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106-482: The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia ( Croatian : Kraljevina Hrvatska i Slavonija ; Hungarian : Horvát-Szlavónország or Horvát–Szlavón Királyság ; German : Königreich Kroatien und Slawonien ) was a nominally autonomous kingdom and constitutionally defined separate political nation within the Austro-Hungarian Empire . It was created in 1868 by merging the kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia following

212-635: A Kronland within the imperial Austrian part of Austria-Hungary (also known as Cisleithania ). The claim was, for most of the time, supported by the Hungarian government, which backed Croatia–Slavonia in an effort to increase its share of the dual state. The union between the two primarily Croatian lands of Austria-Hungary never took place, however. According to the Article 53 of the Croatian–Hungarian Agreement , governing Croatia's political status in

318-461: A common polycentric standard language is used, consisting of several standard varieties , similar to the existing varieties of German , English or Spanish . The aim of the new Declaration is to stimulate discussion on language without the nationalistic baggage and to counter nationalistic divisions. The terms "Serbo-Croatian", "Serbo-Croat", or "Croato-Serbian", are still used as a cover term for all these forms by foreign scholars, even though

424-573: A common South Slavic literary language. Specifically, three major groups of dialects were spoken on Croatian territory, and there had been several literary languages over four centuries. The leader of the Illyrian movement Ljudevit Gaj standardized the Latin alphabet in 1830–1850 and worked to bring about a standardized orthography. Although based in Kajkavian-speaking Zagreb , Gaj supported using

530-522: A county after the incorporation of the Croatian Military Frontier into Croatia–Slavonia in 1881. The counties were subsequently divided into a total of 77 districts ( Croatian : kotari , similar to Austrian Bezirke ) as governmental units. Cities ( gradovi ) and municipalities ( općine ) were local authorities. According to the 1868 Agreement and the Decree No. 18.307 of 16 November 1867 of

636-513: A fine of 2 to 200 K or with arrest from 6 hours to 14 days and confiscate the unauthorized flag or emblem. " Data taken from the 1910 census. According to the 1910 census, illiteracy rate in Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia was 45.9%. The lowest illiteracy was in Zagreb , Osijek and Zemun . The Royal Croatian Home Guard was the military of the Kingdom. Additionally, Croats made up 5 percent of members in

742-517: A mixture of all three principal dialects (Chakavian, Kajkavian and Shtokavian), and calling it "Croatian", "Dalmatian", or "Slavonian". Historically, several other names were used as synonyms for Croatian, in addition to Dalmatian and Slavonian, and these were Illyrian (ilirski) and Slavic (slovinski) . It is still used now in parts of Istria , which became a crossroads of various mixtures of Chakavian with Ekavian, Ijekavian and Ikavian isoglosses . The most standardised form (Kajkavian–Ikavian) became

848-694: A part of the Sava Banate and in 1939 autonomous Banovina of Croatia . The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 ( Ausgleich ) created the Dual Monarchy. Under the Compromise, Austria and Hungary each had separate parliaments (the Imperial Council and the Diet of Hungary ) that passed and maintained separate laws. Each region had its own government, headed by its own prime minister. The "common monarchy" consisted of

954-545: A questionable manner, confirmed the subordination of Croatia–Slavonia to Hungary in 1868 with signing of Hungarian–Croatian union constitution called the Nagodba ( Croatian–Hungarian Settlement , known also as Croatian–Hungarian Agreement or Hungarian–Croatian Compromise of 1868). This kingdom included parts of present-day Croatia and Serbia (eastern part of Syrmia ). After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867

1060-513: A separate language that is considered key to national identity, in the sense that the term Croatian language includes all language forms from the earliest times to the present, in all areas where Croats live, as realized in the speeches of Croatian dialects, in city speeches and jargons, and in the Croatian standard language. The issue is sensitive in Croatia as the notion of a separate language being

1166-501: A single crown land in 1853. The counties were restructured in 1850 and again in 1854. In 1850 the counties were formally referred to in German as Gespanschaften and were divided into political districts akin to those of modern Austria , much like most of the rest of the Empire. In 1854 they were referred to as Comitate and a different system of Bezirke subordinate to the counties

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1272-521: A small detour to capture the outpost of Siget ( Szigetvár ) which they failed to capture ten years previously. The small fort was defended by Count Nikola IV Zrinski and 2,300–3,000 men. They were able to hold their ground for a month, and decimated the Ottoman army before being wiped out themselves. This siege, now known as the Battle of Szigetvár , bought enough time to allow Austrian troops to regroup before

1378-715: A small strip of coastland around Rijeka , that were not part of the Ottoman Empire or part of the Croatian Military Frontier . Between 1744 and 1868, the Kingdom of Croatia included a subordinate autonomous kingdom, the Kingdom of Slavonia . The territory of the Slavonian kingdom was recovered from the Ottoman Empire, and was subsequently part of the Military Frontier for a short period. In 1744, these territories were organized as

1484-731: Is controversial for native speakers, and names such as "Bosnian-Croatian-Montenegrin-Serbian" (BCMS) are used by linguists and philologists in the 21st century. In 1997, the Croatian Parliament established the Days of the Croatian Language from March 11 to 17. Since 2013, the Institute of Croatian language has been celebrating the Month of the Croatian Language , from February 21 ( International Mother Language Day ) to March 17 (the day of signing

