78-447: The Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project is a solar thermal power project with an installed capacity of 110 megawatt (MW) and 1.1 gigawatt-hours of energy storage located near Tonopah , about 190 miles (310 km) northwest of Las Vegas . Crescent Dunes is the first commercial concentrated solar power (CSP) plant with a central receiver tower and advanced molten salt energy storage technology at full scale (110 MW), following
156-505: A n i c a l {\displaystyle \eta _{\mathrm {mechanical} }} is at most the Carnot efficiency, which is determined by the temperature of the receiver T H {\displaystyle T_{H}} and the temperature of the heat rejection ("heat sink temperature") T 0 {\displaystyle T^{0}} , The real-world efficiencies of typical engines achieve 50% to at most 70% of
234-460: A n i c a l {\displaystyle \eta _{mechanical}} , using Carnot's principle . The mechanical energy is then converted into electrical energy by a generator. For a solar receiver with a mechanical converter ( e.g. , a turbine), the overall conversion efficiency can be defined as follows: where η o p t i c s {\displaystyle \eta _{\mathrm {optics} }} represents
312-542: A Greek scientist, Dr. Ioannis Sakkas, curious about whether Archimedes could really have destroyed the Roman fleet in 212 BC, lined up nearly 60 Greek sailors, each holding an oblong mirror tipped to catch the sun's rays and direct them at a tar-covered plywood silhouette 49 m (160 ft) away. The ship caught fire after a few minutes; however, historians continue to doubt the Archimedes story. In 1866, Auguste Mouchout used
390-445: A container that would diminish heat transfer. A parabolic trough consists of a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned along the reflector's focal line. The receiver is a tube positioned at the longitudinal focal line of the parabolic mirror and filled with a working fluid. The reflector follows the sun during the daylight hours by tracking along a single axis. A working fluid (e.g. molten salt )
468-399: A dispatchable form of solar energy. As such, it is increasingly seen as competing with natural gas and PV with batteries for flexible, dispatchable power. CSP is used to produce electricity (sometimes called solar thermoelectricity, usually generated through steam ). Concentrated solar technology systems use mirrors or lenses with tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight onto
546-578: A greater expansion of the tank floor, generating greater compressive forces around the floor plate. At very large diameters, as the big tank of Crescent Dunes, that resulted in a high probability of failure under cycling loading. Crescent Dunes began operation in September 2015, but went off-line in October 2016 due to a leak in a molten salt tank. It returned to operation in July 2017. While its average monthly production
624-399: A large area of sunlight into a receiver. Electricity is generated when the concentrated light is converted to heat ( solar thermal energy ), which drives a heat engine (usually a steam turbine ) connected to an electrical power generator or powers a thermochemical reaction. As of 2021, global installed capacity of concentrated solar power stood at 6.8 GW. As of 2023, the total
702-407: A location. Unlike solar PV plants, CSP with thermal energy storage can also be used economically around the clock to produce process steam, replacing polluting fossil fuels . CSP plants can also be integrated with solar PV for better synergy. CSP with thermal storage systems are also available using Brayton cycle generators with air instead of steam for generating electricity and/or steam round
780-448: A mirror dish was built by Dr. R.H. Goddard , who was already well known for his research on liquid-fueled rockets and wrote an article in 1929 in which he asserted that all the previous obstacles had been addressed. Professor Giovanni Francia (1911–1980) designed and built the first concentrated-solar plant, which entered into operation in Sant'Ilario, near Genoa, Italy in 1968. This plant had
858-687: A parabolic trough to produce steam for the first solar steam engine. The first patent for a solar collector was obtained by the Italian Alessandro Battaglia in Genoa, Italy, in 1886. Over the following years, invеntors such as John Ericsson and Frank Shuman developed concentrating solar-powered dеvices for irrigation, refrigеration, and locomоtion. In 1913 Shuman finished a 55 horsepower (41 kW) parabolic solar thermal energy station in Maadi, Egypt for irrigation. The first solar-power system using
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#1732858462956936-879: A small area. The concentrated light is then used as heat or as a heat source for a conventional power plant (solar thermoelectricity). The solar concentrators used in CSP systems can often also be used to provide industrial process heating or cooling, such as in solar air conditioning . Concentrating technologies exist in four optical types, namely parabolic trough , dish , concentrating linear Fresnel reflector , and solar power tower . Parabolic trough and concentrating linear Fresnel reflectors are classified as linear focus collector types, while dish and solar tower are point focus types. Linear focus collectors achieve medium concentration factors (50 suns and over), and point focus collectors achieve high concentration factors (over 500 suns). Although simple, these solar concentrators are quite far from
