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77-484: The Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians are descended from several different historical tribal entities, including Upper Umpqua Targunsans , Milwaletas , Takelmas , and possibly some Southern Molallas . The Cow Creek band were seasonally migratory, making use of permanent winter encampments and moving villages in pursuit of food sources during the warmer months. In October 1855, the Rogue River War erupted in

154-578: A weir , stopping the salmon from swimming any further, and then the fish were pulled out of the water with a scoop. Suckers were caught in fish traps as they descended peripheral streams. Most salmon was smoked on a fire, and some of it was stored underground in pits. Other salmon was boiled in hot water to get oil. Birds were often hunted with nets. Men used several methods to capture big game. Groups of men would surround and drive deer or elk towards other hunters or into traps. Trapping pits and snares were also used. Reliance on big game depended greatly on

231-400: A 90% reduction in population at this time. The 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic devastated the coast as well as some parts of the interior. While there was some minor violence, serious armed conflicts did not begin until the mass migration of European Americans to the southern portion of the plateau region, starting in the 1840s. Through a series of treaties and conflicts, including

308-505: A few years later by Alexander Ross and David Thompson . All commented on the dress, diet and generally peaceful nature of the inhabitants. In the following decades, several trading posts were established in the area, including the long-lived Fort Nez Perce , Fort Colville , Fort Okanogan , and Fort Kamloops . Several more epidemics hit the area with the Lower Columbia area being the hardest hit. Some Chinook and Kalapuya groups saw

385-439: A peak above. They covered this with tule mats or tree bark. Earth was piled up around and partially over the structure to provide insulation to the semi-subterranean shelter. The large winter lodges were shared by several families; they were rectangular at the base and triangular above. They were built with several layers of tule; as the top layers of tule absorbed moisture, they swelled to keep moisture from reaching lower layers and

462-539: A story told by the Molala of the world once being entirely covered in water. As the world ocean receded, Mount Hood became exposed first and latter the Willamette Valley. A prominent story is the creation of the Molala people, told by Stephen Savage to Gatschet in 1877. One day near Mount Hood, Coyote encountered Grizzly Bear, who challenged them to a duel. Rather than combat, Coyotes suggests on seeing who could eat

539-418: Is a plant in the lily family with blue flowers, whose bulbs were dug for food. The white flowering death camas, zygadenus venenosus, is a different but related species also in the lily family, and can be deadly poisonous. For safety reasons, Plateau peoples gathered these bulbs while aerial parts were still growing in order to correctly identify the edible species. They dug these bulbs with deer antlers. Women in

616-473: Is extinct. Currently it is included among the Plateau Penutian language family , with Klamath and Sahaptin being considered the closest related. Prior to the introduction of horses in the 1820s-1830s, Molala contact with their neighbors appears to have been slight. They resided between several divergent cultural areas which were shaped by distinct ecological regions. Among the bordering peoples were

693-886: The Burke and Whatcom Museums of Washington , and the Museum of the Oregon Territory of Oregon City, Oregon . Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Plateau , also referred to by the phrase Indigenous peoples of the Plateau , and historically called the Plateau Indians (though comprising many groups) are Indigenous peoples of the Interior of British Columbia , Canada, and

770-461: The Cascades Rapids women wore grass skirts. Women on the southern plateau wore basketry hats. Over time, plateau people generally adopted clothes inspired by plains culture, including buckskin dresses and feathered headgear. Today, Native people still make traditional clothing, bags, baskets, and other items. Although some knowledge of traditional arts have been lost as times change, practicing

847-657: The Cayuse War , Yakima War , Coeur d'Alene War , Modoc War , and Nez Perce War , natives on the southern plateau were confined on reservations and their traditional lifestyle was largely disrupted. Plateau peoples generally self-identified by their wintering village or band, as opposed to a tribe. Intermarrying between groups was common and in many cases encouraged. Different groups shared hunting and foraging ranges. After European contact, natives were classified into tribes led by chiefs, in order to facilitate negotiation and land settlements. Commonly recognized plateau tribes include

