55-405: A crayon (or wax pastel ) is a stick of pigmented wax used for writing or drawing. Wax crayons differ from pastels , in which the pigment is mixed with a dry binder such as gum arabic , and from oil pastels , where the binder is a mixture of wax and oil. Crayons are available in a range of prices, and are easy to work with. They are less messy than most paints and markers, blunt (removing
110-461: A cave at Twin Rivers, near Lusaka , Zambia . Ochre , iron oxide, was the first color of paint. A favored blue pigment was derived from lapis lazuli . Pigments based on minerals and clays often bear the name of the city or region where they were originally mined. Raw sienna and burnt sienna came from Siena , Italy , while raw umber and burnt umber came from Umbria . These pigments were among
165-518: A mercury sulfide , was originally made by grinding a powder of natural cinnabar . From the 17th century on, it was also synthesized from the elements. It was favored by old masters such as Titian . Indian yellow was once produced by collecting the urine of cattle that had been fed only mango leaves. Dutch and Flemish painters of the 17th and 18th centuries favored it for its luminescent qualities, and often used it to represent sunlight . Since mango leaves are nutritionally inadequate for cattle,
220-419: A typewriter is largely obsolete, having been superseded for most purposes by preparing a document with a word processor and then printing it. Thermographic printing is a process that involves several stages but can be implemented in a low-cost manufacturing process. The process involves printing the desired designs or text with an ink that remains wet, rather than drying on contact with the paper. The paper
275-622: A Roman scholar, was thought to describe the first techniques of wax crayon drawings. This method, employed by the Egyptians, Romans, Greeks, and indigenous people in the Philippines , is still used today. However, the process was not used to make crayons into a form intended to be held and colored with and was therefore ineffective for use in a classroom or as crafts for children. Contemporary crayons are purported to have originated in Europe, where some of
330-564: A black pigment since prehistoric times. The first known synthetic pigment was Egyptian blue , which is first attested on an alabaster bowl in Egypt dated to Naqada III ( circa 3250 BC). Egyptian blue (blue frit), calcium copper silicate CaCuSi 4 O 10 , made by heating a mixture of quartz sand, lime , a flux and a copper source, such as malachite . Already invented in the Predynastic Period of Egypt , its use became widespread by
385-410: A computer display. The appearance of a pigment may depend on the brand and even the batch. Furthermore, pigments have inherently complex reflectance spectra that will render their color appearance greatly different depending on the spectrum of the source illumination , a property called metamerism . Averaged measurements of pigment samples will only yield approximations of their true appearance under
440-447: A follow-up study released in June the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) found traces of asbestos fibers in three crayons and larger amounts of transitional fibers which can be misinterpreted as asbestos as a result of using talc as a binding agent in additional crayons. CPSC declared the risk to be low, but said that because of the concerns it had asked manufacturers to reformulate
495-515: A monopoly over the publishing industry in England and was responsible for copyright regulations. Printing is the process of applying a colouring agent to a surface to create a body of text or illustrations. This is often achieved through printing technology, but can be done by hand using more traditional methods. The earliest form of printing is wood blocking. Letterpress is a process of printing several identical copies that presses words and designs onto
550-409: A slightly more greenish or reddish blue. The following are some of the attributes of pigments that determine their suitability for particular manufacturing processes and applications: Swatches are used to communicate colors accurately. The types of swatches are dictated by the media, i.e., printing, computers, plastics, and textiles. Generally, the medium that offers the broadest gamut of color shades
605-403: A specific source of illumination. Computer display systems use a technique called chromatic adaptation transforms to emulate the correlated color temperature of illumination sources, and cannot perfectly reproduce the intricate spectral combinations originally seen. In many cases, the perceived color of a pigment falls outside of the gamut of computer displays and a method called gamut mapping
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#1732855916852660-433: A synthetic form of lapis lazuli . Ultramarine was manufactured by treating aluminium silicate with sulfur . Various forms of cobalt blue and Cerulean blue were also introduced. In the early 20th century, Phthalo Blue , a synthetic metallo-organic pigment was prepared. At the same time, Royal Blue , another name once given to tints produced from lapis lazuli, has evolved to signify a much lighter and brighter color, and