1014-583: Is dispatchable while photovoltaic power is intermittent . Truly levelized cost comparisons must include the capacity payments for generating capacity available to supply power during peak hours. By doing so, low-to-high hourly wholesale electricity prices have been shown to vary by up to four orders of magnitude. In July 2021, the project restarted production. Solar thermal power Concentrated solar power ( CSP , also known as concentrating solar power , concentrated solar thermal ) systems generate solar power by using mirrors or lenses to concentrate
1092-706: Is also notable in North Africa and the Middle East, as well as China and India. There is a notable trend towards developing countries and regions with high solar radiation with several large plants under construction in 2017. The global market was initially dominated by parabolic-trough plants, which accounted for 90% of CSP plants at one point. Since about 2010, central power tower CSP has been favored in new plants due to its higher temperature operation – up to 565 °C (1,049 °F) vs. trough's maximum of 400 °C (752 °F) – which promises greater efficiency. Among
1170-457: Is given by the Carnot efficiency , which represents a theoretical limit to the efficiency that can be achieved by any system, set by the laws of thermodynamics . Real-world systems do not achieve the Carnot efficiency. The conversion efficiency η {\displaystyle \eta } of the incident solar radiation into mechanical work depends on the thermal radiation properties of
1248-685: Is heated to 150–350 °C (302–662 °F) as it flows through the receiver and is then used as a heat source for a power generation system. Trough systems are the most developed CSP technology. The Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS) plants in California, some of the longest-running in the world until their 2021 closure; Acciona's Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada ; and Andasol , Europe's first commercial parabolic trough plant are representative, along with Plataforma Solar de Almería 's SSPS-DCS test facilities in Spain . The design encapsulates
1326-593: Is often compared to photovoltaic solar (PV) since they both use solar energy. While solar PV experienced huge growth during the 2010s due to falling prices, solar CSP growth has been slow due to technical difficulties and high prices. In 2017, CSP represented less than 2% of worldwide installed capacity of solar electricity plants. However, CSP can more easily store energy during the night, making it more competitive with dispatchable generators and baseload plants. The DEWA project in Dubai, under construction in 2019, held
1404-587: Is one of the few renewable electricity technologies that can generate fully dispatchable or even fully baseload power at very large scale. Therefore, it may have an important role to play in the decarbonization of power grids as a dispatchable electricity source to balance the intermittent renewables, such as wind power and PV. CSP in combination with Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is expected by some to become cheaper than PV with lithium batteries for storage durations above 4 hours per day, while NREL expects that by 2030 PV with 10-hour storage lithium batteries will cost
1482-399: Is pumped. Flat mirrors allow more reflective surface in the same amount of space than a parabolic reflector, thus capturing more of the available sunlight, and they are much cheaper than parabolic reflectors. Fresnel reflectors can be used in various size CSPs. Fresnel reflectors are sometimes regarded as a technology with a worse output than other methods. The cost efficiency of this model
1560-419: Is used in a steam generator to produce steam to generate electricity by steam turbo generator as required. Thus solar energy which is available in daylight only is used to generate electricity round the clock on demand as a load following power plant or solar peaker plant. The thermal storage capacity is indicated in hours of power generation at nameplate capacity . Unlike solar PV or CSP without storage,
1638-438: Is what causes some to use this instead of others with higher output ratings. Some new models of Fresnel reflectors with Ray Tracing capabilities have begun to be tested and have initially proved to yield higher output than the standard version. A dish Stirling or dish engine system consists of a stand-alone parabolic reflector that concentrates light onto a receiver positioned at the reflector's focal point. The reflector tracks
