82-675: Crépin is a French surname . Notable people with the surname include: Alain Crépin (born 1954), Belgian saxophonist and composer François Crépin (1830–1903), Belgian botanist Jean Crépin (1908-1996), French Army general Louis-Philippe Crépin (1772–1851), French painter Malin Crépin (born 1978), Swedish actress Margit Otto-Crépin (1945–2020), French equestrian See also [ edit ] Saint-Crépin (disambiguation) , various communes in France Crépin Point , headland in
164-473: A "usage name". This is not a legal obligation (it is a contra legem custom, as French law since the Revolution has required that no one may be called by any other name than that written on their birth certificate), and not all women decide to do so. However, if they do, they may retain the use of this name, depending on circumstances, even after a divorce. In some cases, the wife, or both spouses, choose to adopt
246-409: A computer collation algorithm is complex, and simple attempts will fail. For example, unless the algorithm has at its disposal an extensive list of family names, there is no way to decide if "Gillian Lucille van der Waal" is "van der Waal, Gillian Lucille", "Waal, Gillian Lucille van der", or even "Lucille van der Waal, Gillian". Ordering by surname is frequently encountered in academic contexts. Within
328-435: A double-barreled, hyphenated surname made from joining the surnames of both partners. Thus, both partners' surnames coexist with whatever usage name they choose. This distinction is important because many official documents use the person's birth or legal surname, rather than their usage name. People may also choose to use other names in daily usage, as long as they are not impersonating others and as long as their usage name
410-571: A few cases, such as Arabic and Kiowa , the alphabet has been completely reordered. Alphabetization rules applied in various languages are listed below. Collation algorithms (in combination with sorting algorithms ) are used in computer programming to place strings in alphabetical order. A standard example is the Unicode Collation Algorithm , which can be used to put strings containing any Unicode symbols into (an extension of) alphabetical order. It can be made to conform to most of
492-405: A first given name, although it is sometimes given to males as second or third given name, especially in devout Catholic families. Compound given names, such as Jean-Luc , Jean-Paul and Anne-Sophie are not uncommon. These are not considered to be two separate given names. The second part of a compound name may be a given name normally used by the opposite sex. However, the gender of the compound
574-454: A hyphenated surname, only one word, the first surname, is taken from each parent. The ratio of the number of family names to the population is high in France, primarily because most surnames had many orthographic and dialectal variants, which were then registered as separate names. Contrary to the practice of some other countries, French women do not legally change names when they marry; however, it
656-526: A person may use a name of a third party (called the common name) in the following circumstances: Since Law No. 2003-516 of 18 June 2003 on the devolution of family names, there is no longer any distinction between the name of the mother and the father. A child may receive the family name of one or the other, or both family names. Decree No. 2004-1159 of 29 October 2004 implemented Law No. 2002-304 of 4 March 2002, provided that children born on or after 1 January 2004 and children changing names, may have or use only
738-496: A person's name is usually preceded by: Since 2013, French administration does not use the term mademoiselle anymore for its documents in favour of madame regardless of the status and the age of the woman addressed. During the Ancien Régime , a female commoner was always addressed as mademoiselle , even when married, madame being limited to women of the high nobility, even if they were not married. This practice ceased after
820-471: A position is reached where one string has no more letters to compare while the other does, then the first (shorter) string is deemed to come first in alphabetical order. Capital or upper case letters are generally considered to be identical to their corresponding lower case letters for the purposes of alphabetical ordering, although conventions may be adopted to handle situations where two strings differ only in capitalization. Various conventions also exist for
902-439: A preceding given name, title ( baron , duc etc.), job description ( général , colonel , etc.) or polite address ( monsieur , madame , mademoiselle ). Thus, one would say Monsieur de La Vieuville , but if calling him familiarly by his last name only, La Vieuville (note the initial capital letter); the same applies for Gérard de La Martinière , who would be called La Martinière . Similarly, Philippe de Villiers talks about
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#1733116040953984-490: A single multi-author paper, ordering the authors alphabetically by surname, rather than by other methods such as reverse seniority or subjective degree of contribution to the paper, is seen as a way of "acknowledg[ing] similar contributions" or "avoid[ing] disharmony in collaborating groups". The practice in certain fields of ordering citations in bibliographies by the surnames of their authors has been found to create bias in favour of authors with surnames which appear earlier in
