A fad , trend , or craze is any form of collective behavior that develops within a culture , a generation , or social group in which a group of people enthusiastically follow an impulse for a short time period.
66-986: [REDACTED] Look up craze in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Craze may refer to: Craze, alternative name for fad Craziness, alternative name for insanity Crazing , a network of fine cracks People [ edit ] Aaron Craze , English celebrity chef DJ Craze (born 1977), Nicaraguan American DJ Elizabeth Craze (born 1982), youngest ever heart transplant survivor at time of surgery (1984) Galaxy Craze (born 1970), American actress Michael Craze (1942–1998), British actor, brother of Peter Craze Nathan Craze (born 1986), Welsh professional ice hockey player Peter Craze (1946–2020), British actor, brother of Michael Craze Richard Craze (1950–2006), British author Romilly Craze (1892–1974), English architect Sarah Craze (born 1948), British actress Events [ edit ] Tulip craze in
132-412: A 2007 review found that one-third to two-thirds of dieters had slight to no long-term weight loss based on lesser quality trials, supporting Health at Every Size according to its authors. A review reported that extended calorie restriction suppresses overall and specific food cravings. Improving dietary habits is a societal issue that should be considered when preparing national policies, according to
198-496: A Greek philosopher and physician c. 460–370 BC, describes his views on human health, as being primarily influenced by alimentation and the environment we inhabit. He thought that the underlying principles of health were food and exercise, what he called "work", and that a high food intake needed a lot of hard work to be properly assimilated. A failure to balance work and food intake would upset the body's metabolism and incur diseases. As he wrote: "Man cannot live healthily on food without
264-402: A certain amount of exercise". He thought that changes in food intake should be made progressively to avoid upsetting the body. He made several recommendations, some of which being: walking or running after eating, wrestling, avoiding drinks outside of meals, dry foods for obese people, never missing a breakfast and eat only just one main meal a day, bathing in only lukewarm water, avoiding sex, and
330-945: A common definition lies in the popularity of a diet promoting short-term changes instead of lifelong changes, and that popularity (or lack thereof) has no association with a diet's effectiveness, nutritional soundness, or safety. The Federal Trade Commission defines fad diets as those that are highly restrictive and promoting energy dense foods that are often poor in nutrients. Although fad diets are ever-changing, most can be categorized in these general groups: Fad diets are generally restrictive, and are characterized by promises of fast weight loss or great physical health (notably by " detoxification "), and which are not grounded in sound science. Some fad diets, such as diets purporting to be alternative cancer treatments , promise health benefits other than weight loss. Commercial weight management organizations (CWMOs), such as Weight Watchers , were inappropriately associated with fad diets in
396-608: A dietary plan tailored to their food preferences and lifestyle into long-term dietary and lifestyle changes under supervision by nutrition professionals. Indeed, a wide variety of diets aiming at gentle caloric restriction under supervision, including commercial, fad, and standard care diets, have shown considerable and comparable success and safety, both in the short-term and long-term. Comprehensive diet programs are more effective than dieting without guidance. According to David L. Katz , "efforts to improve public health through diet are forestalled not for want of knowledge about
462-529: A narrow weight-loss regimen. The Greek and Roman physicians considered that how a body functioned was largely dependent on the foods eaten, and that different foods could affect people in different ways. Western medical science at the time was founded on diatetica , the "fundamental healing therapy of a regimen of certain foods". Overweight or being too slim were seen as signs of an unhealthy body, with an imbalance of its four essential "humours" (black bile, yellow bile, blood, and phlegm). The earliest diet known
528-457: A part of the obsession. Some people might see those who follow certain fads as unreasonable and irrational. To these people, the fad is ridiculous, and people's obsession of it is just as ridiculous. The third is, after it has reached a peak, it drops off abruptly and then it is followed by a counter obsession. A counter obsession means that once the fad is over, if one engages in the fad they will be ridiculed. A fad's popularity often decreases at
594-495: A rapid rate once its novelty wears off. Some people might start to criticize the fad after pointing out that it is no longer popular, so it must not have been "worth the hype". Types of IoT Security Devices Fad diet A fad diet is a diet that is popular, generally only for a short time, similar to fads in fashion , without being a standard scientific dietary recommendation, and often making unreasonable claims for fast weight loss or health improvements; as such it