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#17328584629561716-597: The Stefan–Boltzmann law yields: Simplifying these equations by considering perfect optics ( η O p t i c s {\displaystyle \eta _{\mathrm {Optics} }} = 1) and without considering the ultimate conversion step into electricity by a generator, collecting and reradiating areas equal and maximum absorptivity and emissivity ( α {\displaystyle \alpha } = 1, ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } = 1) then substituting in
1794-608: The United States Department of Energy (DOE) and the right to build on public land. The capital stack included $ 170,000,000 in EB-5 investment through SolarReserve/ACS Cobra partner CMB Regional Centers. Under a power purchase agreement (PPA) between SolarReserve and NV Energy , all power generated by the Crescent Dunes project in the next 25 years would have been sold to NV Energy for $ 0.135 per kilowatt-hour . Ground
1872-761: The larger CSP projects are the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility (392 MW) in the United States, which uses solar power tower technology without thermal energy storage, and the Ouarzazate Solar Power Station in Morocco, which combines trough and tower technologies for a total of 510 MW with several hours of energy storage. On purely generation cost, bulk power from CSP today is much more expensive than solar PV or Wind power, however, PV and Wind power are intermittent sources . Comparing cost on
1950-606: The 2010s. With a learning rate estimated at around 20% cost reduction of every doubling in capacity, the costs were approaching the upper end of the fossil fuel cost range at the beginning of the 2020s, driven by support schemes in several countries, including Spain, the US, Morocco, South Africa, China, and the UAE: CSP deployment has slowed down considerably in OECD countries, as most of the above-mentioned markets have cancelled their support, but CSP
2028-472: The Carnot efficiency due to losses such as heat loss and windage in the moving parts. For a solar flux I {\displaystyle I} (e.g. I = 1000 W / m 2 {\displaystyle I=1000\,\mathrm {W/m^{2}} } ) concentrated C {\displaystyle C} times with an efficiency η O p t i c s {\displaystyle \eta _{Optics}} on
2106-464: The Enclosed Trough design, states its technology can produce heat for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) for about $ 5 per 290 kWh (1,000,000 BTU) in sunny regions, compared to between $ 10 and $ 12 for other conventional solar thermal technologies. A solar power tower consists of an array of dual-axis tracking reflectors ( heliostats ) that concentrate sunlight on a central receiver atop a tower;
2184-698: The Sun along two axes. The working fluid in the receiver is heated to 250–700 °C (482–1,292 °F) and then used by a Stirling engine to generate power. Parabolic-dish systems provide high solar-to-electric efficiency (between 31% and 32%), and their modular nature provides scalability. The Stirling Energy Systems (SES), United Sun Systems (USS) and Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) dishes at UNLV , and Australian National University 's Big Dish in Canberra , Australia are representative of this technology. A world record for solar to electric efficiency
2262-506: The architecture of today's power tower plants, with a solar receiver in the center of a field of solar collectors. The plant was able to produce 1 MW with superheated steam at 100 bar and 500 °C. The 10 MW Solar One power tower was developed in Southern California in 1981. Solar One was converted into Solar Two in 1995, implementing a new design with a molten salt mixture (60% sodium nitrate, 40% potassium nitrate) as
2340-473: The bankruptcy court approved Tonopah Solar Energy's disclosure statement. On December 3, 2020, the Chapter 11 bankruptcy reorganization plan was confirmed by the court. As one result of this plan's confirmation, Cobra now has operational control of the plant. In July 2021, the project restarted production for NV Energy. In late September 2011 Tonopah Solar Energy received a $ 737 million loan guarantee from
2418-424: The clock. These CSP plants are equipped with gas turbines to generate electricity. These are also small in capacity (<0.4 MW), with flexibility to install in few acres' area. Waste heat from the power plant can also be used for process steam generation and HVAC needs. In case land availability is not a limitation, any number of these modules can be installed, up to 1000 MW with RAMS and cost advantages since
Crescent Dunes Solar Energy Project - Misplaced Pages Continue
2496-413: The day, the average conversion efficiency achieved is not equal to these maximum efficiencies, and the net annual solar-to-electricity efficiencies are 7-20% for pilot power tower systems, and 12-25% for demonstration-scale Stirling dish systems. Conversion efficiencies are relevant only where real estate land costs are not low. The maximum conversion efficiency of any thermal to electrical energy system
2574-496: The efficiency of conversion of heat energy into mechanical energy, and η g e n e r a t o r {\displaystyle \eta _{\mathrm {generator} }} the efficiency of converting the mechanical energy into electrical power. η r e c e i v e r {\displaystyle \eta _{\mathrm {receiver} }} is: The conversion efficiency η m e c h
