71-504: (Redirected from Cp ) [REDACTED] Look up CP or cp. in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. CP , cp. or its variants may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media [ edit ] Cariyapitaka (Cp), a canonical Buddhist story collection The Canadian Press , a Canadian news agency Child pornography The Christian Post , an American newspaper Coldplay ,
142-464: A low birth weight . In those who are born with a weight between 1 kg (2.2 lbs) and 1.5 kg (3.3 lbs) CP occurs in 6%. Among those born before 28 weeks of gestation it occurs in 8%. Genetic factors are believed to play an important role in prematurity and cerebral palsy generally. In those who are born between 34 and 37 weeks the risk is 0.4% (three times normal). In babies who are born at term risk factors include problems with
213-415: A British pop rock band Competitive programming Club Penguin , a now defunct online multiplayer game Creepypasta , a form of internet horror story Cyberpunk , a subgenre of science fiction Enterprises [ edit ] Transportation companies [ edit ] Canadian Airlines (1987–2001) (IATA airline code CP) Canadian Pacific Railway , reporting mark CP Cebu Pacific ,
284-715: A Chinese publishing company Connaught Place, New Delhi , a commercial centre in India Curious Pastimes , a UK-based gaming company Government, law, and military [ edit ] Captain of the Parish , a (now mainly ceremonial) appointment in the Isle of Man (post-nominal letters CP) Central Powers , a military alliance before and during World War I, led by the German Empire Certified Paralegal , an American legal qualification Civil parish ,
355-460: A Hong Kong–based major airline Other enterprises [ edit ] C.P. Company , an Italian apparel brand Cedar Point , an amusement park in Sandusky, Ohio, United States Charoen Pokphand (C.P. Group), a Thai agribusiness conglomerate Chicago Pneumatic , an American manufacturer of tools and equipment Colgate-Palmolive , an American consumer goods company Commercial Press ,
426-406: A Philippine airline company Central Pacific Railroad , a network of lines between California and Utah, US Chemins de Fer de Provence , a French public railway company Comboios de Portugal , a Portuguese state-owned train company CP Air or Canadian Pacific Air Lines (1942–1987), a Canadian airline CP Ships , a Canadian shipping company, part of TUI Group Cathay Pacific ,
497-407: A body Other uses in science and technology [ edit ] Cathodic protection , a technique used to control the corrosion of a metal surface Cellphone , a portable telephone device Clock pulse , a signal type in electronics Complementizer phrase , in linguistics, the syntactic head of a full clause Continental Polar (cP), in meteorology, a type of air mass Control point,
568-423: A data serialisation format Mathematics [ edit ] Cauchy problem , in partial differential equations Complex projective space (CP), the projective space with respect to the field of complex numbers Mallows's C p , a statistic used in model selection Process capability index , ( C p ), a statistical measure of process capability Physics [ edit ] Candlepower (cp),
639-502: A difficult delivery, and head trauma during the first few years of life. New studies suggest that inherited genetic causes play a role in 25% of cases, where formerly it was believed that 2% of cases were genetically determined. Sub-types are classified, based on the specific problems present. For example, those with stiff muscles have spastic cerebral palsy , poor coordination in locomotion have ataxic cerebral palsy , and writhing movements have dyskinetic cerebral palsy . Diagnosis
710-423: A first-generation alkylamine antihistamine Creatine phosphate , a chemical used to store phosphates in the body Cyclophosphamide , a medication to suppress the immune system Computing [ edit ] cp (Unix) , a UNIX command for copying files and directories Certificate policy , outlining (non)-intended uses of a digital certificate Circuit Probe, a method of wafer testing Code page ,
781-576: A higher risk of respiratory failure . For bones to attain their normal shape and size, they require the stresses from normal musculature. People with cerebral palsy are at risk of low bone mineral density . The shafts of the bones are often thin (gracile), and become thinner during growth. When compared to these thin shafts ( diaphyses ), the centres ( metaphyses ) often appear quite enlarged (ballooning). Due to more than normal joint compression caused by muscular imbalances, articular cartilage may atrophy, leading to narrowed joint spaces. Depending on
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#1732854938645852-399: A measure of luminous intensity Centipoise (cP), a unit of viscosity CP symmetry , in particle physics, the product of charge conjugation and parity C p , the specific heat capacity at constant pressure Pressure coefficient (C p ), a parameter for studying the flow of fluids Center of pressure (fluid mechanics) , the point where the total sum of a pressure field acts on