715-510: A trademark. Colour Index International resolves all these conflicting historic, generic, and proprietary names so that manufacturers and consumers can identify the pigment (or dye) used in a particular color product. In the CII, all phthalocyanine blue pigments are designated by a generic color index number as either PB15 or PB16, short for pigment blue 15 and pigment blue 16; these two numbers reflect slight variations in molecular structure, which produce
770-407: Is difficult to replicate on a computer display . Approximations are required. The Munsell Color System provides an objective measure of color in three dimensions: hue, value (or lightness), and chroma. Computer displays in general fail to show the true chroma of many pigments, but the hue and lightness can be reproduced with relative accuracy. However, when the gamma of a computer display deviates from
825-489: Is heated and cooled to achieve the correct temperature at which a usable wax substance can be dyed and then manufactured and shipped for use around the world. Paraffin waxes are used for cosmetics, candles, for the preparation of printing ink, fruit preserving, in the pharmaceutical industry, for lubricating purposes, and crayons. Colin Snedeker , a chemist for Binney & Smith (the then-parent company of Crayola ), developed
880-600: Is the same for all viewing angles, whereas structural color is the result of selective reflection or iridescence , usually because of multilayer structures. For example, butterfly wings typically contain structural color, although many butterflies have cells that contain pigment as well. Stationery Stationery refers to writing materials, including cut paper, envelopes, writing implements , continuous form paper , and other office supplies . Stationery includes materials to be written on by hand (e.g., letter paper) or by equipment such as computer printers . Originally,
935-450: Is then dusted with a powdered polymer that adheres to the ink. The paper is vacuumed or agitated, mechanically or by hand, to remove excess powder, and then heated to near combustion. The wet ink and polymer bond and dry, resulting in a raised print surface similar to the result of an engraving process. Embossing is a printing technique used to create raised surfaces in the converted paper stock. The process relies upon mated dies that press
990-536: Is used to approximate the true appearance. Gamut mapping trades off any one of lightness , hue , or saturation accuracy to render the color on screen, depending on the priority chosen in the conversion's ICC rendering intent . In biology , a pigment is any colored material of plant or animal cells. Many biological structures, such as skin , eyes , fur , and hair contain pigments (such as melanin ). Animal skin coloration often comes about through specialized cells called chromatophores , which animals such as
1045-433: Is usually mixed from Phthalo Blue and titanium dioxide , or from inexpensive synthetic blue dyes. The discovery in 1856 of mauveine , the first aniline dyes , was a forerunner for the development of hundreds of synthetic dyes and pigments like azo and diazo compounds. These dyes ushered in the flourishing of organic chemistry, including systematic designs of colorants. The development of organic chemistry diminished
1100-417: Is widely used across diverse media. Reference standards are provided by printed swatches of color shades. PANTONE , RAL , Munsell , etc. are widely used standards of color communication across diverse media like printing, plastics, and textiles . Companies manufacturing color masterbatches and pigments for plastics offer plastic swatches in injection molded color chips. These color chips are supplied to
1155-592: The 4th Dynasty . It was the blue pigment par excellence of Roman antiquity ; its art technological traces vanished in the course of the Middle Ages until its rediscovery in the context of the Egyptian campaign and the excavations in Pompeii and Herculaneum . Later premodern synthetic pigments include white lead (basic lead carbonate, (PbCO 3 ) 2 Pb(OH) 2 ), vermilion , verdigris , and lead-tin yellow . Vermilion,
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#17328559168521210-683: The Colour Index International (CII) as a standard for identifying the pigments that they use in manufacturing particular colors. First published in 1925—and now published jointly on the web by the Society of Dyers and Colourists ( United Kingdom ) and the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists (US)—this index is recognized internationally as the authoritative reference on colorants. It encompasses more than 27,000 products under more than 13,000 generic color index names. In
1265-496: The Latin word creta (Earth). The meaning later changed to simply "pencil", which it still means in modern French. The notion to combine a form of wax with pigment goes back thousands of years. Encaustic painting is a technique that uses hot beeswax combined with colored pigment to bind color into stone. A heat source was then used to "burn in" and fix the image in place. Pliny the Elder,
1320-620: The Munsell color system became the foundation for a series of color models, providing objective methods for the measurement of color. The Munsell system describes a color in three dimensions, hue , value (lightness), and chroma (color purity), where chroma is the difference from gray at a given hue and value. By the middle 20th century, standardized methods for pigment chemistry were available, part of an international movement to create such standards in industry. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) develops technical standards for