660-451: A similar diet, and regular fasting in addition. His demise happened as a consequence of his extreme devotion to his own ideas: since he was convinced fasting could cure any ailment, he tried to treat a urinary tract blockage he developed in 1955 by fasting, which only caused emaciation which no doctor could undo. Other notable food faddists of this era include Paul Bragg , Adelle Davis , and J. I. Rodale . In 1961, Jean Nidetch founded
726-422: A surgeon known for a starch- and sugar-free diet treatment for diabetes. He immediately lost weight, from 202 to 156 pounds eventually. Banting is credited for writing the first diet book, which at his death in 1878 sold more than 58,000 copies over a total of 12 editions published between 1863 and 1902. Although the 2500 copies of the first and second editions were printed at his expenses and distributed for free, in
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#1732847535079792-403: A sustainable lifelong change. Indeed, fad diets often fail to re-educate dieters about a healthy nutrition , portion control and under-emphasize efforts and especially physical activity, so that followers cannot acquire the skills and knowledge they need for long-term maintenance of their desired weight, even if that weight is achieved in the short-term. Several diets are also unsustainable in
858-400: Is already popular at the time. Recreation and style faddists may try out variations of a basic pattern or idea already in existence. Another way of looking at the spread of fads is through a symbolic interaction view. People learn their behaviors from the people around them. When it comes to collective behavior, the emergence of these shared rules, meanings, and emotions are more dependent on
924-436: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Fad Fads are objects or behaviors that achieve short-lived popularity but fade away. Fads are often seen as sudden, quick-spreading, and short-lived events. Fads include diets , clothing, hairstyles, toys, and more. Some popular fads throughout history are toys such as yo-yos , hula hoops , and fad dances such as
990-522: Is from the oldest surviving medical document, the Ebers papyrus (circa 1550 BC), which described a recipe for an antidiabetic diet of wheat germ and okra . An early dietary fad is known from about 500–400 BC, when athletes and warriors consumed deer livers and lion hearts, thinking these products would impart benefits such as bravery, speed, or strength. In the Corpus Hippocraticum , Hippocrates ,
1056-1012: Is often considered a type of pseudoscientific diet . Fad diets are usually not supported by clinical research and their health recommendations are not peer-reviewed , thus they often make unsubstantiated statements about health and disease. Generally, fad diets promise an assortment of desired changes requiring little effort, thus attracting the interest of consumers uneducated about whole-diet, whole-lifestyle changes necessary for sustainable health benefits. Fad diets are often promoted with exaggerated claims, such as rapid weight loss of more than 1 kg/week, improving health by "detoxification", or even more dangerous claims achieved through highly restrictive and nutritionally unbalanced food choices leading to malnutrition or even eating non-food items such as cotton wool. Highly restrictive fad diets should be avoided. At best, fad diets may offer novel and engaging ways to reduce caloric intake, but at worst they may be unsustainable, medically unsuitable to
1122-460: Is people who want to lose weight quickly or who want to be healthy and find that belonging to a group of people defined by a strict way of eating helps them to avoid the many bad food choices available in the developed world. Regardless of their evidence base, or lack thereof, fad diets are extremely popular, with over 1500 books published each year, and many consumers willing to pay for diet products, making for an industry worth $ 35 billion/year in
1188-584: Is the carnivore diet that involves eating only animal products. There is no clinical evidence that the carnivore diet provides any health benefits. Other recent fad diets include the lectin-free diet that has been promoted by Steven Gundry and the pegan diet of Mark Hyman. Most fad diets promote their plans as being derived from religion or science. Fad diets may be completely based on pseudoscience (e.g., "fat-burning" foods or notions of vitalism ); most fad diets are marketed or described with exaggerated claims, not sustainable in sound science, about
1254-541: Is the One True Way to eat for maximum physical health ... The specific cult whose "science"-backed schtick a person finds most convincing usually depends on his or her identity biases. Many fad diets, at the time called "foodie", were promoted during the 19th century. Lord Byron was obsessed with his appearance, as he had a "morbid propensity to fatten". He tried several diets, such as his favorite meal of biscuits and soda water, and others which he devised, such as
1320-586: The DASH diet for anyone but especially for cardiac risk prevention in obesity and diabetes, the Mediterranean diet with similar indications, the U.S. Department of Agriculture " MyPlate " for healthy diet guidelines, and the ketogenic diet for reducing risk of seizures in people who have epilepsy. The word "diet" comes from the Greek diaita , which described a whole lifestyle, including mental and physical, rather than
1386-488: The Macarena , floss and the twist . Similar to habits or customs but less durable, fads often result from an activity or behavior being perceived as popular or exciting within a peer group , or being deemed " cool " as often promoted by social networks . A fad is said to "catch on" when the number of people adopting it begins to increase to the point of being noteworthy or going viral . Fads often fade quickly when