923-406: A more severe Gross Motor Function Classification System assessment in particular are considered risk factors for multimorbidity . Other medical issues can be mistaken for being symptoms of cerebral palsy, and so may not be treated correctly. Related conditions can include apraxia , sensory impairments, urinary incontinence , fecal incontinence , or behavioural disorders. Seizure management
994-470: A political party that advocates communism through state policy Congestion pricing Customer profitability , the profit a firm makes from serving a customer Member of the Passionists , a Roman Catholic religious order (post-nominal letters C.P.) compare, a directive to the reader to compare to a cited source (used interchangeably with "cf."); see List of Latin abbreviations Clipperton Island ,
1065-472: A proposed chemical symbol for the element Copernicium (Cn) Counterpoise method, a way to correct for basis set superposition error in quantum chemistry Cross-polarization Cyclopentadienyl ligand (Cp), read as "C P", the cyclic C 5 H 5 fragment in a coordination complex The similar symbol Cp* ("C P star") represents pentamethylcyclopentadienyl , the C 5 Me 5 ligand Drugs [ edit ] Chlorphenamine ,
1136-464: A section of track where switches and signals control trains within a centralized traffic control Other uses [ edit ] Adobe Captivate , an Adobe software C. P. (name) , shared by several notable individuals Camp (disambiguation) Central provinces (disambiguation) (C.P.) Central Provinces (1861–1936), a former province of India, succeeded by Central Provinces and Berar (1936–1950), corresponding to Madhya Pradesh in
1207-415: A small jawbone, or a small head sometimes occur along with CP. Symptoms may appear or change as a child gets older. Babies born with cerebral palsy do not immediately present with symptoms. Classically, CP becomes evident when the baby reaches the developmental stage at 6 to 9 months and is starting to mobilise, where preferential use of limbs, asymmetry, or gross motor developmental delay is seen. Drooling
1278-456: A table identifying the character set used to encode a set of glyphs Constraint programming , a programming paradigm wherein relations between variables are stated in the form of constraints Control Program, part of an operating system of the late 1960s; see CP/CMS Connection pool , a cache of database connections The 'Content Profile' in the NISO standard Content Profile/Linked Document ,
1349-792: A territory with exceptional country code CP Montenegrin Party ( Crnogorska partija ), a political party in Serbia Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title CP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CP&oldid=1252483189 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing French-language text Articles containing Portuguese-language text Articles containing Latin-language text Short description
1420-583: A very reliable indicator of malnutrition in children with cerebral palsy. Due to challenges in feeding, evidence has shown that children with cerebral palsy are at a greater risk of malnutrition. Speech and language disorders are common in people with cerebral palsy. The incidence of dysarthria is estimated to range from 31% to 88%, and around a quarter of people with CP are non-verbal. Speech problems are associated with poor respiratory control, laryngeal and velopharyngeal dysfunction, and oral articulation disorders that are due to restricted movement in
1491-406: Is a developmental disability . Once a person is diagnosed with cerebral palsy, further diagnostic tests are optional. Neuroimaging with CT or MRI is warranted when the cause of a person's cerebral palsy has not been established. An MRI is preferred over CT, due to diagnostic yield and safety. When abnormal, evidence from neuroimaging may suggest the timing of the initial damage. The CT or MRI
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#17328549386451562-416: Is a small risk associated with sedating children to facilitate a clear MRI. The age when CP is diagnosed is important, but medical professionals disagree over the best age to make the diagnosis. The earlier CP is diagnosed correctly, the better the opportunities are to provide the child with physical and educational help, but there might be a greater chance of confusing CP with another problem, especially if
1633-405: Is also capable of revealing treatable conditions, such as hydrocephalus , porencephaly , arteriovenous malformation , subdural hematomas and hygromas , and a vermian tumour (which a few studies suggest are present 5–22% of the time). Furthermore, abnormalities detected by neuroimaging may indicate a high likelihood of associated conditions, such as epilepsy and intellectual disability. There