1375-558: The manuscript culture . Stationers' shops were places where books were bound, copied, and published. These shops often loaned books to nearby university students for a fee. The books were loaned out in sections, allowing students to study or copy them, and the only way to get the next part of the book was to return the previous section. In some cases, stationers' shops became the preferred choice for scholars to find books, instead of university libraries due to stationers' shops' wider collection of books. The Stationers' Company formerly held
1430-612: The octopus and chameleon can control to vary the animal's color. Many conditions affect the levels or nature of pigments in plant, animal, some protista , or fungus cells. For instance, the disorder called albinism affects the level of melanin production in animals. Pigmentation in organisms serves many biological purposes, including camouflage , mimicry , aposematism (warning), sexual selection and other forms of signalling , photosynthesis (in plants), and basic physical purposes such as protection from sunburn . Pigment color differs from structural color in that pigment color
1485-958: The Bible. Morgan went on to publish a record of her biblical songs and has artwork featured in the American Folk Art Museum in New York. Pigment A pigment is a powder used to add color or change visual appearance. Pigments are completely or nearly insoluble and chemically unreactive in water or another medium; in contrast, dyes are colored substances which are soluble or go into solution at some stage in their use. Dyes are often organic compounds whereas pigments are often inorganic . Pigments of prehistoric and historic value include ochre , charcoal , and lapis lazuli . In 2006, around 7.4 million tons of inorganic , organic , and special pigments were marketed worldwide. According to an April 2018 report by Bloomberg Businessweek ,
1540-475: The CII schema, each pigment has a generic index number that identifies it chemically, regardless of proprietary and historic names. For example, Phthalocyanine Blue BN has been known by a variety of generic and proprietary names since its discovery in the 1930s. In much of Europe, phthalocyanine blue is better known as Helio Blue, or by a proprietary name such as Winsor Blue. An American paint manufacturer, Grumbacher, registered an alternate spelling (Thanos Blue) as
1595-586: The Gold Medal design. Hundreds of companies entered the crayon market, but only a few exist today, with Crayola dominating the market in the United States. That brand become a generic trademark also used to describe other brands' crayons. In all, there were over 300 documented crayon manufacturers in the United States and many more in other countries. Beyond Crayola, other brand name crayon manufacturers today include Rose Art Industries and Dixon Ticonderoga ,
1650-512: The March 1904 St. Louis World's Fair . They used the award to design a new line of crayons featuring the medal on the front of their box. Initially, they developed and introduced the No. 8 box of eight assorted colors, which became an immediate success; it was even featured on a postage stamp in early 1905. From there they began to phase out other Crayola crayon boxes until their line of Crayola crayons featured
1705-579: The coloring marketplace through Binney's Peekskill, New York , chemical works making lampblack by burning whale and carbon black , as well as their chalk products. In 1902, they developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon. A year later in 1903, Edwin Binney's wife, Alice Stead Binney, coined the name Crayola by combining the French word for chalk, craie , with the first part of oleaginous , another name for
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1760-673: The concerned crayons and commended them for their swift agreement to do so. Early French artists, including François Clouet (1510–1572) and Nicholas L'agneau (1590–1666), used crayons in their early art projects. Clouet used crayons for his modeled portraits, which were so elaborate that he caught the attention of Henry V, who knighted him. He became a court painter for the royalty, and his entire art career began with and consisted of wax crayon art. L'agneau illustrated his portraits with outlines in wax crayons, and with tints of watercolor. His portraits were often of people who looked surprised or unaware of their surroundings. Sister Gertrude Morgan
1815-411: The dependence on inorganic pigments. Before the development of synthetic pigments, and the refinement of techniques for extracting mineral pigments, batches of color were often inconsistent. With the development of a modern color industry, manufacturers and professionals have cooperated to create international standards for identifying, producing, measuring, and testing colors. First published in 1905,
1870-410: The design cut can be easily visible to the person. This technology has a long history and requires a significant amount of skill, experience, and expertise. The finished plate is usually covered in ink, and then the ink is removed from all of the un-etched portions of the plate. The plate is then pressed into paper under substantial pressure. The result is a design that is slightly raised on the surface of