1066-480: A traditional French name with a toponymic particule , but a Flemish Dutch name that evolved from a form of De Walle meaning "the wall". In the case of nobility, titles are mostly of the form [title] [ particle ] [name of the land]: for instance, Louis, duc d'Orléans ("Louis, duke of Orléans "), or simply Louis d'Orléans . Former president Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 's father had his surname legally changed from "Giscard" to "Giscard d'Estaing" in 1922, claiming
1148-479: A work environment. Also, contrary to English or German usage, it is considered impolite to address someone as monsieur X when talking to that person: a mere monsieur should be used, monsieur X being reserved for talking about M. X to another person . When speaking of someone, monsieur/madame given name family name , by far the most polite form of address, is generally reserved for the most solemn occasions. Monsieur/madame family name or given name family name
1230-449: Is r , which comes after e (the fourth letter of Aster ) in the alphabet. Those words themselves are ordered based on their sixth letters ( l , n and p respectively). Then comes At , which differs from the preceding words in the second letter ( t comes after s ). Ataman comes after At for the same reason that Aster came after As . Attack follows Ataman based on comparison of their third letters, and Baa comes after all of
1312-529: Is believed that the number of surnames in France at all times since 1990 has been between 800,000 and 1,200,000. The number of surnames is high proportional to the population; most surnames have many orthographic and dialectal variants (more than 40 for some), which were registered as entirely separate names around 1880 when " family vital records booklets " were issued. According to the Institute of Statistics ( INSEE ), more than 1,300,000 surnames were registered in
1394-416: Is customary that they adopt their husband's name as a "usage name" for daily life. This distinction is important because many official documents use the person's maiden, or legal or true surname, rather than their usage name. Some artists change their real name to their stage name, but truly changing one's last name, as opposed to adopting a usage name, is a quite complex legal process. In normal polite usage,
1476-533: Is determined by the first component. Thus, Marie-George Buffet has a given name considered as female because it begins with Marie , and George is spelled with a final -e like all the traditional French female given names, instead of Georges with -es for a male. The feminine component in male compound names is mostly Marie , as in Jean-Marie Vianney . In the past, some Frenchmen would have Marie or Anne as first name (example: Anne du Bourg ), which
1558-543: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles French surname French names typically consist of one or multiple given names , and a surname . One given name, usually the first, and the surname are used in a person's daily life, with the other given names used mainly in official documents. Middle names , in the English sense, do not exist. Initials are not used to represent second or further given names. Traditionally, most French people were given names from
1640-664: Is not done in French-speaking publications. Second and further given names, when given, typically honour a child's grandparents, great-grandparents, or other ancestors. The practice of giving two or even three names was fairly common until the early 20th century, but has since fallen out of fashion. Traditionally and historically, most people were given names from the Roman Catholic calendar of saints. Common names of this type are Jacques ( James ), Jean ( John ), Michel ( Michael ), Pierre ( Peter ), and Jean-Baptiste ( John
1722-413: Is now slightly out of fashion, except on formal invitation cards (in France, on a formal invitation card, the traditional formula is always a variant of "Madame Jean Dupont recevra..." . The traditional use of the first name of the woman's husband is now felt in this context as a way to include the husband as equally inviting alongside his wife, while keeping the tradition of reception being formally held by
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#17331160409531804-415: Is polite and used in normal formal occasions, as well as in the formal quality press ( Le Monde , Le Monde diplomatique , for example). By contrast, in colloquial usage the family names of personalities are used alone. Formally, a married or widowed woman can be called by the given name of her husband ( madame (given name of husband) family name or madame veuve (given name of husband) family name ); this
1886-551: Is socially accepted. One example of this is the custom of actors or singers to use a stage name . However, identity documents and other official documents will bear only the "real name" of the person. In some cases, people change their real name to their stage name; for example, the singer Patrick Bruel changed his name from his birth name of Benguigui . Another example of aliases being turned into true names: During World War II , some Resistance fighters (such as Lucie Aubrac ) and Jews fleeing persecution adopted aliases. Some kept
1968-423: Is still nowadays in practice in rare traditional Catholic families (but then the man will have other given names and one of those will be used in everyday life). Second or third given names, which usually are kept private, may also include names normally used by the opposite gender. For instance, in 2006, 81 Frenchmen have Brigitte among their given names, 97 Catherine , 133 Anne , and 204 Julie . In addition to
