The Costa Mesa Sanitary District is a special district that manages trash and wastewater management in Costa Mesa . The district also oversees small portions of Newport Beach and unincorporated Orange County .
55-566: Following submittal of a petition submitted to the Orange County Board of Supervisors in June 1943, a special election was called in the borders of the proposed district to form the special district. At that election, held February 8, 1944, there were 471 votes in favor of forming the district and 145 against. The Board of Supervisors officially established the district on February 11, 1944. The first Board of Directors included Charles TeWinkle, who
110-552: A November run-off election to win the four-year term due to begin in January 2011. Nelson won the election for the 2011–2015 term by a 63%–37% margin, and would go on to hold the position until January 2019. The fourth special election used to fill a vacancy on the Orange County Board of Supervisors was held on January 27, 2015. First District Supervisor Janet Nguyen had resigned on December 1, 2014, when she took office as
165-646: A board member and as a Planning Commissioner was incompatible, which is not allowed under state law. Fitzpatrick resigned from the Planning Commission in May 2012, then from the District Board in January 2013, after reapplying to the Planning Commission that month. Mesa Water District began exploring the possibility of a merger with the Costa Mesa Sanitary District in 2016. Mesa Water was in support of
220-611: A lawsuit from attorney Kevin Shenkman . The current members of the Board are: Orange County Board of Supervisors The Orange County Board of Supervisors is the five-member governing body of Orange County, California , along with being the executive of the county. The board consists of five supervisors elected by districts to four-year terms by the citizens of Orange County. The supervisors represent districts of approximately 600,000 people. Supervisorial elections take place during
275-572: A member of the California State Assembly to replace Mike Duvall , who had resigned from the Assembly in the wake of a lobbyist sex scandal. Fullerton City Councilman Shawn Nelson won the seat by 12% over Anaheim City Councilman Harry Sidhu . While Nelson won the special election to fill the remaining seven months of Norby's term, the special election was consolidated with the regular primary election, so Nelson and Sidhu advanced to
330-560: A member of the California State Senate to replace the term-limited Lou Correa . Ironically, Nguyen had been elected as First District Supervisor in a February 6, 2007, special election to replace Correa, who had resigned when he took office as a member of the California State Senate to replace the term-limited Joe Dunn . Former Garden Grove City Councilman Andrew Do , Nguyen's supervisorial Chief of Staff, won
385-462: A method of curbing the potential for monopoly, where a leader effectively becomes " president for life ". This is intended to protect a republic from becoming a de facto dictatorship . Term limits may be a lifetime limit on the number of terms an officeholder may serve, or a limit on the number of consecutive terms. Term limits date back to Ancient Greece and the Roman Republic , as well as
440-475: A tenure that was characterized by major political reforms leading to the 2010 constitution. Immediate former President Uhuru Kenyatta was the first president under the new law, a position he served for two terms of 5 years each and was succeeded by his deputy William Ruto in September 2022. A member of President Ruto's United Democratic Alliance party revealed plans to scrap the term limits on 7 November 2022 but
495-525: Is subjected to a term limit. Once elected, he is only allowed to serve for a single five-year term and cannot renew for a second term consecutively. This rule makes Malaysia among two constitutional monarchies in the world that is subjected to a term limit, the other country being Andorra . Term limits were one of the major demands of protesters during the Arab Spring . Liberia briefly limited its presidents to an eight-year term between 1944 and 1951. As
550-747: The 1911 Revolution , Prime Minister of the Imperial Cabinet Yuan Shikai became the second President of the Republic of China . He was initially subject to a maximum of two five-year terms, but the term was then lengthened to ten years and the term limit was removed. In 1948, the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion abolished the term limit for the President of the Republic of China and established Chiang Kai-shek as
605-712: The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party , who usually represented the paramount leader of China. In March 2018, the National People's Congress passed a set of constitutional amendments including removal of term limits for the president and vice president, as well as enhancing the central role of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), allowing CCP leader Xi Jinping to retain power indefinitely until his death. The President of Tajikistan