1925-441: The designer or customer to choose and select the color for their specific plastic products. Plastic swatches are available in various special effects like pearl, metallic, fluorescent, sparkle, mosaic etc. However, these effects are difficult to replicate on other media like print and computer display. Plastic swatches have been created by 3D modelling to including various special effects. The appearance of pigments in natural light
1980-399: The easiest to synthesize, and chemists created modern colors based on the originals. These were more consistent than colors mined from the original ore bodies, but the place names remained. Also found in many Paleolithic and Neolithic cave paintings are Red Ochre, anhydrous Fe 2 O 3 , and the hydrated Yellow Ochre (Fe 2 O 3 H 2 O). Charcoal—or carbon black—has also been used as
2035-418: The estimated value of the pigment industry globally is $ 30 billion. The value of titanium dioxide – used to enhance the white brightness of many products – was placed at $ 13.2 billion per year, while the color Ferrari red is valued at $ 300 million each year. Like all materials, the color of pigments arises because they absorb only certain wavelengths of visible light . The bonding properties of
2090-671: The first cylinder shaped crayons were made with charcoal and oil. Pastels are an art medium sharing roots with the modern crayon and date back to Leonardo da Vinci in 1495. Conté crayons, out of Paris, are a hybrid between a pastel and a conventional crayon, used since the late 1790s as a drawing crayon for artists. Later, various hues of powdered pigment eventually replaced the primary charcoal ingredient found in most early 19th century products. References to crayons in literature appear as early as 1813 in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice . French lithographer Joseph Lemercier [ fr ]
2145-429: The first washable crayons in response to consumer complaints regarding stained fabrics and walls. A patent for the washable solid marking composition utilized in the washable crayons was awarded to Snedeker in 1990. The history of the crayon is not entirely clear. The French word crayon , originally meaning "chalk pencil", dates to around the 16th century, and is derived from the word craie (chalk), which comes from
2200-497: The manufacture of pigments and dyes. ISO standards define various industrial and chemical properties, and how to test for them. The principal ISO standards that relate to all pigments are as follows: Other ISO standards pertain to particular classes or categories of pigments, based on their chemical composition, such as ultramarine pigments, titanium dioxide , iron oxide pigments, and so forth. Many manufacturers of paints, inks, textiles, plastics, and colors have voluntarily adopted
2255-570: The material determine the wavelength and efficiency of light absorption. Light of other wavelengths are reflected or scattered. The reflected light spectrum defines the color that we observe. The appearance of pigments is sensitive to the source light. Sunlight has a high color temperature and a fairly uniform spectrum. Sunlight is considered a standard for white light. Artificial light sources are less uniform. Color spaces used to represent colors numerically must specify their light source. Lab color measurements, unless otherwise noted, assume that
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2310-559: The measurement was recorded under a D65 light source, or "Daylight 6500 K", which is roughly the color temperature of sunlight. Other properties of a color, such as its saturation or lightness, may be determined by the other substances that accompany pigments. Binders and fillers can affect the color. Minerals have been used as colorants since prehistoric times. Early humans used paint for aesthetic purposes such as body decoration. Pigments and paint grinding equipment believed to be between 350,000 and 400,000 years old have been reported in
2365-553: The need for more accuracy, he went back to his home and formed the wax crayons into more manageable cylinder shapes similar to that of a pencil. He packaged his crayons into decorative boxes and offered them through stationer clients he knew. The demand for his crayons soon exceeded his ability to keep up with production and he partnered with the American Crayon Company, who had been producing chalk crayons, in 1902. Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith had been long established in
2420-496: The page. The print may be inked or blind, but is typically done in a single color. Motifs or designs may be added as many letterpress machines use movable plates that must be hand-set. Letterpress printing remained the primary method of printing until the 19th century. When a single document needs to be produced, it may be handwritten or printed, typically by a computer printer. Several copies of one original paper can be produced by some printers using multipart stationery . Typing with