2050-497: Is thought to have created the world's first library catalog , known as the Pinakes , with scrolls shelved in alphabetical order of the first letter of authors' names. In the 1st century BC, Roman writer Varro compiled alphabetic lists of authors and titles. In the 2nd century CE, Sextus Pompeius Festus wrote an encyclopedic epitome of the works of Verrius Flaccus , De verborum significatu , with entries in alphabetic order. In
2132-546: Is used in daily life; any others are solely for official documents, such as passports or certificates. Thus, one always speaks of Jacques Chirac and never of Jacques René Chirac ; Henri Philippe Pétain is always referred to as Philippe Pétain , because Philippe was the given name that he used in daily life. Middle names in the English sense do not exist; initials are never used for second or further given names. For example, although English-speaking scientific publications may cite Claude Allègre as Claude J. Allègre , this
2214-593: The Army , the Gendarmerie and the Air Force are addressed as Mon [rank] by inferior ranks and deferential civilians. This usage is said not to be the possessive pronoun mon , but an abbreviation of monsieur : consequently, women are not referred to with mon , but with the rank alone (for example Général rather than mon Général ). As a punishment by Napoléon Bonaparte , Navy officers have not been addressed as mon since
2296-596: The Battle of Trafalgar . Confusingly, the title generally does not match the rank, but rather an equivalent rank in other forces: lieutenant is the form of address for an enseigne de vaisseau , capitaine for a lieutenant de vaisseau , and commandant for a capitaine de corvette , frégate , or vaisseau . The commanding officer of a ship is also addressed as commandant , regardless of his/her actual rank. In everyday written contexts, ranks are abbreviated. French people have at least one given name. Usually, only one of them
2378-498: The Council of State . Requests for such changes must be justified by some legitimate interest, for instance, changing from a foreign name difficult to pronounce in French to a simpler name, or changing from a name with unfavorable connotations. Alphabetical order Alphabetical order is a system whereby character strings are placed in order based on the position of the characters in
2460-576: The French Revolution . A traditional address to a crowd of people is Mesdames, Messieurs or Mesdames, Mesdemoiselles, Messieurs —whose order of words represents decreasing degrees of respect. An informal variant is Messieurs-Dames ; it is considered as ill-mannered by purists. It is normally impolite to address people by their given names unless one is a family member, a friend or a close colleague of comparable hierarchic importance. One also does not address people by their last name only unless in
2542-641: The Roman Catholic calendar of saints . However, given names for French citizens from immigrant communities are often from their own culture, and in modern France it has become increasingly common to use first names of (international) English or other foreign origin. Almost all traditional given names are gender-specific, but a few are not. Many female given names are feminine forms of traditional masculine French names. The prevalence of given names follows trends , with some names being popular in some years, and some considered out-of-fashion. Compound given names are not uncommon. (The second part may be one normally used by
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2624-521: The 3rd century CE, Harpocration wrote a Homeric lexicon alphabetized by all letters. The 10th century saw major alphabetical lexicons of Greek (the Suda ), Arabic ( Ibn Faris 's al-Mujmal fī al-Lugha ), and Biblical Hebrew ( Menahem ben Saruq 's Mahberet ). Alphabetical order as an aid to consultation flourished in 11th-century Italy, which contributed works on Latin ( Papias 's Elementarium ) and Talmudic Aramaic ( Nathan ben Jehiel 's Arukh ). In
2706-626: The 7th–6th centuries BCE. In the Book of Jeremiah , the prophet utilizes the Atbash substitution cipher , based on alphabetical order. Similarly, biblical authors used acrostics based on the (ordered) Hebrew alphabet . The first effective use of alphabetical order as a cataloging device among scholars may have been in ancient Alexandria, in the Great Library of Alexandria , which was founded around 300 BCE. The poet and scholar Callimachus , who worked there,
2788-936: The Baptist ) for males; and Marie ( Mary ), Jeanne ( Jane ), Marguerite ( Margaret ), Françoise ( Frances ), and Élisabeth ( Elizabeth ) for females. In certain regions such as Brittany or Corsica , more local names (usually of local saints) are often used (in Brittany, for instance, male Corentin or female Anne ; in Corsica, Ange (suitable both for males and females, French version corresponding to Corsican Angelo , Angela ). However, given names for French citizens from immigrant communities are often from their own culture, such as Mohammed, Karim , Saïd , Toufik , Jorge , etc. for males, Fatima , Fatoumata , etc. for females. Furthermore, in recent decades it has become common to use first names of English or other foreign origin, mainly in