1590-447: Is also official in the regions of Burgenland (Austria), Molise (Italy) and Vojvodina (Serbia). Additionally, it has co-official status alongside Romanian in the communes of Carașova and Lupac , Romania . In these localities, Croats or Krashovani make up the majority of the population, and education, signage and access to public administration and the justice system are provided in Croatian, alongside Romanian. Croatian

1696-424: Is clearly a single language with a single grammatical system." Croatian, although technically a form of Serbo-Croatian , is sometimes considered a distinct language by itself. This is at odds with purely linguistic classifications of languages based on mutual intelligibility ( abstand and ausbau languages ), which do not allow varieties that are mutually intelligible to be considered separate languages. "There

1802-426: Is commonly characterized by the ijekavian pronunciation (see an explanation of yat reflexes ), the sole use of the Latin alphabet, and a number of lexical differences in common words that set it apart from standard Serbian. Some differences are absolute, while some appear mainly in the frequency of use. However, as professor John F. Bailyn states, "an examination of all the major 'levels' of language shows that BCS

1908-399: Is no doubt of the near 100% mutual intelligibility of (standard) Croatian and (standard) Serbian, as is obvious from the ability of all groups to enjoy each others' films, TV and sports broadcasts, newspapers, rock lyrics etc.", writes Bailyn. Differences between various standard forms of Serbo-Croatian are often exaggerated for political reasons. Most Croatian linguists regard Croatian as

2014-621: Is no regulatory body that determines the proper usage of Croatian. However, in January 2023, the Croatian Parliament passed a law that prescribes the official use of the Croatian language, regulates the establishment of the Council for the Croatian language as a coordinating advisory body whose work will be focused on the protection and development of the Croatian language. State authorities, local and regional self-government entities are obliged to use

2120-1049: Is officially used and taught at all universities in Croatia and at the University of Mostar in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Studies of Croatian language are held in Hungary (Institute of Philosophy at the ELTE Faculty of Humanities in Budapest ), Slovakia (Faculty of Philosophy of the Comenius University in Bratislava ), Poland ( University of Warsaw , Jagiellonian University , University of Silesia in Katowice , University of Wroclaw , Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan ), Germany ( University of Regensburg ), Australia (Center for Croatian Studies at

2226-625: Is the standardised variety of the Serbo-Croatian pluricentric language mainly used by Croats . It is the national official language and literary standard of Croatia , one of the official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina , Montenegro , the Serbian province of Vojvodina , the European Union and a recognized minority language elsewhere in Serbia and other neighbouring countries. In

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2332-632: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Croatian (2009 Croatian government official translation): Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in English: Kingdom of Croatia (Habsburg) The Kingdom of Croatia had large territorial losses in wars with the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century. Until the 18th century, the kingdom included only a small north-western part of present-day Croatia around Zagreb, and

2438-585: The Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. It was associated with the Kingdom of Hungary within the dual Austro-Hungarian state, being within the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen , also known as Transleithania . While Croatia had been granted a wide internal autonomy with "national features", in reality, Croatian control over key issues such as tax and military issues was minimal and hampered by Hungary. It

2544-684: The Declaration on the Name and Status of the Croatian Literary Language ). In the late medieval period up to the 17th century, the majority of semi-autonomous Croatia was ruled by two domestic dynasties of princes ( banovi ), the Zrinski and the Frankopan , which were linked by inter-marriage. Toward the 17th century, both of them attempted to unify Croatia both culturally and linguistically, writing in

2650-978: The February Patent of 1861), the Royal Croatian-Slavonian Court Chancellery (Croatian: Kraljevska hrvatsko-slavonska dvorska kancelarija ) in Vienna - from 1861 to 1862 "courtly (aulic) department for Croatia and Slavonia" (ministry) - and the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Royal Council of Lieutenancy (also known as the Croatian-Slavonian-Dalmatian Vice-regency Council, it was headed by the ban; Croatian: Kraljevsko namjesničko vijeće ) in Zagreb were founded. These remained Croatian-Slavonian government until 1868. Ban Jelačić had succeeded in

2756-749: The Habsburg monarchy under the Austrian king Ferdinand I of Habsburg . Some nobles dissented and supported John Zápolya , but the Habsburg option fully prevailed in 1540, when John Zápolya died. Territory recovered by the Austrians from the Ottoman Empire was formed in 1745 as the Kingdom of Slavonia , subordinate to the Croatian Kingdom. In 1804 the Habsburg monarchy became the Austrian Empire which annexed

2862-452: The Kingdom of Dalmatia (excluding Zadar and Lastovo ), became part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , which together with the Kingdom of Serbia , formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia ). The new Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of

2968-452: The Kingdom of Slavonia . The Kingdom also used the name " Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia " during certain periods (though this was not recognized by the Empire). The Kingdom still controlled the Kingdom of Slavonia , but did not control the Kingdom of Dalmatia . In 1852 the imperial Austrian government, which never recognized the tricolor as official, banned its use, along with