1704-656: Is also classified according to the topographic distribution of muscle spasticity. This method classifies children as diplegic , (bilateral involvement with leg involvement greater than arm involvement), hemiplegic (unilateral involvement), or quadriplegic (bilateral involvement with arm involvement equal to or greater than leg involvement). Spastic cerebral palsy is the type of cerebral palsy characterized by spasticity or high muscle tone often resulting in stiff, jerky movements. Itself an umbrella term encompassing spastic hemiplegia , spastic diplegia , spastic quadriplegia and – where solely one limb or one specific area of
1775-482: Is also common where eating difficulties exist, caused by undetected aspiration of food or liquids. Fine finger dexterity, like that needed for picking up a utensil, is more frequently impaired than gross manual dexterity, like that needed for spooning food onto a plate. Grip strength impairments are less common. Children with severe cerebral palsy, particularly with oropharyngeal issues, are at risk of undernutrition . Triceps skin fold tests have been found to be
1846-1019: Is based on the child's development. Blood tests and medical imaging may be used to rule out other possible causes. Some causes of CP are preventable through immunization of the mother, and efforts to prevent head injuries in children such as improved safety. There is no known cure for CP, but supportive treatments, medication and surgery may help individuals. This may include physical therapy , occupational therapy and speech therapy . Mouse NGF has been shown to improve outcomes and has been available in China since 2003. Medications such as diazepam , baclofen and botulinum toxin may help relax stiff muscles. Surgery may include lengthening muscles and cutting overly active nerves . Often, external braces and Lycra splints and other assistive technology are helpful with mobility. Some affected children can achieve near normal adult lives with appropriate treatment. While alternative medicines are frequently used, there
1917-604: Is between 21% and 64%. Higher levels of impairment on the GMFCS are associated with scoliosis and hip dislocation. Scoliosis can be corrected with surgery, but CP makes surgical complications more likely, even with improved techniques. Hip migration can be managed by soft tissue procedures such as adductor musculature release. Advanced degrees of hip migration or dislocation can be managed by more extensive procedures such as femoral and pelvic corrective osteotomies . Both soft tissue and bony procedures aim at prevention of hip dislocation in
1988-597: Is characterized by abnormal muscle tone , reflexes, or motor development and coordination. The neurological lesion is primary and permanent while orthopedic manifestations are secondary to high muscle tone and progressive. In cerebral palsy with high muscle tone, unequal growth between muscle-tendon units and bone eventually leads to bone and joint deformities. At first, deformities are dynamic. Over time, deformities tend to become static, and joint contractures develop. Deformities in general and static deformities in specific ( joint contractures ) cause increasing gait difficulties in
2059-604: Is common among children with cerebral palsy, which can have a variety of impacts including social rejection, impaired speaking, damage to clothing and books, and mouth infections. It can additionally cause choking. An average of 55.5% of people with cerebral palsy experience lower urinary tract symptoms , more commonly excessive storage issues than voiding issues. Those with voiding issues and pelvic floor overactivity can deteriorate as adults and experience upper urinary tract dysfunction . Children with CP may also have sensory processing issues. Adults with cerebral palsy have
2130-480: Is common and may result from the inherent deficits associated with the condition, along with the numerous procedures children typically face. When children with cerebral palsy are in pain, they experience worse muscle spasms. Pain is associated with tight or shortened muscles, abnormal posture, stiff joints, unsuitable orthosis , etc. Hip migration or dislocation is a recognizable source of pain in CP children and especially in
2201-510: Is common in children with CP. Children with CP may have too little or too much sensitivity around and in the mouth. Poor balance when sitting, lack of control of the head, mouth, and trunk, not being able to bend the hips enough to allow the arms to stretch forward to reach and grasp food or utensils, and lack of hand-eye coordination can make self-feeding difficult. Feeding difficulties are related to higher GMFCS levels. Dental problems can also contribute to difficulties with eating. Pneumonia