2870-668: The Danish king Christian IX comes after his predecessor Christian VIII . Languages which use an extended Latin alphabet generally have their own conventions for treatment of the extra letters. Also in some languages certain digraphs are treated as single letters for collation purposes. For example, the Spanish alphabet treats ñ as a basic letter following n , and formerly treated the digraphs ch and ll as basic letters following c and l , respectively. Now ch and ll are alphabetized as two-letter combinations. The new alphabetization rule
2952-595: The South Shetland Islands [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Crépin . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crépin&oldid=1161590998 " Categories : Surnames French-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
3034-441: The above-described custom of using Marie for males, this is due to the habit of traditional Catholic French families to give children the names of their godmother and godfather: if there is no counterpart of the opposite gender for the name of the godparent who is not of the same sex as the child, generally the name of the godparent will be left as such. For instance, a male child born to a traditional Catholic family choosing for him
3116-481: The alias as a legal name after the war or added it to their name ( Jacques Chaban-Delmas ' name was Delmas , and Chaban was the last of his wartime aliases; his children were given the family surname Delmas). Legally changing one's last name, as opposed to adopting a usage name, is quite complex. Such changes have to be made official by a décret en Conseil d'État issued by the Prime Minister after approval by
3198-421: The alphabet, while this effect does not appear in fields in which bibliographies are ordered chronologically. If a phrase begins with a very common word (such as "the", "a" or "an", called articles in grammar), that word is sometimes ignored or moved to the end of the phrase, but this is not always the case. For example, the book " The Shining " might be treated as "Shining", or "Shining, The" and therefore before
3280-404: The alphabetical order is generally called a lexicographical order . To determine which of two strings of characters comes first when arranging in alphabetical order, their first letters are compared. If they differ, then the string whose first letter comes earlier in the alphabet comes before the other string. If the first letters are the same, then the second letters are compared, and so on. If
3362-594: The book title " Summer of Sam ". However, it may also be treated as simply "The Shining" and after "Summer of Sam". Similarly, " A Wrinkle in Time " might be treated as "Wrinkle in Time", "Wrinkle in Time, A", or "A Wrinkle in Time". All three alphabetization methods are fairly easy to create by algorithm, but many programs rely on simple lexicographic ordering instead. The prefixes M and Mc in Irish and Scottish surnames are abbreviations for Mac and are sometimes alphabetized as if
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3444-487: The change. Children in France were until 2005 required by law to take the surname of their father, unless the father was unknown and the child was given the family name of the mother. Since 2005, parents can give their children either of their names, or a hyphenation of both, subject to a limit of at most two hyphenated names. In case the two parents cannot come to an agreement, both of their family names are used and hyphenated in alphabetical order ; if one of them already has
3526-576: The child to mockery. To change a given name, a request can be made before a court ( juge des affaires familiales ), but except in a few specific cases (such as the Gallicization of a foreign name), it is necessary to prove a legitimate interest for the change (usually that the current name is a cause of mockery or when put together with the surname, it creates a ridiculous word or sentence, e.g.: Jean Bon sounds jambon "ham", or Annick Mamère = A nique ma mère , slang for "she fucks my mother"). It
3608-403: The chosen names (alone or in association with the last name) may be detrimental to the child's interests, or to the right of other families to protect their own family name, the registrar may refer the matter to the local prosecutor, who may choose to refer the matter to the local court. The court may then refuse the chosen names. Such refusals are rare and mostly concern given names that may expose
3690-418: The conventional ordering of an alphabet . It is one of the methods of collation . In mathematics, a lexicographical order is the generalization of the alphabetical order to other data types, such as sequences of numbers or other ordered mathematical objects . When applied to strings or sequences that may contain digits, numbers or more elaborate types of elements, in addition to alphabetical characters,
3772-405: The country between 1891 and 1990, and about 200,000 have disappeared (mainly unique orthographic variants). According to different estimates, 50 to 80 percent of French citizens may bear rare family names (fewer than 50 bearers alive at the census time). Not all family names are of French origin, as many families have some immigrant roots. In France, until 2005, children were required by law to take