2652-416: The electricity grid, gives a different conclusion. Developers are hoping that CSP with energy storage can be a cheaper alternative to PV with BESS . Research found that PV with BESS is competitive for short storage durations, while CSP with TES gains economic advantages for long storage periods. Tipping point lies at 2–10 hours depending on cost of the composing blocks: CSP, PV, TES and BESS. As early as 2011,
2730-461: The experimental Solar Two and Gemasolar in Spain at 50 MW. As of 2023, it is operated by its new owner; ACS, and in a new contract with NV Energy, it now supplies solar energy at night only, drawing on thermal energy stored each day. Startup energy venture company SolarReserve (created via seed funding), US Renewables Group, and United Technologies were the original owners of Tonopah Solar Energy LLC,
2808-488: The facility to Tonopah Solar Energy. The project includes 10,347 heliostats that collect and focus the sun's thermal energy to heat molten salt flowing through an approximately 656-foot (200 m) tall solar power tower . Each heliostat is made up of 35 6×6 feet (1.8 m) mirror facets, yielding a heliostat overall usable area of 1,245 square feet (115.7 m). Total solar field aperture adds up to 12,882,015 square feet (1,196,778 m). The molten salt circulates from
2886-518: The form of sensible heat or as latent heat (for example, using molten salt ), which enables these plants to continue supplying electricity whenever it is needed, day or night. This makes CSP a dispatchable form of solar. Dispatchable renewable energy is particularly valuable in places where there is already a high penetration of photovoltaics (PV), such as California , because demand for electric power peaks near sunset just as PV capacity ramps down (a phenomenon referred to as duck curve ). CSP
2964-413: The fraction of incident light concentrated onto the receiver, η r e c e i v e r {\displaystyle \eta _{\mathrm {receiver} }} the fraction of light incident on the receiver that is converted into heat energy, η m e c h a n i c a l {\displaystyle \eta _{\mathrm {mechanical} }}
3042-524: The most advanced CSP stations (with TES) against record lows of 1.32 cents per kWh for utility-scale PV (without BESS). This five-fold price difference has been maintained since 2018. Some PV-CSP plants in China have sought to operate profitably on the regional coal tariff of 5 US cents per kWh in 2021. Even though overall deployment of CSP remains limited in the early 2020s, the levelized cost of power from commercial scale plants has decreased significantly since
3120-513: The most representative demonstration plants. The Planta Solar 10 (PS10) in Sanlucar la Mayor , Spain, is the first commercial utility-scale solar power tower in the world. The 377 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility , located in the Mojave Desert , was the largest CSP facility in the world, and uses three power towers. Ivanpah generated only 0.652 TWh (63%) of its energy from solar means, and
3198-648: The other 0.388 TWh (37%) was generated by burning natural gas . Supercritical carbon dioxide can be used instead of steam as heat-transfer fluid for increased electricity production efficiency. However, because of the high temperatures in arid areas where solar power is usually located, it is impossible to cool down carbon dioxide below its critical temperature in the compressor inlet. Therefore, supercritical carbon dioxide blends with higher critical temperature are currently in development. Fresnel reflectors are made of many thin, flat mirror strips to concentrate sunlight onto tubes through which working fluid
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3276-461: The outstanding $ 425 million of public debt. Under the settlement agreement and as a function of subsequent repairs, restoration of the plant to power production and acquisition of new long-term customers, ACS Cobra is liable for an additional $ 100 million in otherwise suspended debt. The project's EPC Contractor was ACS Cobra , which carried out the engineering design, procured the equipment and materials necessary, and then constructed and delivered
3354-507: The owner and operator of the Crescent Dunes plant. The Crescent Dunes project was subsequently backed by a $ 737 million in U.S. government loan guarantees and by Tonopah partnering with Cobra Thermosolar Plants, Inc. The overall venture had a projected cost of less than $ 1 billion. The plant suffered several design, construction and technical problems and, having not produced power since April 2019, its sole customer, NV Energy, subsequently terminated its contract. Bloomberg reported that NV Energy
3432-522: The per MW costs of these units are lower than those of larger size solar thermal stations. Centralized district heating round the clock is also feasible with concentrated solar thermal storage plants. An early plant operated in Sicily at Adrano . The US deployment of CSP plants started by 1984 with the SEGS plants. The last SEGS plant was completed in 1990. From 1991 to 2005, no CSP plants were built anywhere in
