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28-471: Countenance is a synonym for face or facial expression , but may also refer to: [REDACTED] Look up countenance in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Countenance divine , or divine countenance , a reference to the literal or metaphorical "face of God" Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran , called Operation Countenance, the 1941 joint invasion of Iran by

56-500: A long arm is not the same as an extended arm ). Synonyms are also a source of euphemisms . Metonymy can sometimes be a form of synonymy: the White House is used as a synonym of the administration in referring to the U.S. executive branch under a specific president. Thus, a metonym is a type of synonym, and the word metonym is a hyponym of the word synonym . The analysis of synonymy, polysemy , hyponymy, and hypernymy

84-567: A form of onoma ( ὄνομα 'name'). Synonyms are often from the different strata making up a language. For example, in English, Norman French superstratum words and Old English substratum words continue to coexist. Thus, today there exist synonyms like the Norman-derived people , liberty and archer , and the Saxon-derived folk , freedom and bowman . For more examples, see

112-479: A helpful conceptual aid. The difference between homonyms and polysemes is subtle. Lexicographers define polysemes within a single dictionary lemma , while homonyms are treated in separate entries, numbering different meanings (or lemmata). Semantic shift can separate a polysemous word into separate homonyms. For example, check as in "bank check" (or Cheque ), check in chess, and check meaning "verification" are considered homonyms, while they originated as

140-533: A single word derived from chess in the 14th century. Psycholinguistic experiments have shown that homonyms and polysemes are represented differently within people's mental lexicon : while the different meanings of homonyms (which are semantically unrelated) tend to interfere or compete with each other during comprehension, this does not usually occur for the polysemes that have semantically related meanings. Results for this contention, however, have been mixed. For Dick Hebdige , polysemy means that, "each text

168-612: Is coinages , which may be motivated by linguistic purism . Thus, the English word foreword was coined to replace the Romance preface . In Turkish, okul was coined to replace the Arabic-derived mektep and mederese , but those words continue to be used in some contexts. Synonyms often express a nuance of meaning or are used in different registers of speech or writing. Various technical domains may employ synonyms to convey precise technical nuances. Some writers avoid repeating

196-404: Is zeugma : if one word seems to exhibit zeugma when applied in different contexts , it is probable that the contexts bring out different polysemes of the same word. If the two senses of the same word do not seem to fit, yet seem related, then it is probable that they are polysemous. This test again depends on speakers' judgments about relatedness, which means that it is not infallible, but merely

224-421: Is inherent to taxonomy and ontology in the information science senses of those terms. It has applications in pedagogy and machine learning , because they rely on word-sense disambiguation . The word is borrowed from Latin synōnymum , in turn borrowed from Ancient Greek synōnymon ( συνώνυμον ), composed of sýn ( σύν 'together, similar, alike') and - ōnym - ( -ωνυμ- ),

252-404: Is not an infallible test for polysemy, and dictionary writers also often defer to speakers' intuitions to judge polysemy in cases where it contradicts etymology. English has many polysemous words. For example, the verb "to get " can mean "procure" ( I'll get the drinks ), "become" ( she got scared ), "understand" ( I get it ) etc. In linear or vertical polysemy, one sense of a word is a subset of

280-468: Is seen to generate a potentially infinite range of meanings," making, according to Richard Middleton , "any homology, out of the most heterogeneous materials, possible. The idea of signifying practice —texts not as communicating or expressing a pre-existing meaning but as 'positioning subjects' within a process of semiosis —changes the whole basis of creating social meaning". Charles Fillmore and Beryl Atkins' definition stipulates three elements: (i)

308-399: Is the capacity for a sign (e.g. a symbol , a morpheme , a word , or a phrase ) to have multiple related meanings. For example, a word can have several word senses . Polysemy is distinct from monosemy , where a word has a single meaning. Polysemy is distinct from homonymy —or homophony —which is an accidental similarity between two or more words (such as bear the animal, and

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336-443: Is the idea of predicate transfer —the reassignment of a property to an object that would not otherwise inherently have that property. Thus, the expression " I am parked out back " conveys the meaning of "parked" from "car" to the property of "I possess a car". This avoids incorrect polysemous interpretations of "parked": that "people can be parked", or that "I am pretending to be a car", or that "I am something that can be parked". This

364-404: The context long time or extended time are synonymous, but long cannot be used in the phrase extended family . Synonyms with exactly the same meaning share a seme or denotational sememe , whereas those with inexactly similar meanings share a broader denotational or connotational sememe and thus overlap within a semantic field . The former are sometimes called cognitive synonyms and

392-720: The list of Germanic and Latinate equivalents in English . Loanwords are another rich source of synonyms, often from the language of the dominant culture of a region. Thus, most European languages have borrowed from Latin and ancient Greek, especially for technical terms, but the native terms continue to be used in non-technical contexts. In East Asia , borrowings from Chinese in Japanese , Korean , and Vietnamese often double native terms. In Islamic cultures, Arabic and Persian are large sources of synonymous borrowings. For example, in Turkish , kara and siyah both mean 'black',