3854-445: The double de La are. In other countries and languages, capitalisation may follow different rules. A common misconception is that particules indicate some noble or feudal origin of the name, but this is not always the case. Many non-noble people have particules in their names simply because they indicate the family's geographic origin. One example is Dominique de Villepin . French statesman Charles de Gaulle 's surname may not be
3936-721: The family name of the father or the mother or both family names. However, whichever form is used, a person's name must be used consistently on all identification documents, such as a passport or identity card. The list for France is different according to the sources. A list including the births between 1891 and 1990 shows : 1 – Martin , 2 – Bernard , 3 – Thomas , 4 – Petit , 5 – Robert , 6 – Richard , 7 – Durand , 8 – Dubois , 9 – Moreau , 10 – Laurent . A list of birth between 1966 and 1990 yields: 1 – Martin, 2 – Bernard, 3 – Thomas, 4 – Robert, 5 – Petit, 6 – Dubois, 7 – Richard, 8 – Garcia (Spanish), 9 – Durand, 10 – Moreau. This list masks strong regional differences in France and
4018-412: The first monolingual English dictionary , "Nowe if the word, which thou art desirous to finde, begin with (a) then looke in the beginning of this Table, but if with (v) looke towards the end". Although as late as 1803 Samuel Taylor Coleridge condemned encyclopedias with "an arrangement determined by the accident of initial letters", many lists are today based on this principle. The standard order of
4100-425: The first estate name (such as Viscount Philippe Le Jolis de Villiers de Saintignon, assuming in everyday life the name of Philippe de Villiers) or, in some cases, only the family name. Whether the family name or the estate name is used for the shortened form depends on a variety of factors: how people feel bearing a particule (people may for instance dislike the connotations of nobility that the particule entails; on
4182-484: The first of their names, if they each have a hyphenated name themselves. A 1978 declaration by the Council of Europe requires member governments to take measures to adopt equality of rights in the transmission of family names, a measure that was repeated by the United Nations in 1979. Similar measures were adopted by Germany (1976), Sweden (1982), Denmark (1983), Spain (1999), and Austria (2013). In France,
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#17331160409534264-447: The handling of strings containing spaces , modified letters, such as those with diacritics , and non-letter characters such as marks of punctuation . The result of placing a set of words or strings in alphabetical order is that all of the strings beginning with the same letter are grouped together; within that grouping all words beginning with the same two-letter sequence are grouped together; and so on. The system thus tends to maximize
4346-457: The increasing number of foreign names among the French citizens. Some French last names include a prefix called a particle (French: particule ), a preposition or article at the beginning of the name. The most widespread of these are de (meaning "of"), le or la ("the"), and Du or de La ("of the"). The capitalisation of particules can vary. In France, particles de , le and la are generally not capitalised, but Du and
4428-571: The language-specific conventions described above by tailoring its default collation table. Several such tailorings are collected in Common Locale Data Repository . The principle behind alphabetical ordering can still be applied in languages that do not strictly speaking use an alphabet – for example, they may be written using a syllabary or abugida – provided the symbols used have an established ordering. For logographic writing systems, such as Chinese hanzi or Japanese kanji ,
4510-411: The letters of the alphabet. Another method is for numbers to be sorted alphabetically as they would be spelled: for example 1776 would be sorted as if spelled out "seventeen seventy-six", and 24 heures du Mans as if spelled "vingt-quatre..." (French for "twenty-four"). When numerals or other symbols are used as special graphical forms of letters, as 1337 for leet or the movie Seven (which
4592-509: The letters were separate—"æther" and "aether" would be ordered the same relative to all other words. This is true even when the ligature is not purely stylistic, such as in loanwords and brand names. Special rules may need to be adopted to sort strings which vary only by whether two letters are joined by a ligature. When some of the strings contain numerals (or other non-letter characters), various approaches are possible. Sometimes such characters are treated as if they came before or after all
4674-463: The method of radical-and-stroke sorting is frequently used as a way of defining an ordering on the symbols. Japanese sometimes uses pronunciation order, most commonly with the Gojūon order but sometimes with the older Iroha ordering. In mathematics, lexicographical order is a means of ordering sequences in a manner analogous to that used to produce alphabetical order. Some computer applications use
4756-399: The modern ISO basic Latin alphabet is: An example of straightforward alphabetical ordering follows: Another example: The above words are ordered alphabetically. As comes before Aster because they begin with the same two letters and As has no more letters after that whereas Aster does. The next three words come after Aster because their fourth letter (the first one that differs)