CP - Misplaced Pages Continue
2272-811: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages CP">CP The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Cerebral palsy Cerebral palsy ( CP ) is a group of movement disorders that appear in early childhood. Signs and symptoms vary among people and over time, but include poor coordination, stiff muscles , weak muscles , and tremors . There may be problems with sensation , vision , hearing , and speech . Often, babies with cerebral palsy do not roll over, sit, crawl or walk as early as other children. Other symptoms may include seizures and problems with thinking or reasoning . While symptoms may get more noticeable over
2343-503: Is due to abnormal development or damage occurring to the developing brain. This damage can occur during pregnancy, delivery, the first month of life, or less commonly in early childhood. Structural problems in the brain are seen in 80% of cases, most commonly within the white matter . More than three-quarters of cases are believed to result from issues that occur during pregnancy. Most children who are born with cerebral palsy have more than one risk factor associated with CP. Cerebral palsy
2414-427: Is intention (action) tremor , which is especially apparent when carrying out precise movements, such as tying shoe laces or writing with a pencil. This symptom gets progressively worse as the movement persists, making the hand shake. As the hand gets closer to accomplishing the intended task, the trembling intensifies, which makes it even more difficult to complete. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy (sometimes abbreviated DCP)
2485-561: Is more difficult in people with CP as seizures often last longer. Epilepsy and asthma are common co-occurring diseases in adults with CP. The associated disorders that co-occur with cerebral palsy may be more disabling than the motor function problems. Managing respiratory illnesses in children with severe CP is considered complex due to the need to manage oropharyngeal dysphagia of both food/drink and saliva, gastroesophageal reflux , motor disorders, upper airway obstruction during sleep, malnutrition, among other factors. Cerebral palsy
2556-422: Is no evidence to support their use. Potential treatments are being examined, including stem cell therapy . However, more research is required to determine if it is effective and safe. Cerebral palsy is the most common movement disorder in children, occurring in about 2.1 per 1,000 live births. It has been documented throughout history, with the first known descriptions occurring in the work of Hippocrates in
2627-579: Is not contagious and cannot be contracted in adulthood. CP is almost always developed in utero, or prior to birth. While in certain cases there is no identifiable cause, typical causes include problems in intrauterine development (e.g. exposure to radiation, infection, fetal growth restriction ), hypoxia of the brain (thrombotic events, placental insufficiency , umbilical cord prolapse ), birth trauma during labor and delivery, and complications around birth or during childhood. In Africa birth asphyxia , high bilirubin levels , and infections in newborns of
2698-407: Is often found in the child before they are 1 year old, or also before they are four or five. In addition to these, functional gastrointestinal abnormalities contributing to bowel obstruction, vomiting, and constipation may also arise. Adults with cerebral palsy may have ischemic heart disease , cerebrovascular disease , cancer , and trauma more often. Obesity in people with cerebral palsy or
2769-420: Is primarily associated with damage to the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra in the form of lesions that occur during brain development due to bilirubin encephalopathy and hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. DCP is characterized by both hypertonia and hypotonia , due to the affected individual's inability to control muscle tone. Clinical diagnosis of DCP typically occurs within 18 months of birth and
2840-415: Is primarily based upon motor function and neuroimaging techniques. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy is an extrapyramidal form of cerebral palsy. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy can be divided into two different groups; choreoathetosis and dystonia . Choreo-athetotic CP is characterized by involuntary movements, whereas dystonic CP is characterized by slow, strong contractions, which may occur locally or encompass
2911-439: Is sometimes genetic and can cause ataxic cerebral palsy . After birth, other causes include toxins, severe jaundice , lead poisoning , physical brain injury, stroke , abusive head trauma , incidents involving hypoxia to the brain (such as near drowning ), and encephalitis or meningitis . Infections in the mother, even those not easily detected, can triple the risk of the child developing cerebral palsy. Infection of