420-500: The Germanic term only as a noun, but has Latin and Greek adjectives: hand , manual (L), chiral (Gk); heat , thermal (L), caloric (Gk). Sometimes the Germanic term has become rare, or restricted to special meanings: tide , time / temporal , chronic . Many bound morphemes in English are borrowed from Latin and Greek and are synonyms for native words or morphemes: fish , pisci- (L), ichthy- (Gk). Another source of synonyms

448-545: The United Kingdom and the Soviet Union See also [ edit ] All pages with titles beginning with Countenance All pages with titles containing Countenance Continents Count (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Countenance . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

476-626: The former being a native Turkish word, and the latter being a borrowing from Persian. In Ottoman Turkish , there were often three synonyms: water can be su (Turkish), âb (Persian), or mâ (Arabic): "such a triad of synonyms exists in Ottoman for every meaning, without exception". As always with synonyms, there are nuances and shades of meaning or usage. In English, similarly, there often exist Latin (L) and Greek (Gk) terms synonymous with Germanic ones: thought , notion (L), idea (Gk); ring , circle (L), cycle (Gk). English often uses

504-502: The latter, near-synonyms, plesionyms or poecilonyms. Some lexicographers claim that no synonyms have exactly the same meaning (in all contexts or social levels of language) because etymology , orthography , phonic qualities, connotations , ambiguous meanings, usage , and so on make them unique. Different words that are similar in meaning usually differ for a reason: feline is more formal than cat ; long and extended are only synonyms in one usage and not in others (for example,

532-459: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Countenance&oldid=838889278 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Synonym Words may often be synonymous in only one particular sense : for example, long and extended in

560-448: The other. These are examples of hyponymy and hypernymy , and are sometimes called autohyponyms. For example, 'dog' can be used for 'male dog'. Alan Cruse identifies four types of linear polysemy: In non-linear polysemy, the original sense of a word is used figuratively to provide a different way of looking at the new subject. Alan Cruse identifies three types of non-linear polysemy: There are several tests for polysemy, but one of them

588-440: The relatedness, judgments of polysemy can be difficult to make. Because applying pre-existing words to new situations is a natural process of language change, looking at words' etymology is helpful in determining polysemy but not the only solution; as words become lost in etymology, what once was a useful distinction of meaning may no longer be so. Some seemingly unrelated words share a common historical origin, however, so etymology

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616-514: The same headword ) and enter homonyms as separate headwords (usually with a numbering convention such as ¹bear and ²bear ). According to the Oxford English Dictionary , the three most polysemous words in English are run , put , and set , in that order. A polyseme is a word or phrase with different, but related, senses . Since the test for polysemy is the vague concept of

644-502: The same as he died , yet my passport has expired cannot be replaced by my passport has died . A thesaurus or synonym dictionary lists similar or related words; these are often, but not always, synonyms. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of synonym at Wiktionary Polysemy Polysemy ( / p ə ˈ l ɪ s ɪ m i / or / ˈ p ɒ l ɪ ˌ s iː m i / ; from Ancient Greek πολύ- (polý-)  'many' and σῆμα (sêma)  'sign')

672-422: The same word in close proximity, and prefer to use synonyms: this is called elegant variation . Many modern style guides criticize this. Synonyms can be any part of speech , as long as both words belong to the same part of speech. Examples: Synonyms are defined with respect to certain senses of words: pupil as the aperture in the iris of the eye is not synonymous with student . Similarly, he expired means

700-436: The time or place in which the activity occurs or has occurred. Sometimes only one of those meanings is intended, depending on context , and sometimes multiple meanings are intended at the same time. Other types are derivations from one of the other meanings that leads to a verb or activity. This example shows the specific polysemy where the same word is used at different levels of a taxonomy . A lexical conception of polysemy

728-404: The various senses of a polysemous word have a central origin, (ii) the links between these senses form a network, and (iii) understanding the 'inner' one contributes to understanding of the 'outer' one. One group of polysemes are those in which a word meaning an activity, perhaps derived from a verb, acquires the meanings of those engaged in the activity, or perhaps the results of the activity, or

756-413: The verb bear ); whereas homonymy is a mere linguistic coincidence, polysemy is not. In discerning whether a given set of meanings represent polysemy or homonymy, it is often necessary to look at the history of the word to see whether the two meanings are historically related. Dictionary writers often list polysemes (words or phrases with different, but related, senses) in the same entry (that is, under

784-426: Was developed by B. T. S. Atkins , in the form of lexical implication rules. These are rules that describe how words, in one lexical context, can then be used, in a different form, in a related context. A crude example of such a rule is the pastoral idea of "verbizing one's nouns": that certain nouns, used in certain contexts, can be converted into a verb, conveying a related meaning. Another clarification of polysemy

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