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#17328475350791452-638: The Paleolithic era. The very dangerous cotton ball diet surfaced in 2013, prompting dieters to eat up to five cotton balls at a time to lower hunger, leading to intestinal occlusion and potentially death. Aseem Malhotra has promoted a low-carbohydrate fad diet known as the Pioppi diet. It was named by the British Dietetic Association as one of the "top 5 worst celeb diets to avoid in 2018". A recent fad diet promoted on social media platforms
1518-571: The Weight Watchers . In 1970, the "sleeping beauty diet", using sedative pills to avoid eating, became popular. Slim Fast appeared in 1977, claimed as a "super diet" by having shakes for breakfast and lunch. In 1985, Fit for Life promotes a diet forbidding complex carbohydrates and proteins in the same meal. In 1992, 1995, and 2003, the Atkins diet , Zone diet and South Beach Diets appear successively. The Atkins diet has been described as "one of
1584-618: The World Health Organization . They propose a set of recommendations for a healthy diet : The 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans implement these recommendations in the US, as follows: Contrary to the previous editions which mainly focused on dietary components such as food groups and nutrients, the latest offer a more global approach focusing on eating patterns and nutrients characteristics as "people do not eat food groups and nutrients in isolation but rather in combination, and
1650-650: The "cabbage soup diet", highly restrictive but promising great weight loss in the first week, at the expense of causing flatulence. Later, and although it did not become a fad for another generation, the Zen macrobiotic diet was developed by the Japanese philosopher George Ohsawa, purporting a "yin and yang of food" to help maintain the body's balance, and proposing a grain-heavy diet composed of 50–60% of whole grains (e.g., brown rice), discouraging refined or processed food and certain cooking techniques and utensils. Bernarr Macfadden
1716-490: The "vinegar and water diet" in the 1820s, which was very popular at the time, and involved drinking water with apple cider vinegar. He would cycle perpetually between self starvation, measurements, and binge eating. His influence was such that he was accused of encouraging melancholia and emotional volatility on Romantic youth, making girls "sicken and waste away". Indeed, according to Byron, "a woman should never be seen eating or drinking, unless it be lobster salad and champagne,
1782-915: The 17th century in the Dutch Republic Gin Craze in the first half of the 18th century in Britain Pansy Craze in the late-1920s to mid-1930s in the United States 1947 flying disc craze in the United States See also [ edit ] Dance crazes , alternative name for fad dances Craze , 1974 horror film starring Jack Palance and Diana Dors Drowning Craze , 1980s English post-punk band Maze Craze , 1980 video game Dance Craze , 1981 British documentary film Maize Craze , 1992 FIRST Robotics Competition game Cache Craze , 2010s Canadian television show Crazy (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
1848-473: The Greek physician Galen (129 – ca. 216 AD), with his work On the Power of Foods , where he claimed that good doctors should also be good cooks, and provided several recipes. In the classical world, what foods were eaten, and how much, played an important role in ethical, philosophical, and political teachings and thinking, centered on the ideas of luxury and corruption. Food was for sustenance alone, overindulging
1914-474: The United States. About 14–15% Americans declare having used a fad diet for short-term weight loss. There is no single definition of what is a fad diet, encompassing a variety of diets with different approaches and evidence base, and thus different outcomes, advantages, and disadvantages. Furthermore, labeling a diet as a fad is ever-changing, varying socially, culturally, timely, and subjectively. However,
1980-438: The benefits of eating a certain way or the harms of eating other ways. Such diets are often endorsed by celebrities or celebrity doctors who style themselves as "gurus" and profit from sales of branded products, books, and public speaking. One sign of commercial fad diets is a requirement to purchase associated products and pay to attend seminars in order to gain the benefits of the diet. The audience for these diets
2046-426: The cues of the situation, rather than physiological arousal. This connection to symbolic interactionism, a theory that explains people's actions as being directed by shared meanings and assumptions, explains that fads are spread because people attach meaning and emotion to objects, and not because the object has practical use, for instance. People might adopt a fad because of the meanings and assumptions they share with
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2112-470: The dangers of the fad. Not everyone completely abandons the fad, however, and parts may remain. A study examined why certain fads die out quicker than others. A marketing professor at the University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School of Business, Jonah Berger and his colleague, Gael Le Mens, studied baby names in the United States and France to help explore the termination of fads. According to their results,