3074-666: The Kupa , but it lasted for less than a decade before being reintegrated; however, the coastal area was instead attached to the Corpus separatum of Fiume (Rijeka) as the Hungarian or Croatian Littoral . The Littoral and most of Zagreb County, although not Zagreb itself or anything north of the Sava, was annexed to the Napoleonic Illyrian Provinces in the 1809 Treaty of Schönbrunn . After

3180-604: The Latin alphabet and are living in parts of Bosnia and Herzegovina , different parts of Croatia , southern parts (inc. Budapest ) of Hungary as well in the autonomous province Vojvodina of Serbia . The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics added the Bunjevac dialect to the List of Protected Intangible Cultural Heritage of the Republic of Croatia on 8 October 2021. Article 1 of

3286-935: The Macquarie University ), Northern Macedonia (Faculty of Philology in Skopje ) etc. Croatian embassies hold courses for learning Croatian in Poland, United Kingdom and a few other countries. Extracurricular education of Croatian is hold in Germany in Baden-Württemberg , Berlin , Hamburg and Saarland , as well as in North Macedonia in Skopje , Bitola , Štip and Kumanovo . Some Croatian Catholic Missions also hold Croatian language courses (for. ex. CCM in Buenos Aires ). There

Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia - Misplaced Pages Continue

3392-469: The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia . The modern University of Zagreb was founded in 1874. The Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts and Matica hrvatska were the main cultural institutions in the kingdom. In 1911 the main cultural institution in the Kingdom of Dalmatia , Matica dalmatinska, merged with Matica hrvatska. Vijenac was one of the most important cultural magazines in

3498-525: The Venetian Republic in 1814 and established the Kingdom of Dalmatia . After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (by which the Austrian Empire became the Austro-Hungarian Empire ) and the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement ( Nagodba ) of 1868, the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Slavonia were joined to create the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia within the Hungarian part of the empire, while

3604-729: The War of the Austrian Succession of 1741–48 and the Croatian Parliament signed their own Pragmatic Sanction of 1712 . Subsequently, the empress made significant contributions to Croatian matters, by making several reforms in the administrative control of the Military Frontier, the feudal and tax system. In 1767 she founded the Croatian Royal Council ( Croatian : Hrvatsko kraljevinsko vijeće ) as royal government of Croatia and Slavonia, with its seat in Varaždin, later in Zagreb, presided by

3710-543: The ban , but it was abolished in 1779 when Croatia was relegated to just one seat in the governing council of Hungary (the Royal Hungarian Council of Lieutenancy, also known as the Hungarian Vice-regency Council, headed by the palatine ), held by the ban of Croatia. The empress also gave the independent port of Rijeka to Croatia in 1776. However, she also ignored the Croatian Parliament. With

3816-487: The fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, its possessions in the eastern Adriatic mostly came under the authority of France which passed its rights to Austria the same year. Eight years later they were restored to France as the Illyrian Provinces , but won back to the Austrian crown by 1815. In the 19th century Croatian romantic nationalism emerged to counteract the non-violent but apparent Germanization and Magyarization . The Croatian national revival began in

3922-445: The revolutions of 1848 . In the period following the revolutions of 1848 substantial changes took place in the region. The Slavonian Syrmia County de facto became part of the self-declared Serbian Vojvodina in 1848; the eastern half of Syrmia officially became part of the Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar crown land in 1849. Međimurje , Fiume and the Littoral became part of Croatia. Croatia and Slavonia were formally

4028-486: The " remnants of remnants of the once great and renowned Kingdom of Croatia " ( Latin : reliquiae reliquiarum olim magni et inclyti regni Croatiae ). By 1699, the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Ottoman Hungary and Croatia, throughout the course of Great Turkish War , and Austria brought the territory back under central control. Croatia was one of the crown lands that supported Emperor Charles VI 's Pragmatic Sanction of 1713 and supported Empress Maria Theresa in

4134-455: The 1830s with the Illyrian movement. The movement attracted a number of influential figures and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture. The champion of the Illyrian movement was Ljudevit Gaj who also reformed and standardized Croatian. The official language in Croatia was Latin until 1847 when it became Croatian. By the 1840s, the movement had moved from cultural goals to resisting Hungarian political demands. By

4240-441: The 50th anniversary of the Declaration, at the beginning of 2017, a two-day meeting of experts from Croatia, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Montenegro was organized in Zagreb, at which the text of the Declaration on the Common Language of Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs and Montenegrins was drafted. The new Declaration has received more than ten thousand signatures . It states that in Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Montenegro

4346-419: The Austrians in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by leading a military campaign into Hungary, successful until the Battle of Pákozd . Despite this contribution, Croatia was later subject to Baron Alexander von Bach's absolutism as well as Hungarian hegemony under Ban Levin Rauch when the Austrian Empire was transformed into a dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary in 1867. From 1848 to 1850 Croatia

Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia - Misplaced Pages Continue

4452-421: The Austro-Hungarian Common Army , a higher proportion than the percentage of the general population of the empire they composed. Notable Croatians in the Austro-Hungarian Army included Field Marshal Svetozar Boroević , commander of the Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops Emil Uzelac , commander of the Austro-Hungarian Navy Maximilian Njegovan and Josip Broz Tito who later became Marshal and President of