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924-694: The Chilcotin and Carrier , occupy the northernmost part of the Plateau region. The First Nations of the Plateau were influenced by the First Nations of the Pacific Coast. The Plateau First Nations traded many goods with the Pacific Coast First Nations. The Pacific tribes believed in clan ancestors which were adopted by the Interior Salish groups, but they did not adopt the social system. In

1001-578: The Deschutes River at Sherars Falls . According to Murdock, sometime in the early 19th century, coveting this bountiful resource, Tenino warriors forced the Molala to flee to the western Cascades. During the 1960s, Rigsby interviewed several informants at the Warm Springs Reservation to match Murdock's narrative. No one recalled stories of conflict with the Molala, or of their supposed eviction from Tygh Valley. One informant stated that after

1078-560: The Nez Perce language . Traditional Plateau cuisine include wild plants, fish, especially salmon , and game. Plateau peoples often had seasonal villages or encampment in different areas to take full advantage of the wild foods. Women gathered a large variety of edible vegetables and fruits, including camassia , bitterroot , kouse root , serviceberry , chokecherry , huckleberry , and wild strawberry . Camas lily bulbs were an important but dangerous staple. Common camas, camassia quamash,

1155-523: The Northern Paiute . The Molala perhaps visited but didn't permanently inhabit the area during the 19th century. Molala society was centered upon winter villages. Usually these were composed of a single extended family and placed in low-elevation locations. Winter homesteads were made of red cedar and western hemlock planks and semi-subterranean. Summer homes were unexcavated and composed of either thatch or bark. When seasonal resources became available

1232-811: The Wasco and Tenino , and mulé•lis by the Kalapuyans . The Tenino additionally referred to the Molalas as łytilpam and táytilpam , likely borrowed by the Cayuse as tlĭ-tŭn-pŭm . The Molalas were called kúikni by the Klamath . Molala territory once stretched across the Western Cascades ; from Mount Hood and the Molalla River in the north to the Rogue headwaters in

1309-432: The bald eagle , coyotes , and bobcats . Steelhead and Chinook salmon were captured by either basket traps or harpoons. Once gathered the meat was dried and stored for future consumption. A number of plant resources were utilized seasonally by the Molala. In their western territories were prairies of camas bulbs , an important caloric source. Found in the drier prairies, hazelnuts and tarweed seeds were gathered in

1386-677: The Columbia River, chiefly about Mounts Hood and Jefferson." In 1928 James Teit presented the idea that the Molala once resided in Tygh Valley . He claimed pressure from the Northern Paiute forced the Molala to relocate to the Western Cascades. Joel V. Berreman accepted Teit's hypothesis and in 1937 expanded upon it. The three informants used by Teit were appraised as being invalid by other scholars. None were descendants or related to

1463-562: The Cow Creek Band. The tribe survived by intermarrying with Métis fur trappers. In 1910, the Cow Creek Band made its first attempt to regain a portion of its homeland through the legislative process. A bill was passed to compensate the tribe in 1932, only to be vetoed by President Herbert Hoover . Litigation commenced in 1936, with the Band in the case Rogue River Tribe of Indians v. United States (64 F. Supp. 339, Ct. Cl.). A second hearing

1540-746: The Fraser River Valley from Lillooet to Alexandria, the upper parts of the Thompson River basin, and areas further east; the Okanagan of the Okanagan River Valley and its vicinity; also the Lakes people of the Arrow Lakes. The Kutenai tribe, who live in the southeastern parts of British Columbia and formerly extended to southwestern Alberta , speak an isolate language. Athapaskan -speaking people,

1617-628: The Grand Ronde Reservation. In 1857, settlers located around Molalla complained about the nearby Grand Ronde Reservation: "[Natives are] constantly annoying the settlers by passing to and fro over our premises, leaving fences down, and occasionally committing petit larcenies...The fact is, these Indians are a nuisance..." Reportedly in November 1870 an outbreak of smallpox spread among the Molala residing in Clackamas County . To avoid

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1694-725: The Kalapuya to west in the Willamette Valley, the Upper Chinookans to north on the Columbia River, and the Klamath to the southeast. Upper Chinookan crafted canoes were particularly sought after by the Northern Molala. Head flattening was practiced to bolster the desirability of their women to the Chinookans. While some intermarriage with Kalapuyans was reported, the Molala attacked them for slaves. The Klamath people were intimately close to