2178-534: The debilitating consequence of an unhealthy urge. He was determined to fight against what he perceived as nutritional "debauchery" and gluttony. He became a controversial figure, an evangelical New England preacher and speaker, with his spartan views on nutrition at a time where Americans' diets were primarily made of meat and white bread, by advocating adamantly in favor of raw vegetarian food and whole-grain food, authorizing but limiting meat, and forbidding highly refined or commercially baked white bread. He also described
2244-468: The fad, some might start to see it as "overcrowded", and it no longer holds the same appeal. Many times, those who first adopt the fad also abandon it first. They begin to recognize that their preoccupation with the fad leads them to neglect some of their routine activities, and they realize the negative aspects of their behavior. Once the faddists are no longer producing new variations of the fad, people begin to realize their neglect of other activities, and
2310-466: The faster the names became popular, the faster they lost their popularity. They also found that the least successful names overall were those that caught on most quickly. Fads can fit under the broad umbrella of collective behavior , which are behaviors engaged in by a large but loosely connected group of people. Other than fads, collective behavior includes the activities of people in crowds , panics, fashions , crazes, and more. Robert E. Park ,
2376-429: The first 1–2 weeks of starting compared to other diets, but this superficially faster loss is due to glycogen depletion and water loss in the lean body mass and regained quickly afterward. Diet success in weight loss and health benefits is most predicted by adherence and negative energy balance, regardless of the diet type. Fad diets, with their popularity and variety, may be useful to introduce obese individuals via
2442-508: The following decades with the Master Cleanse or Lemonade Diet in 1941 and Last Chance Diet in 1976. Around the same time, in 1925, Lucky Strike launched the "cigarette diet", relying on the appetite-suppressing effect of nicotine, with the famous marketing slogan "Reach for a Lucky instead of a sweet". The use of amphetamines, initially designed to treat narcolepsy, skyrocketed when doctors began prescribing them for appetite suppression and
2508-506: The health consequences of pleasure-based diets were becoming apparent. As Matt Fitzgerald describes it: This modern cult of healthy eating is made up of innumerable sub-cults that are constantly vying for superiority. ... Like consumer products in commercial markets, each of these diets has a brand name and is advertised as being better than competing brands. The recruiting programs of the healthy-diet cults consist almost entirely of efforts to convince prospective followers that their diet
2574-661: The highly popularizing effect of Oprah's Book Club . Though some consider the term trend equivalent to fad , a fad is generally considered a quick and short behavior whereas a trend is one that evolves into a long term or even permanent change. In economics , the term is used in a similar way. Fads are mean-reverting deviations from intrinsic value caused by social or psychological forces similar to those that cause fashions in political philosophies or consumerisation . Many contemporary fads share similar patterns of social organization. Several different models serve to examine fads and how they spread. One way of looking at
2640-410: The hopes of "benefitting to the working-class people", he sold later copies. Around the same time, Sylvester Graham , of Graham cracker fame, is often given credit for creating the first fad diet in the 1830s and is considered the father of all modern diets. The diet recognized the importance of whole grains food. Designed from a religious motivation, Graham promoted a raw-food vegetarian diet that
2706-493: The individual, or even dangerous. Dietitian advice should be preferred before attempting any diet. Celebrity endorsements are frequently used to promote fad diets, which may generate significant revenue for the creators of the diets through the sale of associated products. Regardless of their evidence base, or lack thereof, fad diets are extremely popular, with over 1500 books published each year, and many consumers willing to pay into an industry worth $ 35 billion per year in
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2772-1028: The long-term, and thus dieters revert to old habits after deprivation of some foods which may lead to binge eating . Fad diets generally fail to address the causes of poor nutrition habits, and thus are unlikely to change the underlying behavior and the long-term outcomes. Some fad diets are associated with increased risks of cardiovascular diseases , kidney stones , and mental disorders such as eating disorders and depression, and dental risks. For instance, long-term low-carbohydrate high-fat diets are associated with increased cardiac and non-cardiac mortality. Teenagers following fad diets are at risk of permanently stunted growth . Some fad diets do however provide short-term and long-term results for individuals with specific illnesses such as obesity or epilepsy. Very-low-calorie diets, also known as crash diets, are efficient for liver fat reduction and weight loss before bariatric surgery. Low-calorie and very-low-calorie diets may produce initially faster weight loss within