4558-479: The Ban). It was unicameral , but alongside 88 elected deputies (in 1888), 44 ex officio members were Croatian and Slavonian high nobility (male princes, counts and barons – similar to hereditary peers – over the age of 24 who paid at least 1,000 florins a year land tax), high dignitaries of the Roman Catholic , Greek Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches and supreme county prefects ( veliki župani ) of all Croatian–Slavonian counties . Legislative term

4664-421: The Compromise (or Nagodba in Croatian) in 1868, giving the Croats a special status in Hungary. The agreement granted the Croats autonomy over their internal affairs. The Croatian Ban would now be nominated by the joint Croatian–Hungarian government led by the Hungarian Prime Minister, and appointed by the king. Areas of "common" concern to Hungarians and Croats included finance, currency matters, commercial policy,

4770-435: The Croatian Ban as one of the Great Officers of State in the Kingdom of Hungary ( Barones Regni ), the style used would be Regnorum Croatiae, Dalmatiae et Slavoniae Banus , but when the Court would list the highest officials of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia, the title would be styled as "Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia" (putting Slavonia before Dalmatia and omitting "Kingdom"). The laws passed in Croatia–Slavonia used

4876-841: The Croatian Parliament in 1865 , 1867 , 1871 , 1872 , 1878 , 1881 , 1883 , 1884 , 1887 , 1892 , 1897 , 1901 , 1906 , 1908 , 1910 , 1911 , 1913 . Main political parties represented in the Parliament were People's Party (People's Liberal Party), Independent People's Party (after 1880), Croatian-Hungarian Party (People's (National) Constitutional Party or Unionist Party) (1868–1873), Party of Rights , Pure Party of Rights (after 1895), Starčević's Party of Rights (after 1908), Serb Independent Party (after 1881), Croatian Peoples' Peasant Party (after 1904), Croat-Serb Coalition (after 1905) etc. The Autonomous Government or Land Government, officially "Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Land Government"( Croatian : Zemaljska vlada or Kraljevska hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinska zemaljska vlada )

4982-419: The Croatian elite. In the 1860s, the Zagreb Philological School dominated the Croatian cultural life, drawing upon linguistic and ideological conceptions advocated by the members of the Illyrian movement. While it was dominant over the rival Rijeka Philological School and Zadar Philological Schools , its influence waned with the rise of the Croatian Vukovians (at the end of the 19th century). Croatian

5088-433: The Croatian language. The current standard language is generally laid out in the grammar books and dictionaries used in education, such as the school curriculum prescribed by the Ministry of Education and the university programmes of the Faculty of Philosophy at the four main universities . In 2013, a Hrvatski pravopis by the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics received an official sole seal of approval from

5194-516: The Croatian- and Hungarian-language versions of the 1868 Settlement. The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia was created in 1868, when the former kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia were joined into one single kingdom (the full civil administration was introduced in the Kingdom of Slavonia in 1745 and it was, as one of the Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen , administratively included into both the Kingdom of Croatia and Kingdom of Hungary , but it existed virtually until 1868). The Croatian parliament, elected in

5300-423: The Croatian–Hungarian entity of the Monarchy. The Croatian Parliament or the Royal Croatian–Slavonian–Dalmatian Sabor ( Croatian : Kraljevski Hrvatsko–slavonsko–dalmatinski sabor or Sabor Kraljevina Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije ) had legislative authority over the autonomous issues according to the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868. A draft law (bill), approved by the Diet, became a statute (an act) after

5406-417: The Department of the Interior of the Royal Country Government: The red–white–blue tricolor is the civil flag in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia, which with the united coat of arms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia with the crown of St. Stephen on top is the official flag for usage in autonomous affairs. The aforementioned civil flag may be used by everyone in an appropriate way. It was also stated that

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5512-542: The Holy Widow Judith Composed in Croatian Verses ". The Croatian–Hungarian Agreement designated Croatian as one of its official languages. Croatian became an official EU language upon accession of Croatia to the European Union on 1 July 2013. In 2013, the EU started publishing a Croatian-language version of its official gazette. Standard Croatian is the official language of the Republic of Croatia and, along with Standard Bosnian and Standard Serbian , one of three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina . It

5618-424: The Hungarian Crown. According to the data he collected and processed, 526,550 people lived in the Kingdom of Croatia, out of which 519,426 (98.64%) were Croats , 3,000 (0.56%) Germans , 2,900 (0.55%) Serbs and 1,037 (0.19%) Jews . Population data by counties: Primorje County Varaždin County Zagreb County Križevci County The first modern population census was conducted in 1857 and it recorded religion of

5724-402: The Hungarian side on the next day and which unified all Croatian Crown Lands. One week later, on 29 October 1918, the Croatian State Sabor proclaimed an independent kingdom which entered the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs . The kingdom used the formal title of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia, and Dalmatia , thereby pressing its claim on the Kingdom of Dalmatia . But Dalmatia was

5830-408: The Hungarian-ruled part of Austria-Hungary, the ban's official title was "Ban of Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". Not only would different parts of the Monarchy at the same time use different styles of the titles, but even the same institutions would at the same time use different naming standards for the same institution. For instance, when the Imperial and Royal Court in Vienna would list