1771-749: The Molala reside on the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon , Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians , and the Klamath Tribes . In the 1950s 141 of the 882 Grand Ronde Reservation members claimed Molala descent. The designation Molala is considered to have originated from the Clackamas muláliš . Variants in written literature include Molalla , Molallie, Mólale , Molále , Molele , Moolalle . Related terms used by neighboring indigenous included mólališ by

1848-453: The Molala, enough to "suggest contact between these two groups throughout the entire area of Molala occupation." The Southern Molala exchanged buckskins in return for Klamath crafted beads and wocus seeds . Groups of armed men called the haylúnci , "upstreamers", occasionally attacked Molala settlements for slaves These slavers were from the Cayuse and Nez Perce peoples. Gatschet reported

1925-532: The Molala, Northern Paiute, or the Tenino. According to George Murdock this didn't "constitute an adequate basis for a definitive reconstruction of the history" of these native societies. In the 1930s Tenino informants of the Warm Springs Reservation told Murdock that Molalas once had a winter village in Tygh Valley. Large quantities of Sockeye salmon and Columbia River redband trout were gathered every spring along

2002-548: The Molalla Indians. They named this place from our tribe. When I was a boy there were many of my people here Now they are all gone. My hat of deerskin and flicker feathers belonged to my grandfather. But he and the old times are gone." In September 1913 Yelkes was found dead with head injuries. Two months later in November, a Clackamas County grand jury issued a warrant for Harry Clark, a mixed race native. The coroner upon examination of Yelkes' body felt he died from alcohol. In

2079-558: The Northern fork of the Molalla River and was held in high regard by neighboring settlers. In September 1913, during festivities in the town of Molalla, Yelkes was the guest of honor. The event was held to celebrate the opening of passenger rail service by the Portland, Eugene & Eastern Railway Company. Before the assembled crowds, the otherwise reserved Yelkes spoke: "I am the last of

2156-567: The Rogue and Umpqua Rivers along the bases of Crater Lake and Mount McLoughlin . They were called tulǽyaŋsi , far-off people, by the Northern Molala, while the Klamath referred to them as čakġe•nkni• , " Serviceberry -Area-People " or " People of the Serviceberry Tract ." Molala of the Santiam River are called the "Upper Santiam Molala" by ethnologists to differentiate them from

2233-693: The Santiam River. There were 121 or 123 Molalas total between the two groups. Because these agreements allowed for the Kalapuyans and Molala to retain portions of the Willamette Valley, settlers protested the Dart Treaties. Their complaints reached the US Congress, which subsequently refused to approve the Treaties. Dart resigned in consequence, leaving the issue of Molala sovereignty unresolved. Joel Palmer

2310-673: The Snake river through Hells Canyon. The Cayuse homeland is the Blue Mountains and the valleys of the rivers that flow from them. The Molala inhabited the eastern side of the cascade mountains in Oregon. The Klamath people inhabited the upper Klamath River basin and had close contact with people from the California cultural area , though their lifestyle and language were more characteristic of plateau culture. The Columbia River below Celilo Falls

2387-674: The United States, Interior Salish people inhabited the Columbia River and its tributaries above Priest Rapids , near present-day Mattawa . Sahaptin people inhabited the Columbia River and its tributaries between Priest Rapids and Celilo Falls near the Dalles, Oregon and up the Snake River to near the Washington - Idaho border. The Nez Perce inhabited the Clearwater and Salmon River basins and

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2464-428: The Willamette Valley occurred. Fears arose that a force of Klamath were incoming to sack settler homesteads. After a day however a group of Molalas informed the fearful settlers no conflict with the Klamath was imminent. During the winter of 1855-1856 the Northern Molala and Upper Santiam Molala were forced to relocate to the newly established Grand Ronde Reservation. In 1889 there were reportedly 31 Molalas residing on

2541-516: The Willamette Valley. Among the Treaties drafted by Dart were two for the Molala. In exchange for yielding much of their territory, on 6 May, the Northern Molala agreed to payments of goods, cash, and a reservation centered on the Molalla River eastwards to the Cascades. On the following day the Upper Santiam Molala agreed to similar terms, with a reservation going from Mt. Jefferson westward to