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#1732851295267660-824: The Novgorod Republic , the Pskov Republic , the Republic of Genoa , and the Republic of Florence . The first modern constitutional term limit was established in the French First Republic by the Constitution of 1795 , which established five-year terms to the French Directory and banned consecutive terms. Napoleon ended the practice of term limits in 1799 in much the same way as Julius Caesar had. The French Constitution of 1848 reestablished term limits, but this
715-464: The Republic of Venice . In ancient Athenian democracy , many officeholders were limited to a single term. Council members were allowed a maximum of two terms. The position of Strategos could be held for an indefinite number of terms. In the Roman Republic, a law was passed imposing a limit of a single term on the office of censor . The annual magistrates , including the tribune of the plebs ,
770-475: The aedile , the quaestor , the praetor , and the consul , were forbidden reelection until a number of years had passed. The office of dictator was nearly unrestricted with the exception that it was limited to a single six-month term. Successive Roman leaders weakened this restriction until Julius Caesar became a perpetual dictator and ended the republic. Term limits returned in Medieval Europe through
825-434: The front-runners , recently retired State Assemblyman Tom Umberg and Santa Ana City Councilman Carlos Bustamante. The third special election used to fill a vacancy on the Orange County Board of Supervisors was held on June 8, 2010, and was consolidated with the regular primary election for the next term for the seat. Fourth District Supervisor Chris Norby had resigned on January 29, 2010, when he took office as
880-413: The term-limited Bill Campbell . Campbell, in turn, easily won the special election to fill the remaining two years of Spitzer's term. The second special election used to fill a vacancy on the Orange County Board of Supervisors was held on February 6, 2007. First District Supervisor Lou Correa had resigned on December 4, 2006, when he took office as a member of the California State Senate to replace
935-512: The term-limited Joe Dunn . Garden Grove City Councilwoman Janet Nguyen won the special election to fill the remaining two years of the term by seven votes over Garden Grove Unified School District Boardmember Trung Nguyen (no relation) after a protracted recount battle (ironically, Correa had defeated Assemblywoman Lynn Daucher for the Senate seat after a protracted recount battle, as well). Both Nguyens had unexpectedly finished ahead of
990-480: The unincorporated areas of El Modena , MCAS El Toro , Modjeska Canyon , Olive , Orange Park Acres , Santiago Canyon , Silverado , Trabuco Canyon , and Tustin Foothills . The Fourth Supervisorial District consists of the cities of Brea , Fullerton , La Habra , Placentia , the portions of the city of Anaheim outside of Anaheim Hills , and most of Buena Park . The Fifth Supervisorial District consists of
1045-566: The State Assembly to replace the term-limited Campbell). The current members of the board of supervisors are: The board makes decisions relating to land use, public utilities, and transportation, both directly and indirectly through its power over budgets and appointments to boards, committees, and commissions. Services that are ultimately managed by the board include regional parks, water, sewers, animal control, buses, freeways, and commuter rail. The First Supervisorial District consists of
1100-529: The United States, but they were abolished by Ferdinand Marcos in the 1970s. Term limits were restored in the 1987 constitution , after Marcos was deposed in the People Power Revolution . Between 1982 and 2018, the Constitution of China stipulated that the president , vice president , premier , vice premiers could not serve more than two consecutive terms, though there was no term limit for
1155-407: The United States. In response to presidents overstaying their term, some of these term limits were eventually replaced by a limit of one term without reelection. In Mexico, Porfirio Díaz evaded term limits, running for eight terms before being forced into exile in 1911. A new constitution in 1917 established a limit to one term. After Álvaro Obregón violated this law and ran for a second term, he
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#17328512952671210-458: The cities of Aliso Viejo , Dana Point , Laguna Beach , Laguna Hills , Laguna Niguel , Laguna Woods , Lake Forest , Mission Viejo , Rancho Santa Margarita , San Clemente , and San Juan Capistrano , along with small southwestern portions of the City of Irvine , as well as the unincorporated areas of Coto de Caza , Ladera Ranch , and Las Flores . The First Supervisorial District consisted of