5936-496: The Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia was the Table of Seven in Zagreb ("Table of Septemvirs" or "Court of Seven"; Croatian : Stol sedmorice , Latin : Tabula Septemviralis ), while the second-level court ( court of appeal ) was the Ban's Table or Ban's Court ( Croatian : Banski stol , Latin : Tabula Banalis ) in Zagreb. After the judicial reorganization of 1874 – 1886 (complete separation of judicial and administrative power, laws on judges' independence and judicial organization,

6042-612: The Kingdom of Croatia received autonomy in administrative, educational, religious and judicial affairs. However, the governor (ban) was still appointed by Hungary, 55% percent of all tax money went to Budapest , and Hungary had authority over the biggest sea port of Rijeka (something that was reportedly not part of the Settlement actually agreed upon). The Kingdom of Croatia was divided into counties (Croatian: županije ; German : Comitate (modern spelling Komitate ) or Gespanschaften ; Hungarian : vármegyék ; Latin (also in other languages): comitatus ). For most of

6148-420: The Kingdom of Dalmatia remained a crown land in the Austrian part of the empire. The change of leadership was far from a solution to the war with the Ottomans, in fact, the Ottoman Empire gradually expanded in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia , western Bosnia and Lika . Croatian territory under Habsburg rule was 25 years later reduced to about 20,000 km (7,700 sq mi). In 1558,

6254-427: The Kingdom of Slavonia and included within the Kingdom of Croatia as an autonomous part. In 1868, they were merged into the newly formed Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . Following the fall of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary at the Battle of Mohács , in 1527 the Croatian and Hungarian nobles needed to decide on a new king. The bulk of the Croatian nobility convened the Croatian Parliament in Cetin and chose to join

6360-434: The Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia became a part of the Sava Banovina , and most of the former Kingdom of Dalmatia became part of the Littoral Banovina . On the basis of the political agreement between Dragiša Cvetković and Vlatko Maček ( Cvetković-Maček Agreement ) and the "Decree on the Banovina of Croatia " ( Uredba o Banovini Hrvatskoj ) dated 24 August 1939,

6466-423: The Local Courts and Local Courts Procedure Act of 1875 as special tribunals for minor civil cases. The Royal Court Table in Zagreb was also a jury court for press offences. Judges were appointed by the king, but their independence was legally guaranteed. In 1886, under Croatian ban Dragutin Khuen-Héderváry , Croatia–Slavonia was divided into eight counties ( županije , known as comitatus ): Lika-Krbava became

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6572-417: The Military Frontier, creating an ethnic patchwork. The negative effects of feudalism escalated in 1573 when the peasants in northern Croatia and Slovenia rebelled against their feudal lords over various injustices such as unreasonable taxation or abuse of women in the Croatian and Slovenian peasant revolt . Matija Gubec and other leaders of the mutiny raised peasants to arms in over sixty fiefs throughout

6678-411: The Ministry of Education. The most prominent recent editions describing the Croatian standard language are: Also notable are the recommendations of Matica hrvatska , the national publisher and promoter of Croatian heritage, and the Miroslav Krleža Institute of Lexicography , as well as the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts . Numerous representative Croatian linguistic works were published since

6784-450: The Napoleonic wars in 1815 this territory was returned to Austria but initially formed part of the Kingdom of Illyria (as the Karlstädter Kreis and part of the Fiumaner Kreis ); it was returned to Zagreb County and the Littoral in 1822. As of 1842 the Littoral included (in addition to Fiume) the settlements of Bakar (Buccari), Kraljevica (Porto-Rè) and Novi Vinodolski (Novi). The counties remained more-or-less unchanged until

6890-1108: The Organization of Courts of the First Instance Act of 1874 (with 1886 amendments), the Judicial Power Act of 1874 and the Judges' Disciplinary Responsibility (etc.) Act of 1874, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Act of 1875, the Croatian Criminal Procedure Press Offences Act of 1875) and reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881; courts of first instance became 9 royal court tables with collegiate judgeships ( Croatian : kraljevski sudbeni stolovi in Zagreb , Varaždin , Bjelovar , Petrinja , Gospić , Ogulin , Požega , Osijek and Mitrovica ; criminal and major civil jurisdiction ; all of which had been former county courts and Land Court/ Royal County Court Table in Zagreb), approximately 63 royal district courts with single judges ( Croatian : kraljevski kotarski sudovi ; mainly civil and misdemeanor jurisdiction ; former district administrative and judicial offices and city courts) and local courts ( Croatian : mjesni sudovi ), also with single judges, which were established in each municipality and city according to

6996-515: The Ottomans could reach Vienna . By orders of the king in 1553 and 1578, large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire were carved out into the Military Frontier ( Vojna krajina or Vojna granica ) and ruled directly from Vienna's military headquarters. Due to the dangerous proximity to the Ottoman armies, the area became rather deserted, so Austria encouraged the settlement of Serbs , Germans , Hungarians , Czechs , Slovaks and Rusyns / Ukrainians and other Slavs in

7102-429: The abolition of serfdom in Croatia, which eventually brought about massive changes in society: the power of the major landowners was reduced and arable land became increasingly subdivided, to the extent of risking famine. Many Croatians started emigrating to the New World countries in this period, a trend that would continue throughout the next hundred years and create a large Croatian diaspora . The Illyrian movement