2618-404: The amount of salmon available. Hunting provided less than ten percent of food for some Chinook and Sahaptin groups on the Columbia River. Further upstream there was greater reliance on hunting. Plateau tribes excelled in the art of basketry. They most commonly used hemp dogbane , tule, sagebrush , or willow bark. These materials were also used to make hats, bedding, nets, and cordage. Basketry

2695-533: The area and the peoples of the Cow Creek Band fled for safety in the hills, joining others there who similarly faced removal from their traditional homeland for concentration on the Grand Ronde Reservation located to the north. This relocation proved inevitable however, and in January 1856 the bulk of the Cow Creek Band was moved to Grand Ronde, many forced to walk beside the inadequate 8 wagons appropriated for

2772-552: The area. They were semi-subterranean pit-houses , with well insulated roofs. Logs were carved into steps at the entrances. Dried food was stored outside these winter houses. In the summer, the Salishan people lived in tule mat houses. Other tribes made their homes out of pieces of cedar or spruce bark. The slanted roofs of cedar homes extended near to the ground, while the spruce-bark houses resembles to adjacent tents. Plateau people wore many types of clothing which changed over time. In

2849-450: The east of the mountains. Dart started negotiations with the various Willamette Valley natives in Spring 1851 at Champoeg . He was unable to get anyone to agree to removal into Eastern Oregon. The general lack of knowledge of available food resources in the unfamiliar region caused much of the protest. Going against his initial orders, Dart eventually acquiesced to establishing reservations in

2926-459: The east, and moved onto the plateau in late pre-historic times. Outside influences began changing life on the plateau decades before the first direct contact with Europeans. There is strong evidence the smallpox epidemic of the 1770s spread across the plateau region, greatly reducing the population. Members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition were the first Europeans to encounter plateau natives, followed

3003-589: The economic ventures of the Cow Creek Band is the Seven Feathers Hotel & Casino Resort , located at Canyonville, Oregon. Molala people The Molala are a Native American people of Oregon that originally resided in the Western Cascades . There are few recorded sources about the Molala, the majority being unpublished manuscripts. This assortment includes the works of Albert S. Gatschet , Franz Boas , Leo J. Frachtenberg , Philip Drucker , Melville Jacobs , and Leslie Spier . Descendants of

3080-469: The family would separate into smaller groups to exploit and gather them. Due to these population trends leadership among the Molala was in turn quite decentralized, localized, and task-orientated. The wealthiest individuals of a village were referred to as yaʔqánt by the Molala or simply chiefs by settlers. Assistance to relatives was the primary source of yaʔqánt influence. Ownership of slaves and horses, along with animal hides and dentalium crafts , were

3157-621: The fish runs ended in the Willamette Valley , certain Molala would travel to Sherars Falls to continue fishing. After a decade of work among the Wascos and Sahaptins of Warm Springs, David H. French determined that Sahaptin inhabitation of Tygh Valley and utilization of the Deschutes Watershed predated the 19th century. Both French and Rigsby concluded the regional resources were jointly used by Sahaptin speakers, Wasco-Wishram peoples, and

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3234-609: The following: Plateau tribes primarily spoke Interior Salish languages in the north and Plateau Penutian languages in the south. Chinookan languages were spoken on the lower Columbia and Kalapuyan languages were spoken in the Willamette valley. These are often classified as Penutian languages , but this classification is not universally agreed upon. In the northernmost portion of the plateau Athabaskan languages were spoken. Each of these language families consisted of multiple languages that were not mutually intelligible . Many of

3311-462: The future was bright with hope for the Indians. He urged his people to seize the opportunities that surround them and make the most of them." In September 1919 Williams led a group of 60 Siletz residents to Independence . There, they were joined by 50 Grand Ronde members, and the group participated in the annual hop harvest. Henry Yelkes was one of the last Molala yaʔqánt. He maintained a homestead on

3388-525: The individual languages had several dialects with significant differences. The Ktunaxa speak the Kutenai language , which is a language isolate . The Cayuse language died out shortly after European contact and is poorly documented. It is sometimes called an isolate, and sometimes classified as Penutian, most closely related to the Molala language . Even before relocation onto reservations, many Cayuse had adopted

