ice then, and in winter migrate long distances to the polynyas of the deep sea. Genetic analyses have confirmed that belugas of
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#17328517236544464-428: The search for the explorer, Sir John Franklin , who was lost during his last polar voyage to search for the legendary Northwest Passage . Beaufort was interested in scientific affairs beyond the confines of navigation. As a council member of the Royal Society , the Royal Observatory , and the Royal Geographical Society (which he helped found), Beaufort used his position and prestige as a top administrator to act as
4536-421: The shores in 1987 and 2001, respectively. The crude oil is transported through the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System to the southern port of Valdez . Fishing and sea hunting are practised by the local inhabitants and have no commercial value, especially after a US moratorium on commercial fishing of the Beaufort Sea, adopted in 2009. Trapping of muskrat at the Mackenzie River delta was the main source of income for
4608-445: The summit of the mountains situated parallel to the Coast, as far as the point of intersection of the 141st degree of West longitude […] and, finally, from the said point of intersection, the said Meridian Line of the 141st degree, in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean Canada maintains that this treaty is extensible from the land into the Beaufort Sea along the meridian. The United States rejects this extension and instead asserts
4680-408: The top few tens of centimeters thaws in summer. Consequently, buildings have to be elevated above ground on wooden piles that are immersed into the permafrost. The Beaufort Sea is frozen over through the year, except for August and September when the ice breaks near the coast and opens what was once a 50–100 km (31–62 mi) wide strip of open water. During the 2000s, due to climate change in
4752-435: Was appointed a captain in the Royal Navy on 30 May 1810. Whereas other wartime officers sought leisurely pursuits, Beaufort spent his leisure time taking depth soundings and bearings , making astronomical observations to determine longitude and latitude , and measuring shorelines. His results were compiled in new charts. The Admiralty gave Beaufort his first ship command, HMS Woolwich . He sailed her to
4824-409: Was born in Navan on 27 May 1774. He had an older brother, William Louis Beaufort and three sisters, Frances , Harriet , and Louisa. His father created and published a new map of Ireland in 1792. Francis grew up in Wales and Ireland until age fourteen. He left school and went to sea, but never stopped his education. By later in life, he had become sufficiently self-educated to associate with some of
4896-415: Was discovered in 1984, and is estimated to contain 37.3 km (8.9 cu mi) of oil and 38,500 km (9,200 cu mi) of gas. The development of these fields is hindered by their remote location. This problem was alleviated for Prudhoe Bay by constructing the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, but is limiting regular commercial production at Mackenzie River deposits. For example, the Amauligak Project
4968-413: Was discovered in the Mackenzie River delta in 1971, followed by the Parson Lake field and Niglintgak field. The estimated gas reserves of these fields are 58,600 km (14,100 cu mi), 35,400 and 13,600 km (8,500 and 3,300 cu mi), respectively. Moreover, further into the sea from the Mackenzie delta lies the Amauligak field. This, the largest known oil deposit of the Beaufort Sea,
5040-418: Was on Aquilon during the Battle of the Glorious First of June off Ushant in Brittany in 1794, when Aquilon rescued the dismasted HMS Defence and exchanged broadsides with the French ship-of-the line , Impétueux . He was promoted to Lieutenant on 10 May 1796 on HMS Phaeton . While serving on Phaeton , Beaufort was badly wounded leading a cutting-out operation off Málaga in 1800;
5112-439: Was put in temporary command of the survey ship HMS Beagle after her previous captain committed suicide. When FitzRoy was reappointed as commander for what became the famous second voyage of the Beagle , he requested of Beaufort "that a well-educated and scientific gentleman be sought" as a companion on the voyage. Beaufort's enquiries led to an invitation to Charles Darwin , who later drew on his discoveries in formulating
5184-506: Was started soon after the discovery of the field. In September 1985, the tanker Gulf Beaufort has transported 50,300,000 L (316,377 bbl) of crude oil to Japan, which was the first shipment of oil from the Arctic deposits. However, the project has stalled after that. In July 2017, the U.S. Bureau of Ocean Energy Management approved a plan to allow Eni , an Italian multinational oil and gas company, to drill four oil exploration wells on Spy Island, one of four artificial islands in
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