4838-400: The name Germaine , which is generally associated with the idea of an elderly lady. However, as noted above, such old-fashioned names are frequently used as second or third given names, because in France the second or further given names are traditionally those of the godparents or the grandparents. Some older names, such as Suzanne , Violette , and Madeleine , have become fashionable again in
4920-422: The name Nicolas and whose godparents are called Christian and Véronique could be called Nicolas Christian Marie Véronique . First names are chosen by the child's parents. There are no legal a priori constraints on the choice of names nowadays, but this has not always been the case. The choice of given names, originally limited only by the tradition of naming children after a small number of popular saints,
5002-399: The name of a family line extinct since the French Revolution . Adding a particule was one way for people of non-noble origins to pretend they were nobles. In the 19th century, wealthy commoners buying nobility titles were derisively called Monsieur de Puispeu , a pun on depuis peu meaning "since recently". Similarly, during the French Revolution of 1789–1799, when being associated with
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#17331160409535084-556: The nobility was out of favor and even risky, some people dropped the de from their name, or omitted the mention of their feudal titles. In some cases, names with particules are made of a normal family name and the name of an estate (or even of several estates). Thus, Dominique de Villepin is Dominique Galouzeau de Villepin ; Hélie de Saint Marc is Hélie Denoix de Saint Marc (in both cases, omitting second or other given names). As in these examples, most people with such long family names shorten their name for common use, by keeping only
5166-465: The number of common initial letters between adjacent words. Alphabetical order was first used in the 1st millennium BCE by Northwest Semitic scribes using the abjad system. However, a range of other methods of classifying and ordering material, including geographical, chronological , hierarchical and by category , were preferred over alphabetical order for centuries. Parts of the Bible are dated to
5248-410: The opposite sex; the gender of the compound is determined by the first part.) First names are chosen by the child's parents. Nowadays, there are no legal a priori constraints on the choice of names, though this was not always the case as recently as a few decades ago. To change a given name, a request can be made before a court, but except in a few specific cases, one must prove a legitimate interest for
5330-400: The other hand, they may enjoy the impression of nobility), tradition, etc. For instance, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing is never referred to as "d'Estaing", probably because his particule is a recent addition to the family surname by his father. On the contrary, the press often simply refers to him as "Giscard". Traditionally, the particule de is omitted when citing the name of a person without
5412-422: The others because it has a different first letter. When some of the strings being ordered consist of more than one word, i.e., they contain spaces or other separators such as hyphens , then two basic approaches may be taken. In the first approach, all strings are ordered initially according to their first word, as in the sequence: In the second approach, strings are alphabetized as if they had no spaces, giving
5494-679: The popular classes of society, such as Kevin , Enzo , or Anthony (instead of Antoine in the upper classes) for males; for females, Jessica , Jennifer , Karine or Barbara (instead of Barbe , now out of fashion, because it sounds exactly the same as barbe "beard" as in the expression la barbe! "What a drag! / How boring!"). Also, females are often given names like Jacqueline and Géraldine that are feminine forms of traditional common masculine French names. The prevalence of given names follows trends , with some names being popular in some years, and some considered definitely out-of-fashion. As an example, few children born since 1970 would bear
5576-570: The pronunciation is the same but the spelling is different: Frédéric (m) / Frédérique (f). In medieval times, a woman was often named Philippe (Philippa), now an exclusively masculine name (Philip), or a male Anne (Ann), now almost exclusively feminine (except as second or third given name, mostly in Brittany). From the mid-19th century into the early 20th century, Marie was a popular first name for both men or women, however, before and after that period it has been almost exclusively given to women as
5658-693: The same as the base letter for alphabetical ordering purposes. For example, rôle comes between rock and rose , as if it were written role . However, languages that use such letters systematically generally have their own ordering rules. See § Language-specific conventions below. In most cultures where family names are written after given names , it is still desired to sort lists of names (as in telephone directories) by family name first. In this case, names need to be reordered to be sorted correctly. For example, Juan Hernandes and Brian O'Leary should be sorted as "Hernandes, Juan" and "O'Leary, Brian" even if they are not written this way. Capturing this rule in
5740-576: The second half of the 12th century, Christian preachers adopted alphabetical tools to analyse biblical vocabulary. This led to the compilation of alphabetical concordances of the Bible by the Dominican friars in Paris in the 13th century, under Hugh of Saint Cher . Older reference works such as St. Jerome 's Interpretations of Hebrew Names were alphabetized for ease of consultation. The use of alphabetical order