3510-530: The plant was shut down because the project's sole buyer, NV Energy, terminated the Power Purchase Agreement for failure to produce the contracted power production. The power generated also cost NV Energy about $ 135 per megawatt-hour, compared with less than $ 30 per MWh available from a new Nevada photovoltaic solar farm. But to compare fairly, it must be taken into account that the Tonopah solar project power
3588-596: The possibility of the project filing for bankruptcy , which subsequently happened. SolarReserve also filed a lawsuit, claiming that the Department of Energy was looking to appoint two new members to Tonopah Solar Energy's board of managers, giving the appearance of the Energy Department in complete control of Tonopah directors which comprise the entirety of the Tonopah Board of Managers. An interim outcome in this regard
3666-510: The power generation from solar thermal storage plants is dispatchable and self-sustainable , similar to coal/ gas-fired power plants , but without the pollution. CSP with thermal energy storage plants can also be used as cogeneration plants to supply both electricity and process steam round the clock. As of December 2018, CSP with thermal energy storage plants' generation costs have ranged between 5 c € / kWh and 7 c € / kWh, depending on good to medium solar radiation received at
3744-539: The presence or absence of other system losses; in addition to the conversion efficiency, the optical system which concentrates the sunlight will also add additional losses. Real-world systems claim a maximum conversion efficiency of 23-35% for "power tower" type systems, operating at temperatures from 250 to 565 °C, with the higher efficiency number assuming a combined cycle turbine. Dish Stirling systems, operating at temperatures of 550-750 °C, claim an efficiency of about 30%. Due to variation in sun incidence during
3822-399: The rapid decline of the price of photovoltaic systems led to projections that CSP (without TES) would no longer be economically viable. As of 2020, the least expensive utility-scale concentrated solar power stations in the United States and worldwide were five times more expensive than utility-scale photovoltaic power stations , with a projected minimum price of 7 cents per kilowatt-hour for
3900-432: The receiver contains a heat-transfer fluid, which can consist of water-steam or molten salt . Optically a solar power tower is the same as a circular Fresnel reflector. The working fluid in the receiver is heated to 500–1000 °C (773–1,273 K or 932–1,832 °F) and then used as a heat source for a power generation or energy storage system. An advantage of the solar tower is the reflectors can be adjusted instead of
3978-405: The receiver working fluid and as a storage medium. The molten salt approach proved effective, and Solar Two operated successfully until it was decommissioned in 1999. The parabolic-trough technology of the nearby Solar Energy Generating Systems (SEGS), begun in 1984, was more workable. The 354 MW SEGS was the largest solar power plant in the world until 2014. No commercial concentrated solar
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#17328584629564056-569: The record in March 2012 progress meeting with DOE and its engineer present (the lender did not voice any objection). It returned to operation in July 2017. The plant having last produced power in April 2019, NV Energy—the project's sole customer—terminated its contract in October 2019 on the basis of the project having "failed to produce." Alleging a takeover of Tonopah Solar Energy by the DOE , SolarReserve then raised
4134-437: The salt stays melted for the life of the plant and is cycled through the receiver for reheating. Crescent Dunes was the first large (110 MW) tower CSP with thermal storage. While storage tanks of trough CSP operate at 400 °C (752 °F), Crescent Dunes operated the storage tank at almost 600 °C (1,112 °F), while keeping 280 °C (536 °F) as base (cold) temperature. Higher temperatures differences result in
4212-412: The same as PV with 4-hour storage used to cost in 2020. Countries with no PV cell production capability and low labour cost may reduce substantially the local CSP/PV cost gap. The efficiency of a concentrating solar power system depends on the technology used to convert the solar power to electrical energy, the operating temperature of the receiver and the heat rejection, thermal losses in the system, and
4290-515: The second full year, the next year the progression was stopped by a problem in October, but resumes with a 73% the fourth and next year. At Crescent Dunes, it was to be expected a similar progression, but the failure of the storage tanks in 2016, froze the commissioning. Following that, first full production year was delayed to 2018, starting with a 40% (200 over 500) output. The first three months of 2019 (January, February and March) showed good progression, topping all previous monthly data, but in April