3465-512: The inside of the lodge. In later years, the people used canvas instead of tule mats. Beginning in the 18th century, Plateau peoples adopted tipis from the Plains Indians. They were made of a pole framework, covered with animal skins or mats woven from reeds. Each month, women would stay temporary in round menstrual huts, measuring about 20 feet (6.1 m) in diameter. Interior Salish winter homes are distinct from those of First Nations in

3542-429: The last known Cayuse raid occurred in the late 1820s. A Molala man of social prominence was killed in the attack. A Clackamas man served as an intermediary between the Molala and the Cayuse raiders to arrange for a battle. In the ensuing two day skirmish the Molalas considered themselves victorious. Only a few Molala myths remain extant, recorded by ethnographers in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Boas recounts

3619-446: The most hot stones. However, instead of ingesting rocks, Coyote ate wild strawberries. After eating five hot stones Grizzly Bear died and Coyote studied the corpse: He skinned Grizzly, then began cutting him up; he scattered his body in little pieces all over. Then to the Molala country he threw the heart. He said, "Now the Molala will be good hunters: they will all be good men, thinking and studying about hunting deer. They will think all

3696-507: The most important resource exploited" by the Molala peoples. While they employed pitfalls and snares, most big game hunting was accomplished by bow and arrow. Hunting dogs were trained to pursue game as well. Klamath informants told Spier that Molala dogs were small, "with short legs, the hind legs crooked. They were short-haired, had erect ears, short faces, with sometimes black marks on the upper eyelids..." A number of other animals were hunted, not for sustenance but for feathers or fur, such as

3773-573: The move. Some refused to leave, however, with half the Milwaleta people dying of starvation and exposure when they remained in the hills. Several indigenous people were shot during armed forays into the hills in search of stragglers. The mountainous terrain near today's Canyonville provided cover for some, however, and efforts in May 1856 by Oregon Indian Agent James P. Day and in 1860 by the re-activaed United States Army failed to round up remaining members of

3850-533: The neighboring Santiam Kalapuyans. Franz Boas recorded čimbú•ihe as a native settlement outside Albany , which was later reported by Albert S. Gatschet as a Molala village located on the Santiam headwaters. The Northern Molala principally were concentrated in the Molalla River watershed. The only recorded Northern Molala autonym is lá•ti•wi , used to mean both " Molala person" and " Molala people" . Roosevelt elk and Black-tailed deer were "economically

3927-644: The non-coastal regions of the Northwestern United States. Their territories are located in the inland portions of the basins of the Columbia and Fraser Rivers . These tribes mainly live in parts of the Central and Southern Interior of British Columbia , northern Idaho , western Montana , eastern Washington , eastern Oregon , and northeastern California . The eastern flank of the Cascade Range lies within

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4004-403: The northern region, the women wore buckskin shirts, breech cloths, leggings, and moccasins, and the men wore longer shirts. Winter clothing was made out of rabbit, groundhog, or other animals' fur. Along the Columbia River among the Chinook and Sahaptin, both men and women typically wore just a breech cloth in warm weather. A short robe or cape and leggings would be added in cooler weather. Below

4081-423: The ongoing Cayuse War , which provoked settler paranoia of indigenous violence. The Klamath were asked to leave, but they refused. Local Molala headman Crooked Finger protected the right for Klamath to reside among their Molala relatives. After a series of thefts, an armed group of settlers killed several Klamath and forced them to flee eastwards into the Cascade Mountains. One late 19th century account misremembered

4158-424: The opening ceremonies of the 1915 Siletz Fair, a Molala headman named John Williams delivered an address that was described by the Lincoln County Leader as "eloquent, patriotic and impressive." The newspaper continued to detail Williams' speech: "He was proud of his Indian blood and urged his people to stand by their race. Fifty years of education and training has made the Indians capable of citizenship. He thought

4235-399: The plateau. This process was still occurring at the time of European contact. Around 1730, horses were introduced onto the plateau from the Great Basin and were first adopted by the Cayuse and Nez Perce. This greatly changed the range and lifestyle of these groups. This transition was still underway when Europeans arrived. According to their oral tradition, the Kutenai people originated to