7208-504: The autonomous Banovina of Croatia ( Banate of Croatia ) was created by uniting the Sava Banovina , the Littoral Banovina , and districts Brčko , Derventa , Dubrovnik , Fojnica , Gradačac , Ilok , Šid and Travnik . 45°48′N 15°58′E  /  45.800°N 15.967°E  / 45.800; 15.967 Croatian language North America South America Oceania Croatian ( / k r oʊ ˈ eɪ ʃ ən / ; hrvatski [xř̩ʋaːtskiː] )

7314-442: The beginning of the 20th century, in addition to designing a phonological orthography. Croatian is written in Gaj's Latin alphabet . Besides the Shtokavian dialect, on which Standard Croatian is based, there are two other main supradialects spoken on the territory of Croatia, Chakavian and Kajkavian . These supradialects, and the four national standards, are usually subsumed under the term "Serbo-Croatian" in English; this term

7420-429: The citizens. Population by religion in the counties of Kingdom of Croatia: In 1848 the Kingdom of Croatia adopted a new official flag and coat of arms. The new flag was the Croatian tricolor of red, white, and blue, and it was to remain the symbol of Croatia up to the present day. The coat of arms adopted in 1848 was an amalgam of three coats of arms, one for Croatia, another for the Kingdom of Dalmatia , and another for

7526-493: The country in January 1573, but their uprising was crushed by early February. Matija Gubec and thousands of others were publicly executed shortly thereafter, in a rather brutal manner in order to set an example for others. After the Bihać fort finally fell to the army of the Bosnian pasha Hasan Pasha Predojević in 1592, only small parts of Croatia remained unconquered. The remaining 16,800 km (6,500 sq mi) where around 400,000 inhabitants lived were referred to as

7632-679: The cultivated language of administration and intellectuals from the Istrian peninsula along the Croatian coast, across central Croatia up into the northern valleys of the Drava and the Mura . The cultural apex of this 17th century idiom is represented by the editions of " Adrianskoga mora sirena " ("The Siren of the Adriatic Sea") by Petar Zrinski and " Putni tovaruš " ("Traveling escort") by Katarina Zrinska . However, this first linguistic renaissance in Croatia

7738-630: The design of the shield. The unofficial coat of arms was the preferred design and its widespread use was the reason that the Ban issued a Decree on 21 November 1914, stating that it had become " a custom in the Kingdoms of Croatia and Slavonia to use flags that are not adequate either in state-juridical or in political sense " and which strengthened flag related laws. It reiterated the aforementioned definitions of Croatian flags from 1867 and further stated that " Police authorities shall punish violations of this Decree with

7844-771: The direct control of the Austrian Imperial Government in Vienna. From 1854 to 1861 the Imperial-Royal Croatian-Slavonian Lieutenancy (presided by the ban) in Zagreb (Croatian: Carsko-kraljevsko namjesništvo za Hrvatsku i Slavoniju ), under the Austrian Ministry of Interior, was the main governing body of the Croatian-Slavonian crown land ( Kronland ). After the fall of Bach's absolutism (the October Diploma of 1860 and

7950-491: The emblem for "joint affairs of the territories of the Hungarian Crown" is formed by the united coat of arms of Hungary and Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia . However, there existed several variations of the internally used version of the flag, with some variants using an unofficial type of crown or simply omitting the crown instead of using the officially prescribed Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen. There were also variations in

8056-479: The emperor-king and the common ministers of foreign affairs, defense and finance in Vienna. The Compromise confirmed Croatia–Slavonia's historic, eight-centuries-old relationship with Hungary and perpetuated the division of the Croat lands, for both Dalmatia and Istria remained under Austrian administration (as Kingdom of Dalmatia and Margraviate of Istria ). At Franz Joseph 's insistence, Hungary and Croatia reached

8162-553: The independence of Croatia, among them three voluminous monolingual dictionaries of contemporary Croatian. In 2021, Croatia introduced a new model of linguistic categorisation of the Bunjevac dialect (as part of New-Shtokavian Ikavian dialects of the Shtokavian dialect of the Croatian language) in three sub-branches: Dalmatian (also called Bosnian-Dalmatian), Danubian (also called Bunjevac), and Littoral-Lika. Its speakers largely use

8268-583: The kingdom. In 1867 the Zagreb Synagogue was built. The first railway line opened in the kingdom was the Zidani Most – Zagreb – Sisak route which began operations in 1862. The Zaprešić – Varaždin – Čakovec line was opened in 1886 and the Vinkovci – Osijek line was opened in 1910. The Croatian Sports Association was formed in 1909 with Franjo Bučar as its president. While Austria-Hungary had competed in

8374-557: The kingdom. The building of the Croatian National Theatre in Zagreb was opened in 1895. The Croatian National Theatre in Osijek was established in 1907. The Sisters of Charity Hospital in Zagreb was the first established in the kingdom. Roughly 75% of the population were Roman Catholic, with the remaining 25% Orthodox. The Catholic Church had the following hierarchy within the kingdom: In 1890, there were 17,261 Jews living in