2475-987: The paper and covered in ink. Due to the cost of the process and expertise required, many consumers opt for thermographic printing, a process that results in a similarly raised print surface, but through different means at less cost. Many shops that sell stationery also sell other school supplies for students in primary and secondary education, including pocket calculators , display boards , compasses and protractors , set squares, lunch boxes, and related items. This section contains an incomplete list of famous brands, manufacturers and retailers of stationery worldwide. In US and Canada , Office Depot and Staples are two major retailers of stationery. Notable stationery brands in Europe include LAMY , MOLESKINE , Staedtler , and Faber-Castell . In Japan, major manufacturers of stationery include Kokuyo, Maruman, Lihit Lab, King Jim, MUJI and Tombow. MUJI also has about 800 retail stores worldwide. In mainland China, 晨光文具 (Chén guāng wén jù)
2530-401: The paper into a shape that can be observed on both the front and back surfaces. Two things are required during the process of embossing: a die and a stock. The result is a three-dimensional (3D) effect that emphasizes a particular area of the design. Engraving is a process that requires a design to be cut into a plate made of relatively hard material. The metal plate is first polished so that
2585-558: The paraffin wax used to make the crayon. Binney and Smith were quick to capitalize on their creation, selling boxes of various sizes and color pallets. The Rubens Crayola line started in 1903 as well, aimed at artist and designed to compete with the Raphael brand of crayons from Europe. Their most recognizable brand was the Crayola "Gold Medal" line in yellow boxes, which referred to one the company earned with their An-du-Septic dustless chalk during
2640-459: The practice of harvesting Indian yellow was eventually declared to be inhumane. Modern hues of Indian yellow are made from synthetic pigments. Vermillion has been partially replaced in by cadmium reds. Because of the cost of lapis lazuli , substitutes were often used. Prussian blue , the oldest modern synthetic pigment, was discovered by accident in 1704. By the early 19th century, synthetic and metallic blue pigments included French ultramarine ,
2695-433: The reference value, the hue is also systematically biased. The following approximations assume a display device at gamma 2.2, using the sRGB color space . The further a display device deviates from these standards, the less accurate these swatches will be. Swatches are based on the average measurements of several lots of single-pigment watercolor paints, converted from Lab color space to sRGB color space for viewing on
2750-575: The risk of sharp points present when using a pencil or pen), typically non-toxic, and available in a wide variety of colors. These characteristics make them particularly good instruments for teaching small children to draw in addition to being used widely by student and professional artists. In the modern English-speaking world, the term crayon is commonly associated with the standard wax crayon, such as those widely available for use by children. Such crayons are usually approximately 3.5 inches (89 mm) in length and made mostly of paraffin wax . Paraffin wax
2805-534: The successor to the American Crayon Company. Numerous suppliers create generic brand or store brand crayons. These are typically found in supermarkets. In 2000 there was concern about potential contamination of asbestos in many popular brands of crayons after the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reported in May of that year that they had tests performed finding that three brands of crayons contained asbestos. In
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#17328559168522860-424: The term 'stationery' referred to all products sold by a stationer, whose name indicated that his book shop was on a fixed spot. This was usually somewhere near a university, and permanent, while medieval trading was mainly carried on by itinerant peddlers (including chapmen , who sold books) and others (such as farmers and craftsmen) at markets and fairs. It was a unique term used between the 13th and 15th centuries in
2915-600: Was also one of the inventors of the modern crayon. Through his Paris business circa 1828, he produced a variety of crayon and color related products. But even as those in Europe were discovering that substituting wax for the oil strengthened the crayon, various efforts in the United States were also developing. The initial era of wax crayons saw several companies and products competing for the lucrative education and artist markets. The Franklin Mfg. Co, founded in 1876 in Rochester, New York ,
2970-486: Was most known for preaching the Gospel around New Orleans with simplicity and easy-to-understand crayon drawings. Morgan caught the eye of a gallery owner E. Lorenz Borenstein , and was allowed to show her work, play her music and spread her word of God at the gallery. Her early drawings were that of just very modest and simplicity crayon drawings, depicting biblical text to provide a clearer image to those who were unfamiliar with
3025-532: Was one of the first companies to make and sell wax crayons, and in 1883 they appeared with a display of crayons at the World's Columbian Exposition that year. Some of the earliest records of the modern paraffin wax crayon comes from Charles A. Bowley of Massachusetts, who developed wax coloring crayons in the late 1880s. Bowley had been selling various stationery items in the vicinity of Danvers and had developed clumps of colored wax designed for marking leather . With
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