2838-425: The man who created the term collective behavior, defined it as "the behavior of individuals under the influence of an impulse that is common and collective, an impulse, in other words, that is the result of social interaction". Fads are seen as impulsive, driven by emotions; however, they can bring together groups of people who may not have much in common other than their investment in the fad. Fads can also fit under
2904-435: The more dangerous "induction of vomiting", which he considered particularly beneficial. Nowadays, these advices seem mixed, some sensible, others inadvisable or even dangerous, but they made sense at the time given the contemporary knowledge and practices. For example, induced vomiting was quite popular, almost an art form. The importance of foods was further established by one of his followers, who became extremely influential,
2970-658: The most effective promoter of diets in history, as he is believed by historians to be largely at the root of 20th- and 21st-century health and fitness practices in America. He grew in a difficult environment. At age 11, both of his parents were deceased, his father from alcoholism, his mother from tuberculosis, and suffered from several illnesses himself. He later went on to live in a farm, which fortified his health, and studied human physiology, diet, and nutrition. Due to his history, and largely influenced by Graham, he became convinced that all health issues were due to nutrition. He advocated
3036-572: The most popular fad diets in the United States". In 1997, the American Heart Association (AHA) "declares war on fad diets [...] to inform the public of misleading weight loss claims". During the early 2000s, the Paleolithic diet was popularized by Loren Cordain and has attracted a largely internet-based following on forums and social media, in part a tradition of venerating 'primitive' diets and ways of life. This modern fad diet consists of foods thought to mirror those eaten during
3102-476: The name of "Fletcherizing", derived from its author's name Horace Fletcher , "a self-taught nutritionist". Fletcher promoted chewing all food until it was thoroughly mixed with saliva, to the point that it was swallowed in a liquid state. "Banting" or "to bant" became a highly popular synonym of dieting in 1863, when William Banting published "A Letter on Corpulence", which detailed the first known low-carbohydrate diet , which he followed from Dr. William Harvey,
3168-505: The name of "calorie counting" in the 1917 book "Diet and Health, With Key to the Calories" by Lulu Hunt Peters . Other fad diets appeared in the 1930s. The grapefruit diet was a low-calorie plan, which became popular and known as the "Hollywood diet", and involved eating grapefruit or its juice with other items such as toast or eggs, totaling about 500 calories per day. Such liquid diets , cleanses and detox diets would prove popular over
3234-436: The ones that introduce certain fads, but other people must choose to adopt those fads. Others may argue that not all fads begin with their adopters. Social life already provides people with ideas that can help create a basis for new and innovative fads. Companies can look at what people are already interested in and create something from that information. The ideas behind fads are not always original; they might stem from what
3300-581: The only truly feminine and becoming viands". His views on women's diets and appearances worried his contemporaries, such as the American physician George Miller Beard , who fretted that young ladies may live their growing girlhood in semi-starvation because of their fears of "incurring the horror of disciples of Lord Byron". In 1825, Jean Brillat-Savarin wrote about a low carbohydrate diet and focusing on chewing and swallowing to better taste food and supposedly eat less. This idea would later reappear in 1903 under
3366-431: The optimal feeding of Homo sapiens but for distractions associated with exaggerated claims, and our failure to convert what we reliably know into what we routinely do." There is a commonly claimed figure that "95% of dieters regain their weight after a few years", but this is a "clinical lore" based on a 1953 primary study, with newer evidence demonstrating long-term weight loss after dieting under supervision, although
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#17328475350793432-534: The other people who have adopted that fad. People may join other adopters of the fad because they enjoy being a part of a group and what that symbolizes. Some people may join because they want to feel like an insider. When multiple people adopt the same fad, they may feel like they have made the right choice because other people have made that same choice. Primarily, fads end because all innovative possibilities have been exhausted. Fads begin to fade when people no longer see them as new and unique. As more people follow
3498-434: The past. Several factors can cause someone to start a fad diet, such as socio-cultural peer pressure on body image, self-esteem and the effect of media. Although not all fad diets are inherently detrimental to health, there are " red flags " of bad dietary advice, such as: Fad diets have variable results as these include a variety of different diets. They tend to result in short-term weight loss, but afterwards,