4368-421: The solar receiver and on the heat engine ( e.g. steam turbine). Solar irradiation is first converted into heat by the solar receiver with the efficiency η R e c e i v e r {\displaystyle \eta _{Receiver}} , and subsequently the heat is converted into mechanical energy by the heat engine with the efficiency η m e c h
4446-443: The solar thermal system within a greenhouse-like glasshouse. The glasshouse creates a protected environment to withstand the elements that can negatively impact reliability and efficiency of the solar thermal system. Lightweight curved solar-reflecting mirrors are suspended from the ceiling of the glasshouse by wires. A single-axis tracking system positions the mirrors to retrieve the optimal amount of sunlight. The mirrors concentrate
4524-423: The sunlight and focus it on a network of stationary steel pipes, also suspended from the glasshouse structure. Water is carried throughout the length of the pipe, which is boiled to generate steam when intense solar radiation is applied. Sheltering the mirrors from the wind allows them to achieve higher temperature rates and prevents dust from building up on the mirrors. GlassPoint Solar , the company that created
4602-451: The support scheme. Where not bound in other countries, the manufacturers have adopted up to 200 MW size for a single unit, with a cost soft point around 125 MW for a single unit. Due to the success of Solar Two, a commercial power plant, called Solar Tres Power Tower , was built in Spain in 2011, later renamed Gemasolar Thermosolar Plant. Gemasolar's results paved the way for further plants of its type. Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
4680-423: The system solar receiver with a collecting area A {\displaystyle A} and an absorptivity α {\displaystyle \alpha } : For simplicity's sake, one can assume that the losses are only radiative ones (a fair assumption for high temperatures), thus for a reradiating area A and an emissivity ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } applying
4758-507: The theoretical maximum concentration. For example, the parabolic-trough concentration gives about 1 ⁄ 3 of the theoretical maximum for the design acceptance angle , that is, for the same overall tolerances for the system. Approaching the theoretical maximum may be achieved by using more elaborate concentrators based on nonimaging optics . Different types of concentrators produce different peak temperatures and correspondingly varying thermodynamic efficiencies due to differences in
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#17328584629564836-470: The tower to a storage tank, where it is then used to produce steam and generate electricity. Excess thermal energy is stored in the molten salt and could be used to generate power for up to ten hours, including during the evening hours and when direct sunlight is not available. The storage technology thus eliminated the need for any backup fossil fuels, such as natural gas. Melting about 70,000,000 pounds (32,000,000 kg) of salt took two months. Once melted,
4914-412: The way that they track the sun and focus light. New innovations in CSP technology are leading systems to become more and more cost-effective. In 2023, Australia’s national science agency CSIRO tested a CSP arrangement in which tiny ceramic particles fall through the beam of concentrated solar energy, the ceramic particles capable of storing a greater amount of heat than molten salt, while not requiring
4992-593: The whole tower. Power-tower development is less advanced than trough systems, but they offer higher efficiency and better energy storage capability. Beam down tower application is also feasible with heliostats to heat the working fluid. CSP with dual towers are also used to enhance the conversion efficiency by nearly 24%. The Solar Two in Daggett , California and the CESA-1 in Plataforma Solar de Almeria Almeria, Spain, are
5070-457: The world record for lowest CSP price in 2017 at US$ 73 per MWh for its 700 MW combined trough and tower project: 600 MW of trough, 100 MW of tower with 15 hours of thermal energy storage daily. Base-load CSP tariff in the extremely dry Atacama region of Chile reached below $ 50/MWh in 2017 auctions. A legend has it that Archimedes used a "burning glass" to concentrate sunlight on the invading Roman fleet and repel them from Syracuse . In 1973
5148-400: The world until it was sold to United Sun Systems . Subsequently, larger parts of the installation have been moved to China to satisfy part of the large energy demand. In a CSP plant that includes storage, the solar energy is first used to heat molten salt or synthetic oil, which is stored providing thermal/heat energy at high temperature in insulated tanks. Later the hot molten salt (or oil)
5226-435: The world. Global installed CSP-capacity increased nearly tenfold between 2004 and 2013 and grew at an average of 50 percent per year during the last five of those years, as the number of countries with installed CSP was growing. In 2013, worldwide installed capacity increased by 36% or nearly 0.9 gigawatt (GW) to more than 3.4 GW. The record for capacity installed was reached in 2014, corresponding to 925 MW; however, it