5822-441: The sequence: The second approach is the one usually taken in dictionaries , and it is thus often called dictionary order by publishers . The first approach has often been used in book indexes , although each publisher traditionally set its own standards for which approach to use therein; there was no ISO standard for book indexes ( ISO 999 ) before 1975. In French, modified letters (such as those with diacritics ) are treated
5904-452: The spelling is Mac in full. Thus McKinley might be listed before Mackintosh (as it would be if it had been spelled out as "MacKinley"). Since the advent of computer-sorted lists, this type of alphabetization is less frequently encountered, though it is still used in British telephone directories. The prefix St or St. is an abbreviation of "Saint", and is traditionally alphabetized as if
5986-463: The spelling is Saint in full. Thus in a gazetteer St John's might be listed before Salem (as if it would be if it had been spelled out as "Saint John's"). Since the advent of computer-sorted lists, this type of alphabetization is less frequently encountered, though it is still sometimes used. Ligatures (two or more letters merged into one symbol) which are not considered distinct letters, such as Æ and Œ in English, are typically collated as if
6068-469: The surname of their father. If the father was unknown, the child was given the family name of the mother. Since 2005, article 311-21 of the French Civil code permits parents to give their children the father's name, the mother's name, or a hyphenation of both: although no more than two names can be hyphenated. In cases of disagreement, both parents' family names are hyphenated, in alphabetic order, with only
6150-528: The upper class and in the upper middle class. Others such as Jean , Pierre , Louis , and François never really went out of fashion. Alexandre (Alexander) was never very popular, but is not uncommon in middle and upper classes. Almost all traditional given names are gender-specific. However, a few given names, such as Dominique (see above: completely gender-neutral), Claude (traditionally masculine), and Camille (traditionally masculine, now mostly feminine ), are given to both males and females; for others,
6232-433: The votes he receives as le vote Villiers . However, this usage is now losing ground to a more egalitarian treatment of surnames; it is, for instance, commonplace to hear people talking of de Villiers . Note that American English language medial capital spellings such as DeVilliers are never used in France. A French woman retains her birth name when she marries. In some cases, a woman may take her husband's name as
6314-426: The wife. In the workplace or in academic establishments, particularly in a male-dominated environment, it is quite common to refer to male employees by their family name only, but to use madame or mademoiselle before the names of female employees. A military officer is addressed by his rank (and under no circumstance by monsieur , but a group of officers can be addressed by plural messieurs ). Male officers of
6396-436: Was initially resisted by scholars, who expected their students to master their area of study according to its own rational structures; its success was driven by such tools as Robert Kilwardby 's index to the works of St. Augustine , which helped readers access the full original text instead of depending on the compilations of excerpts which had become prominent in 12th century scholasticism . The adoption of alphabetical order
6478-467: Was issued by the Royal Spanish Academy in 1994. These digraphs were still formally designated as letters but they are no longer so since 2010. On the other hand, the digraph rr follows rqu as expected (and did so even before the 1994 alphabetization rule), while vowels with acute accents ( á, é, í, ó, ú ) have always been ordered in parallel with their base letters, as has the letter ü . In
6560-523: Was part of the transition from the primacy of memory to that of written works. The idea of ordering information by the order of the alphabet also met resistance from the compilers of encyclopaedias in the 12th and 13th centuries, who were all devout churchmen. They preferred to organise their material theologically – in the order of God's creation, starting with Deus (meaning God). In 1604 Robert Cawdrey had to explain in Table Alphabeticall ,
6642-408: Was restricted by law at the end of the 18th century, could be accepted. Much later, actually in 1966, a new law permitted a limited number of mythological, regional or foreign names, substantives (Olive, Violette), diminutives, and alternative spellings. Only in 1993 were French parents given the freedom to name their child without any constraint whatsoever. However, if the birth registrar thinks that
6724-505: Was stylised as Se7en ), they may be sorted as if they were those letters. Natural sort order orders strings alphabetically, except that multi-digit numbers are treated as a single character and ordered by the value of the number encoded by the digits. In the case of monarchs and popes , although their numbers are in Roman numerals and resemble letters, they are normally arranged in numerical order: so, for example, even though V comes after I,
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