8480-519: The legislation was joint, but the executive in respect of these affairs was reserved to Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia. The citizenship was named "Hungarian–Croatian citizenship" in Croatia–Slavonia. In the end, fifty-five per cent of the total income of Croatia–Slavonia were assigned to the Joint Treasury ("Joint Hungarian–Croatian Ministry of Finance"). The kingdom existed until 1918 when it joined

8586-467: The mid-18th century, the first attempts to provide a Croatian literary standard began on the basis of the Neo-Shtokavian dialect that served as a supraregional lingua franca – pushing back regional Chakavian , Kajkavian , and Shtokavian vernaculars . The decisive role was played by Croatian Vukovians , who cemented the usage of Ijekavian Neo-Shtokavian as the literary standard in the late 19th and

8692-559: The modern Olympics since the inaugural games in 1896, the Austrian Olympic Committee and Hungarian Olympic Committee held the exclusive right to send their athletes to the games. The association organized a national football league in 1912. In 1918, during the last days of World War I , the Croatian parliament abolished the Hungarian–Croatian personal union, and both parts of the Kingdom of Croatia and Slavonia and

8798-523: The more populous Neo-Shtokavian – a version of Shtokavian that eventually became the predominant dialectal basis of both Croatian and Serbian literary language from the 19th century on. Supported by various South Slavic proponents, Neo-Shtokavian was adopted after an Austrian initiative at the Vienna Literary Agreement of 1850, laying the foundation for the unified Serbo-Croatian literary language. The uniform Neo-Shtokavian then became common in

8904-454: The most important characteristic of a nation is widely accepted, stemming from the 19th-century history of Europe. The 1967 Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language , in which a group of Croatian authors and linguists demanded greater autonomy for Croatian, is viewed in Croatia as a linguistic policy milestone that was also a general milestone in national politics. On

9010-466: The new Rijeka (Fiume) County. Križevci County was dissolved in 1854 and partitioned between Zagreb and Varaždin counties. Croatian and Slavonian counties 1850–54: Croatian and Slavonian counties from 1854: The Zagreb, Varaždin and Rijeka counties constituted Croatia, while Požega and Osijek counties constituted Slavonia. In 1860 the pre-1848 status quo was largely restored and the counties reverted to their pre-1848 state. However, Rijeka County

9116-408: The newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs , which together with the Kingdom of Serbia formed the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes . The new Serb–Croat–Slovene Kingdom was divided into counties between 1918 and 1922 and into oblasts between 1922 and 1929. With the formation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929, most of the territory of the former Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia became

9222-487: The only remaining open question of the new state was the status of Croatia, which would be solved with the Hungarian–Croatian Compromise of 1868 when agreement was reached between the Diet of Hungary on one hand and the Croatian Parliament on the other hand, with regard to the composition by a joint enactment of the constitutional questions at issue between them. Settlement reached between Hungary and Croatia

9328-649: The parliaments of Croatia and Slavonia were united after many centuries into one. The centre of the Croatian state moved northward from coastal Dalmatia, as these lands were conquered by the Ottomans. The town of Zagreb gained importance, as did nearby Varaždin . Taking advantage of the growing conflict between King Sigismund II of Poland and Maximilian II, Holy Roman Emperor , Suleiman the Magnificent started his sixth raid of Hungary in 1565 with 100,000 troops. They successfully progressed northwards until 1566 when they took

9434-638: The period of Habsburg rule the Kingdom of Croatia was divided into three counties: These were direct continuations of the medieval counties of Croatia. (The remainder had fallen to the Ottomans , and when conquered by the Habsburgs had become part of either the Military Frontier or the Kingdom of Slavonia .) In the late 18th century a fourth – Severin County – existed, carved out of the part of Zagreb County west of

9540-412: The phrase "Kingdom of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia". In Hungarian, Croatia is referred to as Horvátország and Slavonia as Szlavónia . The combined polity was known by the official name of Horvát-Szlavón Királyság . The short form of the name was Horvát-Szlavónország and, less frequently Horvát-Tótország . The order of mentioning Dalmatia was a contentious issue, as it was ordered differently in

9646-512: The post office, and the railroad. Croatian became the official language of Croatia's government, and Croatian representatives discussing "common" affairs before the Croatian–Hungarian diet were permitted to speak Croatian. A ministry of Croatian Affairs was created within the Hungarian government. Although the Nagodba provided a measure of political autonomy to Croatia–Slavonia, it was subordinated politically and economically to Hungary in

9752-508: The royal assent (sanction). It also had to be signed by the Ban of Croatia. The King had the power to veto all legislation passed by the Diet and also to dissolve it and call new elections. If the King dissolved the Diet, he would have to call new elections during the period of three months. The parliament was summoned annually at Zagreb by the King or by the King especially appointed commissioner (usually

9858-468: The royal order of January 11, 1843, originating from the chancellor Metternich , the use of the Illyrian name and insignia in public was forbidden. This deterred the movement's progress but it couldn't stop the changes in the society that had already started. Springtime of Nations - 1848 In the revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire , the Croatian Ban Josip Jelačić cooperated with

9964-426: The speakers themselves largely do not use it. Within ex-Yugoslavia, the term has largely been replaced by the ethnopolitical terms Bosnian, Croatian, Montenegrin, and Serbian. The use of the name "Croatian" for a language has historically been attested to, though not always distinctively. The first printed Croatian literary work is a vernacular Chakavian poem written in 1501 by Marko Marulić , titled " The History of