3564-447: The per capita meat consumption dropped gradually in the subsequent years, whereas vegetable consumption increased and Americans started to eat more balanced diets. The 19th century also saw the first and one of the most dangerous fad diet pills, with the marketing of arsenic pills for weight loss, which not only did not work, but which dieters often consumed more quantity than the prescribed dosage. Some diet hoaxes also appeared, such as
3630-413: The perception of novelty is gone. The specific nature of the behavior associated with a fad can be of any type including unusual language usage , distinctive clothing , fad diets or frauds such as pyramid schemes . Apart from general novelty, mass marketing , emotional blackmail , peer pressure , or the desire to conformity may drive fads. Popular celebrities can also drive fads, for example
3696-407: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Craze . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craze&oldid=1244126576 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
3762-419: The spread of fads is through the top-down model, which argues that fashion is created for the elite, and from the elite, fashion spreads to lower classes. Early adopters might not necessarily be those of a high status, but they have sufficient resources that allow them to experiment with new innovations. When looking at the top-down model, sociologists like to highlight the role of selection. The elite might be
3828-402: The tapeworms diet, where the dieters would purportedly willfully ingest tapeworms in the hopes they would reach maturity in the intestines and absorb food, until the dieter attains the weight loss goal and consumes an anti-parasitic pill to kill and hopefully excrete the worms, if the dieter was lucky enough to not experience gastric obstruction. The concept calorie restriction appeared under
3894-443: The totality of the diet forms an overall eating pattern". Indeed, "the components of the eating pattern can have interactive and potentially cumulative effects on health", noting that "these patterns can be tailored to an individual's personal preferences, enabling Americans to choose the diet that is right for them". Several diets have shown sufficient evidence of safety and constant beneficial effects to be recommended. These include
3960-511: The treatment of depression, becoming a high success in the diet industry. Despite the American Medical Association opposing this use of amphetamines as early as 1943 due to problems of addiction, doctors continued to prescribe them, in addition to barbiturates to reduce the addiction cravings. The first liquid protein diet appeared also in the 1930s with the marketing of the "Dr. Stoll's Aid". In 1950, another liquid diet appears,
4026-411: The umbrella of "collective obsessions". Collective obsessions have three main features in common. The first, and most obvious sign, is an increase in frequency and intensity of a specific belief or behavior. A fad's popularity increases quickly in frequency and intensity, whereas a trend grows more slowly. The second is that the behavior is seen as ridiculous, irrational, or evil to the people who are not
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#17328475350794092-427: The use of corsets as "disfiguring" and advocated loose, comfortable clothing, which further attracted women to his precepts. After his death in 1851, his followers, dubbed "Grahamites", most of them being women but also including famous men such as John Harvey Kellogg of cornflakes fame, continued to advocate vegetarianism, temperance, and bran bread. Graham's ideas proved to have a lasting influence on American diet, as
4158-414: The weight is often regained. The restrictive approach, regardless of whether the diet prescribes eating large amounts of high-fiber vegetables, no grains, or no solid foods, tend to be nutritionally unsound, and can cause serious health problems if followed for more than a few days. A considerable disadvantage of fad diets is that they encourage the notion of a diet as a short-term behavior, instead of
4224-407: Was another major figure of dieting in the 20th century, taking the legacy of Graham. Macfadden relentlessly promoted a dieting philosophy named " physical culture ", the idea that nearly all diseases were caused by toxins in the blood from poor diet and lack of exercise, and that nearly all diseases could be cured through fasting , eating the correct foods, and physical exercise . Macfadden was one of
4290-753: Was lower in salt and fat, emphasizing an anti-industrial, anti-medical "simpler" or "natural" lifestyle, opposing the meat and other rich, calorie-dense foods produced in great quantities in the industrial era, declaring them "sinful". In 1830, he was appointed a general agent of the Pennsylvanian Temperance Society. During his time there, and due to his history, and inspired by the French vitalist school of medicine, he thought nutrition had moral as well as physical qualities, and viewed any desire for food or drink not due to necessity (stark hunger or thirst) to be depravation . Consequently, he viewed gluttony as
4356-522: Was morally and physically bad, at least a manifestation of a lack of self-control, but at worst leading to further passions and greed of other luxuries. Fad diets as we know them really started during the Victorian era in the 19th century. A competitive market for "healthy diets" arose in the 19th-century developed world, as migration and industrialization and commodification of food supplies began eroding adherence to traditional ethno-cultural diets, and
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