4312-502: The prehistory of the plateau region can be partially reconstructed by a combination of oral traditions, linguistics and archeological evidence. There is archeological evidence of human presence on the plateau for at least 12,000 years. The Marmes Rockshelter and Kennewick Man are two examples of early human presence. Over time human technologies adapted to the unique environment. Earth ovens near camas meadows have been found that are up to 8,000 years old. Around 4,000 years ago, there

4389-414: The primary sources of wealth in Molala society. The Molala were initially separated into two groups by scholars, although evidence of a third division exists. However, little is recorded of the linguistic and cultural diversity among the Molala peoples. The three reported groupings are the Southern Molala, the Upper Santiam Molala, and the Northern Molala. The Southern Molala inhabited the headwaters of

4466-409: The settler violence, some Southern Molala moved onto the Klamath Reservation during the mid-19th century. In April 1870, a Molala resident of the Klamath Reservation named Spike attempted to kill three people, succeeding in murdering one Klamath. He was captured and presented to Agency officials. After a short trial Spike was executed by hanging. In 1881 there 55 Molalas living among the Klamath. At

4543-430: The south. Dense forests of western hemlock , Douglas fir , and western red cedar inundated the region. Fire was utilized by the Molala to create openings in these dense stands for preferred food resources. In his 1846 work Hale placed the Molala as largely between the Deschutes River and the Eastern Cascades. In 1891 John Wesley Powell considered the Molala to have once "occupied a belt of mountain country south of

4620-406: The subsequent trial the jury concluded there was a lack of evidence tying Clark to the death of Yelkes. Clark was released in January 1914. A private collection of Molala artifacts located in Mt Angel in 1931 included 535 flint arrowheads, an 8 inch tomahawk head, and an assortment of beadwork. As of 2008, Molala produced beaded moccasins and woven baskets were on display at the British Museum ,

4697-420: The summer and autumn. Camas bulbs were baked in earth ovens , dried, blended with hazelnuts, and stored in sacks. To east, in the higher elevations of the Cascades, Mountain Huckleberries were collected in the late summer; alongside the Cascade Blueberry , the Oval-leaf Huckleberry , and the Red Huckleberry . After being gathered huckleberries would be dried. Located nearby Crater Lake, Huckleberry Mountain

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4774-401: The territory of the Plateau peoples. There are several distinguishing features that differentiate plateau culture from the surrounding native cultures. These include a high reliance on roots, such as biscuitroot and camas , as a food source, a high reliance on short duration salmon and eel runs , and long-term habitation of winter villages at fixed locations along rivers or lakes. There

4851-448: The time they are on a hunt." In late March 1848, settlers burnt down a Molala headman's household who was out hunting. William T'Vault admonished the violence for creating tension with the natives of the Willamette Valley. The violence was in retaliation for a visiting Klamath having stolen "some article of trifling value..." During the Spring 1848, eighty Klamath people arrived in contemporary Clackamas county . This occurred during

4928-404: The tribe cooked the roots in a shallow pit filled up with hot stones. When the ground around the stones was hot enough, the stones were removed, and bulbs were placed in the hole to cook overnight. Plateau women made berry cakes using Saskatoon berries or huckleberries . The berries were dried on racks covered with leaves. Most plateau groups also gathered a lichen ( Bryoria fremontii ), which

5005-470: The tribes on the plains east of the Rocky Mountains for bison meat and hides. Groups of hunters rode far to hunt bison, deer , and elk . In the spring and fall, salmon would swim up rivers from the Pacific Ocean. Plateau fishermen learned many ways to trap salmon. Dipnets , gaffs , or gigs were used depending on the fishing spot. On primary rivers, seine nets were used in spots where salmon or eels were known to congregate. Stakes were lined up to make

5082-403: The use of metal items such as pots, needles, and guns acquired from trade with Europeans. Plateau housing included longhouses roofed with summer tule mats. Tule, used for many purposes, is a tall, tough reed that grows in marshy areas and is sometimes called bulrush . For winter quarters, the people dug a pit a few feet into the ground and constructed a framework of poles over it, meeting in