CP - Misplaced Pages Continue
2982-453: Is under-recognized in children with cerebral palsy, even though three out of four children with cerebral palsy experience pain. Adults with CP also experience more pain than the general population. Associated disorders include intellectual disabilities , seizures, muscle contractures , abnormal gait, osteoporosis , communication disorders, malnutrition, sleep disorders, and mental health disorders, such as depression and anxiety. Epilepsy
3053-569: The Communication Function Classification System , and the Eating and Drinking Ability Classification System have been proposed to describe those functions. There are three main CP classifications by motor impairment: spastic, ataxic, and dyskinetic. Additionally, there is a mixed type that shows a combination of features of the other types. These classifications reflect the areas of the brain that are damaged. Cerebral palsy
3124-525: The 5th century BCE. Extensive study began in the 19th century by William John Little , after whom spastic diplegia was called "Little's disease". William Osler first named it "cerebral palsy" from the German zerebrale Kinderlähmung (cerebral child-paralysis). Cerebral palsy is defined as "a group of permanent disorders of the development of movement and posture, causing activity limitation, that are attributed to non-progressive disturbances that occurred in
3195-414: The CP gene Congenital prosopagnosia , a type of inability to recognize faces Chronic pancreatitis Chemistry [ edit ] Capensinidin (Cp), a blue-red plant dye Carbon monophosphide , a diatomic radical chemical compound Cassiopium (Cp), a name formerly used for the chemical element Lutetium Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes Cp,
3266-450: The ability to walk. The effects of cerebral palsy fall on a continuum of motor dysfunction, which may range from slight clumsiness at the mild end of the spectrum to impairments so severe that they render coordinated movement virtually impossible at the other end of the spectrum. Babies born with severe cerebral palsy often have irregular posture; their bodies may be either very floppy or very stiff. Birth defects, such as spinal curvature,
3337-632: The adolescent population. Nevertheless, the adequate scoring and scaling of pain in CP children remains challenging. Pain in CP has a number of different causes, and different pains respond to different treatments. There is also a high likelihood of chronic sleep disorders secondary to both physical and environmental factors. Children with cerebral palsy have significantly higher rates of sleep disturbance than typically developing children. Babies with cerebral palsy who have stiffness issues might cry more and be harder to put to sleep than non-disabled babies, or "floppy" babies might be lethargic. Chronic pain
3408-454: The body is affected – spastic monoplegia. Spastic cerebral palsy affects the motor cortex of the brain, a specific portion of the cerebral cortex responsible for the planning and completion of voluntary movement. Spastic CP is the most common type of overall cerebral palsy, representing about 80% of cases. Botulinum toxin is effective in decreasing spasticity . It can help increase range of motion which could help mitigate CPs effects on
3479-509: The central nervous system are main cause. Many cases of CP in Africa could be prevented with better resources available. Between 40% and 50% of all children who develop cerebral palsy were born prematurely. Most of these cases (75–90%) are believed to be due to issues that occur around the time of birth, often just after birth. Multiple-birth infants are also more likely than single-birth infants to have CP. They are also more likely to be born with
3550-431: The child is 18 months of age or younger. Infants may have temporary problems with muscle tone or control that can be confused with CP, which is permanent. A metabolism disorder or tumors in the nervous system may appear to be CP; metabolic disorders, in particular, can produce brain problems that look like CP on an MRI. Disorders that deteriorate the white matter in the brain and problems that cause spasms and weakness in
3621-551: The child is 36 months of age before making a diagnosis because, by that age, motor capacity is easier to assess. CP is classified by the types of motor impairment of the limbs or organs, and by restrictions to the activities an affected person may perform. The Gross Motor Function Classification System -Expanded and Revised and the Manual Ability Classification System are used to describe mobility and manual dexterity in people with cerebral palsy, and recently