5304-560: Was 8.1 GW, with the inclusion of three new CSP projects in construction in China and in Dubai in the UAE. The U.S.-based National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), which maintains a global database of CSP plants, counts 6.6 GW of operational capacity and another 1.5 GW under construction. As a thermal energy generating power station, CSP has more in common with thermal power stations such as coal, gas, or geothermal. A CSP plant can incorporate thermal energy storage , which stores energy either in
5382-564: Was broken on the project in September 2011. Construction terminated at the end of 2013, followed by several months of testing the plant systems. The project entered commissioning phase in February 2014 following completion of construction. It began operation in September 2015, but went off-line in October 2016 due to a leak in a molten salt tank. The owners warned the EPC about flaws in the salt tank foundations (and other matters) with formal comments lodged on
5460-411: Was constructed at the same time but without thermal storage, using natural gas to preheat water each morning. Most concentrated solar power plants use the parabolic trough design, instead of the power tower or Fresnel systems. There have also been variations of parabolic trough systems like the integrated solar combined cycle (ISCC) which combines troughs and conventional fossil fuel heat systems. CSP
5538-609: Was constructed from 1990, when SEGS was completed, until 2006, when the Compact linear Fresnel reflector system at Liddell Power Station in Australia was built. Few other plants were built with this design, although the 5 MW Kimberlina Solar Thermal Energy Plant opened in 2009. In 2007, 75 MW Nevada Solar One was built, a trough design and the first large plant since SEGS. Between 2010 and 2013, Spain built over 40 parabolic trough systems, size constrained at no more than 50 MW by
5616-471: Was expected to exceed 40,000 MWh , as of May 2019 it never reached that value and only exceeded half of it during 9 months. The commissioning of a new thermal plant requires up to four years to achieve 100% operating level, from the first grid connection to full production. As an example the Edwardsport production data , whose progression, skipping first partial year, is a 40% output the first full year, 57%
5694-415: Was followed by a decline caused by policy changes, the global financial crisis, and the rapid decrease in price of the photovoltaic cells. Nevertheless, total capacity reached 6800 MW in 2021. Spain accounted for almost one third of the world's capacity, at 2,300 MW, despite no new capacity entering commercial operation in the country since 2013. The United States follows with 1,740 MW. Interest
5772-399: Was left to conjecture. While proceeding through its subsequent bankruptcy proceedings, Tonopah Solar Energy stated that it had hopes for a restart of the Crescent Dunes plant by the end of 2020. According to court documents, Tonopah is owned by SolarReserve , Cobra Energy Investment LLC, a division of Spanish construction company ACS Group and Banco Santander, S.A. On September 11, 2020,
5850-504: Was not allowed to sever its agreement with the plant until after the DoE took over the shuttered plant in August 2019. Since the initial failure of the Crescent Dunes project, SolarReserve took down its website and is believed to have permanently ceased operations. Upon the developer's silence as the involved parties sought legal recourse, the plant's exact status was publicly unknown for some time and
5928-402: Was originally treated as a competitor to photovoltaics, and Ivanpah was built without energy storage, although Solar Two included several hours of thermal storage. By 2015, prices for photovoltaic plants had fallen and PV commercial power was selling for 1 ⁄ 3 of contemporary CSP contracts. However, increasingly, CSP was being bid with 3 to 12 hours of thermal energy storage, making CSP
6006-694: Was set at 31.25% by SES dishes at the National Solar Thermal Test Facility (NSTTF) in New Mexico on 31 January 2008, a cold, bright day. According to its developer, Ripasso Energy, a Swedish firm, in 2015 its dish Stirling system tested in the Kalahari Desert in South Africa showed 34% efficiency. The SES installation in Maricopa, Phoenix, was the largest Stirling Dish power installation in
6084-443: Was that SolarReserve took down its website and was believed to have ceased operations permanently. Tonopah Solar Energy filed for bankruptcy on July 30, 2020. Pending the approval of the bankruptcy court, a $ 200 million settlement with the remaining debtors — Tonopah Solar Energy LLC and ACS Cobra — for the return of taxpayer dollars was also announced at the end of July 2020. The amount is less than half of what taxpayers are owed on
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