5159-499: The violence as between settlers and Molala, rather than the Klamath. During June 1848 a group of Molala or Klamath were suspected of stealing clothing and a horse. A militia was formed and pursued the group of natives, who abandoned the settler's horse and two horses of their own. In 1850 Anson Dart was appointed Oregon Superintendent of Indian Affairs . Federal orders were for the various native peoples residing west of Cascades to be forcibly relocated to reservations established to

5236-405: The way for a lawsuit against the government on the basis that the amount paid by the federal government for tribal lands was unconscionably low. On December 29, 1982, an act of Congress granted the Cow Creek Tribal recognition. In the 21st century, the Cow Creek Band of Umpqua Tribe of Indians is one of nine federally recognized tribal governments in Oregon and includes nearly 1400 members. Among

5313-401: Was a lack of social stratification and a lack of tribal organization beyond the village level. In Canada, the greater part of the Interior Plateau was inhabited by Interior Salish peoples: the Lillooet tribe whose homelands are in the Lillooet River Valley; the Thompson First Nations , whose homelands are in the Fraser River Valley from Yale to Lillooet; the Secwepemc (Shuswap) of

5390-434: Was a shift in the archeological record from small bands to larger semi-sedentary villages, and a shift towards root processing tools, hallmarks of plateau culture. Linguists and oral traditions point to several comparatively recent movements of people. According to language comparisons, the interior Salish peoples expanded onto the plateau from the vicinity of the lower Fraser River. This expansion reached as far as Montana,

5467-399: Was complete around 1,500 years ago. Likewise, Athabaskans on the plateau are part of a relatively recent expansion from northern Canada and Alaska, as recently as 1,000 years ago. The Kalapuya people spread into the Willamette Valley, likely from the south, in the last 1,000 years. The recent expansion of Numic people across the Great Basin displaced several groups on the southern edge of

5544-462: Was cooked in pits similar to, and sometimes together with, camas. Gathering and processing of wild plants by the women is still a traditional way of life among many of the people of these tribes today. The men supplemented the diet by hunting and fishing, with salmon making up a major part of their food supply. When horses were introduced to the area, the world of the Plateau people expanded after they adopted use of horses, allowing them to trade with

5621-561: Was held four years later (89 F. Supp. 789, Ct. Cl.). Only two of the 17 tribes participating in these cases were successful, however, and the claim of the Cow Creek Band was dismissed. Decades of litigation followed, marked by a series of legal defeats based on aspects of the law surrounding the Indian Claims Commission . This was reversed on May 26, 1980, however, when the United States Congress passed legislation paving

5698-773: Was inhabited by Chinook people . Chinook people on the lowest portion of the Columbia are considered part of the Northwest Coast . Sahaptin groups also lived in Western Washington on the Mashel River and upper Cowlitz River . The Willamette Valley was inhabited by the Kalapuya people . Having no major salmon run, their culture was somewhat different from other plateau people, maintaining oak savannas similar to many California natives. While plateau people kept no written records,

5775-657: Was particularly important because plateau tribes used no pottery. Water was boiled in baskets by inserting heated stones. Ancestors of the Plateau Indians created the oldest known shoes in the world, the Fort Rock sandals , made of twined sagebrush and dated between 10,390 and 9650 years BP . Tools were made from wood, stone and bone. Arrows for hunting were made from wood and tipped with arrow-heads chipped from special rocks. Antlers from animals were used for digging roots. In addition to their traditional tools, they later adopted

5852-607: Was the "single-most important berry-gathering area" for the Southern Molala and Klamath. Edible berries in the vicinity include the Littleleaf Huckleberry , Western Blueberry , Manzanita Berry , Wild Strawberry , Black Twinberry , Evergreen Blackberry , Blackcap Raspberry , Thimbleberry , Blue Elderberry , Red Elderberry , Wax Currant , and Rose hips from the local Wild Rose . Molala made composite bows from Pacific Yew and sinew . The Molala language

5929-676: Was the next Superintendent who negotiated a series of Treaties with Oregon Natives that were largely approved by the Federal Government. At Dayton in January 1855 he oversaw a series of negotiations that resulted in the Willamette Valley Treaty. Among others, the Northern and Upper Santiam Molala agreed to abandon the Willamette Valley in favor of a location selected by Palmer. The agreement was ratified by Congress in March 1855. In Autumn 1855 "the last Indian scare of any importance" in

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