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#17328549386453692-450: The child's mobility, speech and language, hearing, vision, gait, feeding and digestion are also useful to determine the extent of the disorder. Early diagnosis and intervention are seen as being a key part of managing cerebral palsy. Machine learning algorithms facilitate automatic early diagnosis, with methods such as deep neural network and geometric feature fusion producing high accuracy in predicting cerebral palsy from short videos. It
3763-460: The context of sporting activities. Hip dislocation and ankle equinus or plantar flexion deformity are the two most common deformities among children with cerebral palsy. Additionally, flexion deformity of the hip and knee can occur. Torsional deformities of long bones such as the femur and tibia are also encountered, among others. Children may develop scoliosis before the age of 10 – estimated prevalence of scoliosis in children with CP
3834-475: The degree of spasticity, a person with the spastic form of CP may exhibit a variety of angular joint deformities. Because vertebral bodies need vertical gravitational loading forces to develop properly, spasticity and an abnormal gait can hinder proper or full bone and skeletal development. People with CP tend to be shorter in height than the average person because their bones are not allowed to grow to their full potential. Sometimes bones grow to different lengths, so
3905-669: The developing fetal or infant brain." While movement problems are the central feature of CP, difficulties with thinking, learning, feeling, communication and behavior often co-occur, with 28% having epilepsy , 58% having difficulties with communication, at least 42% having problems with their vision, and 23–56% having learning disabilities . Muscle contractions in people with cerebral palsy-related high muscle tone are commonly thought to arise from overactivation. Although most people with CP have problems with increased muscle tone, some have low muscle tone instead. High muscle tone can either be due to spasticity or dystonia . Cerebral palsy
3976-575: The early phases or aim at hip containment and restoration of anatomy in the late phases of disease. Equinus deformity is managed by conservative methods especially when dynamic. If fixed/static deformity ensues surgery may become mandatory. Growth spurts during puberty can make walking more difficult for people with CP and high muscle tone. Due to sensory and motor impairments, those with CP may have difficulty preparing food, holding utensils, or chewing and swallowing. An infant with CP may not be able to suck, swallow or chew. Gastro-oesophageal reflux
4047-458: The fetal membranes known as chorioamnionitis increases the risk. Intrauterine and neonatal insults (many of which are infectious) increase the risk. Rh blood type incompatibility can cause the mother's immune system to attack the baby's red blood cells. It has been hypothesised that some cases of cerebral palsy are caused by the death in very early pregnancy of an identical twin. The diagnosis of cerebral palsy has historically rested on
4118-461: The first years of life, underlying problems do not worsen over time. Cerebral palsy is caused by abnormal development or damage to the parts of the brain that control movement, balance, and posture. Most often, the problems occur during pregnancy, but may occur during childbirth or shortly afterwards. Often, the cause is unknown. Risk factors include preterm birth , being a twin , certain infections or exposure to methylmercury during pregnancy,
4189-456: The form of tip-toeing gait , due to tightness of the Achilles tendon, and scissoring gait , due to tightness of the hip adductors. These gait patterns are among the most common gait abnormalities in children with cerebral palsy. However, orthopaedic manifestations of cerebral palsy are diverse. Additionally, crouch gait (also described as knee flexion gait) is prevalent among children who possess
4260-407: The growing bones of children. There may be an improvement in motor functions in the children and ability to walk. however, the main benefit derived from botulinum toxin A comes from its ability to reduce muscle tone and spasticity and thus prevent or delay the development of fixed muscle contractures. Ataxic cerebral palsy is observed in approximately 5–10% of all cases of cerebral palsy, making it
4331-451: The least frequent form of cerebral palsy. Ataxic cerebral palsy is caused by damage to cerebellar structures. Because of the damage to the cerebellum , which is essential for coordinating muscle movements and balance, patients with ataxic cerebral palsy experience problems in coordination, specifically in their arms, legs, and trunk. Ataxic cerebral palsy is known to decrease muscle tone. The most common manifestation of ataxic cerebral palsy