1265-527: The cities of Brea , Irvine , Orange , Tustin , Villa Park , and Yorba Linda , as well as the Anaheim Hills area in the city of Anaheim . It also includes the unincorporated areas of El Modena , MCAS El Toro , Modjeska Canyon , Olive , Orange Park Acres , Santiago Canyon , Silverado , Trabuco Canyon , and Tustin Foothills . The Fourth Supervisorial District consisted of the cities of Buena Park , Fullerton , La Habra , Placentia , as well as
1320-499: The cities of Garden Grove , Santa Ana , and Westminster , the unincorporated community of Midway City , and the northernmost three square miles of the city of Fountain Valley north of Warner Avenue, including Mile Square Regional Park . The Second Supervisorial District consists of the cities of Costa Mesa , Cypress , Huntington Beach , La Palma , Los Alamitos , Newport Beach , Seal Beach , and Stanton , along with two-thirds of
1375-503: The cities of Santa Ana and Westminster , as well as the eastern half of the city of Garden Grove . The Second Supervisorial District consisted of the cities of Costa Mesa , Cypress , Fountain Valley , Huntington Beach , La Palma , Los Alamitos , Newport Beach , Seal Beach , and Stanton , as well as the western half of the city of Garden Grove . It also includes the unincorporated areas of Rossmoor , Sunset Beach , and Surfside . The Third Supervisorial District consisted of
1430-399: The city of Fountain Valley that are south of Warner Avenue and southwestern portions of the City of Buena Park . It also includes the unincorporated area of Rossmoor . The Third Supervisorial District consists of the cities of Orange , Tustin , Villa Park , and Yorba Linda , most of the City of Irvine , as well as the Anaheim Hills area in the city of Anaheim . It also includes
1485-711: The countries of sub-Saharan Africa were decolonised in the mid-20th century, most of the new governments established presidential systems, but term limits were rarely established. The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Rwanda, and Togo were the only countries to establish them, but they were abolished soon afterward. After the collapse of the Eastern Bloc in 1989-90 and ensuing wave of democratization in Eastern Europe, many African engaged in similar political democratizations and established term limits. The President of Uganda
1540-455: The country's military leader. The term limit was restored after the provisions were repealed in 1991. The President of South Korea was initially permitted to serve a maximum of two four-year terms when the office was created in 1948, but the term limit was removed in 1954 so that Syngman Rhee could run for a third term. After Rhee was elected to a fourth term, the First Republic of Korea
1595-480: The creation of the county charter, in March 2002, vacancies on the Board of Supervisors have been filled by special election. The first special election used to fill a vacancy on the Orange County Board of Supervisors was held on January 28, 2003. Third District Supervisor Todd Spitzer had resigned on November 19, 2002, in preparation for taking office as a member of the California State Assembly on December 2 to replace
1650-538: The district. A contractor was accused of overbilling the district by charging a higher than normal amount of hours. Also that year, a wastewater supervisor was accused of racism against employees. The issues were eventually settled in court in 2022. The Costa Mesa Sanitary District is governed by a five-member Board of Directors, each elected to a four-year term. Beginning in 2020, the Directors were elected by geographic district, rather than at-large, after being threatened by
1705-429: The enforcement of term limits is recognized as one of the great challenges in democratic development. Term limits typically receive greater domestic and international recognition than other mechanisms of democracy, and attempts to violate term limits are typically met with strong resistance by a country's population and on the world stage. The violation of term limits is strongly correlated with democratic backsliding and
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1760-523: The erosion of human rights. Whether a president seeks to subvert term limits may be affected by how much wealth can be gained from the office, opportunities for acquiring wealth after leaving office, what constraints are in place to enforce term limits, how much control leader has over other branches of government or a political party, precedent in the region, and the likelihood of facing criminal prosecution upon leaving office. Presidents are more likely to be successful in violating term limits if they control
1815-418: The expiry of term limits. Some countries either scrap the requirement or do not have it in their laws. The 2019 Egyptian constitutional referendum expanded the presidential term from four to six years and allowed President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi to serve as President of Egypt for a third term over the constitutional limit of two terms. Term limits are an element of constitutionalism that serves to limit