10070-802: The state with constitutional importance, pursuant to article 69. and 70. of the Settlement. With this compromise the parliament of personal union (in which Croatia–Slavonia had only twenty-nine, after 1881 – forty deputies) controlled the military, the financial system, Sea (Maritime) Law, Commercial Law, the law of Bills of Exchange and Mining Law, and generally matters of commerce, customs, telegraphs, Post Office, railways, harbours, shipping, and those roads and rivers which jointly concern Hungary and Croatia–Slavonia. Similarly to these affairs, trade matters including hawking, likewise with regard to societies which do not exist for public gain, and also with regard to passports, frontier police, citizenship and naturalization,

10176-557: The western exclave of Požega County ( Kutina ) went to Zagreb (Agram) and western parts of Osijek County (the area around Virovitica) went to Požega County. In 1850 Varaždin (Varasdin) County absorbed Međimurje ( die Murinsel ), except for the area around Legrad , which went to Križevci (Kreutz) County. Fiume (Rijeka), the Hungarian/Croatian Littoral and western parts of Zagreb (the Processus Montanus ) became

10282-704: Was established in 1869 with its seat in Zagreb (Croatian Parliament Act No. II of 1869). Until 1914 it possessed three departments: At the head of the Autonomous Government in Croatia–Slavonia stood the Ban , who was responsible to the Croatian–Slavonian Diet. The Ban was appointed by the King, on the proposal and under the counter-signature of the Joint Hungarian minister-president . List of bans (viceroys) from 1868 until 1918: The supreme court of

10388-519: Was governed by the Ban's Council ( Croatian : Bansko vijeće ) appointed by the Ban and the Parliament or the Croatian-Slavonian Diet (Croatian: Sabor ; in 1848 first Diet with the elected representatives was summoned). In 1850 the Ban's Council was transformed into Ban's Government (Croatian: Banska vlada ) which, after the introduction of the absolutism (31 December 1851), was under

10494-629: Was halted by the political execution of Petar Zrinski and Fran Krsto Frankopan by the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I in Vienna in 1671. Subsequently, the Croatian elite in the 18th century gradually abandoned this combined Croatian standard. The Illyrian movement was a 19th-century pan- South Slavic political and cultural movement in Croatia that had the goal to standardise the regionally differentiated and orthographically inconsistent literary languages in Croatia, and finally merge them into

10600-579: Was in Croatian version of the Settlement named "The Settlement between Kingdom of Hungary, united with Erdély on the one side and the Kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia ". In the Hungarian version neither Hungary, nor Croatia, Dalmatia and Slavonia are styled kingdoms, and Erdély is not even mentioned, while the Settlement is named as the Settlement between Parliament of Hungary and Parliament of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. Both versions received Royal sanction and both as such became fundamental laws of

10706-685: Was internally officially referred to as the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia , also simply known as the Triune Kingdom , and had claims on Dalmatia , which was administered separately by the Austrian Cisleithania . The city of Rijeka , following a disputed section in the 1868 Settlement known as the Rijeka Addendum  [ hr ] , became a corpus separatum and was legally owned by Hungary, but administered by both Croatia and Hungary. The Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia

10812-476: Was introduced, which mirrored the structure introduced to the re-established Kreise in other crown lands. The city of Zagreb/Agram was also made directly subordinate to the kingdom and several other cities were directly subordinate to their counties (rather than a Bezirk ). In 1850 the Slavonian Virovitica County became Osijek (Essek) County and it absorbed the rump of Syrmia. In 1854

10918-399: Was rather broad in scope, both nationalist and pan-Slavist . It would eventually develop into two major causes: The loss of Croatian domestic autonomy was rectified a year after the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , when in 1868 the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement was negotiated, which combined Croatia and Slavonia into the autonomous Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . With this agreement,

11024-420: Was retained until the restructuring of the counties of Croatia-Slavonia in 1886, despite the restoration of the city itself to Hungary. According to the 1802 data, the population of the Kingdom of Croatia included 400,000 (98.8%) Roman Catholics , 4,800 (1.2%) Eastern Orthodox Christians and 40 Protestants . In 1840, a Hungarian statistician Fenyes Elek analyzed the ethnicity in the countries belonging to

11130-459: Was ruled by the emperor of Austria , who bore the title King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and was confirmed by the State Sabor (Parliament of Croatia-Slavonia or Croatian-Slavonian Diet) upon accession. The King's appointed steward was the Ban of Croatia and Slavonia. On 21 October 1918, Emperor Karl I , known as King Karlo IV in Croatia, issued a Trialist manifest , which was ratified by

11236-548: Was three years, after 1887 – five years. The Croatian Parliament elected twenty-nine (after reincorporation of Croatian Military Frontier and Slavonian Military Frontier in 1881 – forty) deputies to the House of Representatives and two members (after 1881 – three) to the House of Magnates of the Diet of Hungary. The delegates of Croatia–Slavonia were allowed to use Croatian in the proceedings, but they voted personally. The Kingdom of Croatia–Slavonia held independent elections for

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