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#17328549386454402-612: The legs, may be mistaken for CP if they first appear early in life. However, these disorders get worse over time, and CP does not (although it may change in character). In infancy it may not be possible to tell the difference between them. In the UK, not being able to sit independently by the age of 8 months is regarded as a clinical sign for further monitoring. Fragile X syndrome (a cause of autism and intellectual disability) and general intellectual disability must also be ruled out. Cerebral palsy specialist John McLaughlin recommends waiting until
4473-546: The lowest tier of government in England Command Post , in military terminology Commissioner of Police , the top-ranking officer of the Police Force Consejo popular , an electoral ward of Cuba. Science and technology [ edit ] Biology and medicine [ edit ] Cerebral palsy Certified Prosthetist , an American medical qualification Ceruloplasmin , an enzyme encoded by
4544-405: The main early symptoms of CP. Symptoms and diagnosis typically occur by the age of two, although depending on factors like malformations and congenital issues, persons with milder forms of cerebral palsy may be over the age of five, if not in adulthood, when finally diagnosed. Cognitive assessments and medical observations are also useful to help confirm a diagnosis. Additionally, evaluations of
4615-797: The oral-facial muscles. There are three major types of dysarthria in cerebral palsy: spastic, dyskinetic (athetotic), and ataxic. Early use of augmentative and alternative communication systems may assist the child in developing spoken language skills. Overall language delay is associated with problems of cognition, deafness , and learned helplessness . Children with cerebral palsy are at risk of learned helplessness and becoming passive communicators, initiating little communication. Early intervention with this clientele, and their parents, often targets situations in which children communicate with others so that they learn that they can control people and objects in their environment through this communication, including making choices, decisions, and mistakes. Pain
4686-468: The person may have one leg longer than the other. Children with CP are prone to low trauma fractures , particularly children with higher Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels who cannot walk. This further affects a child's mobility, strength, and experience of pain, and can lead to missed schooling or child abuse suspicions. These children generally have fractures in the legs, whereas non-affected children mostly fracture their arms in
4757-433: The person's history and physical examination and is generally assessed at a young age. A general movements assessment , which involves measuring movements that occur spontaneously among those less than four months of age, appears most accurate. Children who are more severely affected are more likely to be noticed and diagnosed earlier. Abnormal muscle tone, delayed motor development and persistence of primitive reflexes are
4828-399: The placenta, birth defects , low birth weight, breathing meconium into the lungs , a delivery requiring either the use of instruments or an emergency Caesarean section , birth asphyxia, seizures just after birth, respiratory distress syndrome , low blood sugar , and infections in the baby. As of 2013 , it was unclear how much of a role birth asphyxia plays as a cause. It is unclear if
4899-442: The post-partition republic Central Provinces and Berar Circuit or C. P.-Berar Circuit, a Hindi film distribution circuit comprising parts of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Maharashtra Ceteris paribus ( cp ), a Latin phrase commonly rendered as "all other things being equal" Colored people see also colored people's time Commercial paper , in global finance, a type of promissory note Communist party ,
4970-446: The size of the placenta plays a role. As of 2015 it is evident that in advanced countries, most cases of cerebral palsy in term or near-term neonates have explanations other than asphyxia. Cerebral palsy is not commonly considered a genetic disease. About 2% of all CP cases are expected to be inherited, with glutamate decarboxylase-1 being one of the possible enzymes involved. Most inherited cases are autosomal recessive . However,
5041-417: The vast majority of CP cases are connected to brain damage during birth and in infancy. There is a small percentage of CP cases caused by brain damage that stemmed from the prenatal period, which is estimated to be less than 5% of CP cases overall. Moreover, there is no one reason why some CP cases come from prenatal brain damage, and it is not known if those cases have a genetic basis. Cerebellar hypoplasia
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