1870-442: The first Asian American to serve as Vice Chair in 2009 and Chair in 2010. Lisa Bartlett and Michelle Steel became the first pair of Asian Americans to serve as Chair and Vice Chair concurrently in 2016. Term limit A term limit is a legal restriction on the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office . When term limits are found in presidential and semi-presidential systems they act as
1925-723: The holders of other offices—in republics, for example, a ceremonial presidency may have a term limit, especially if the office holds reserve powers . Due in part to a lack of legal term limits in African countries, Mo Ibrahim created the Ibrahim Prize with an associated cash prize to incentivize African leaders to promote human rights and democratic transfer of power. Many presidents have tried to overstay their respective term limits by various methods. Between 1960 and 2010, more than one quarter of term-limited presidents successfully extended or violated their term limits to stay in power, and
1980-570: The leadership dismissed him saying that was his personal opinion which he was entitled to. The 1999 constitution of Nigeria limits the President at the Federal level, and Governors at the state level to serving two four-year terms. This has been strictly followed since 1999. In the Sub-Saharan Africa, only Ghana (since 1993), Kenya (since 1964), and Nigeria (since 1999) have experienced smooth transition of power from one president to another after
2035-662: The limit, they may never again run for election to that office. Lifetime limits are much more restrictive than consecutive limits. Countries that operate a parliamentary system of government are less likely to employ term limits on their leaders. This is because such leaders rarely have a set "term" at all: rather, they serve as long as they have the confidence of the parliament , a period which could potentially last for life. Many parliaments can be dissolved for snap elections which means some parliaments can last for mere months while others can continue until their expiration dates. Nevertheless, such countries may impose term limits on
2090-648: The merger, with the Sanitary District opposed to it. The question of a merger was put before the voters in an advisory measure, 2016's Measure TT . The measure passed, but as an advisory measure had no legal effect, and the Costa Mesa Sanitary District remained opposed and sued the Mesa Water District. In 2018, the lawsuit was finally settled. In 2016, the district moved from their previous headquarters, in use since 2004, to their new larger facility and current headquarters. In 2018, two controversies occurred in
2145-475: The negative effects of democracy. Term limits may take the form of consecutive term limits or lifetime term limits. With consecutive term limits, an officeholder can only serve a certain number of terms before they have to stop running for that office. After a set period of time, the clock resets on the limit, and the officeholder may run for election to their original office and serve up to the limit again. With lifetime limits, once an officeholder has served up to
2200-463: The other branches of government, whether through their political parties or through insufficient checks and balances . Though violation of term limits is more common in less democratic countries, political opposition, foreign governments, and the citizenry can still enforce term limits in nondemocratic countries. A president may attempt to circumvent term limits indirectly by extending their rule without an additional term. This may be done by extending
2255-443: The portions of the city of Anaheim outside of Anaheim Hills . The Fifth Supervisorial District consisted of the cities of Aliso Viejo , Dana Point , Laguna Beach , Laguna Hills , Laguna Niguel , Laguna Woods , Lake Forest , Mission Viejo , Rancho Santa Margarita , San Clemente , San Juan Capistrano , as well as the unincorporated areas of Coto de Caza , Ladera Ranch , and Las Flores . Since voters adopted Measure V,
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2310-576: The primary election, with run-off elections (if necessary) in November. Supervisorial terms begin the first Monday after January 1 after the election. Vacancies on the board are filled via special election since Orange County voters adopted a county charter in March 2002. Prior to the adoption of the charter, vacancies on the board were filled by appointment by the governor of California . The December 1996 appointment of Laguna Niguel City Councilman Thomas W. Wilson by Governor Pete Wilson (no relation)
2365-489: The seat by 12% over former State Senator John Moorlach . Following are the special districts managed by the Orange County Board of Supervisors Harriett Wieder became the first woman to serve as Vice Chair in 1980 and as Chair in 1984. Patricia C. Bates and Janet Nguyen became the first pair of women to serve as Chair and Vice Chair concurrently in 2009. Gaddi Vasquez became the first Latino to serve as Vice Chair in 1990 and as Chair in 1991. Janet Nguyen became
2420-483: The seat by 5% over former Congresswoman Loretta Sanchez . The sixth special election used to fill a vacancy on the Orange County Board of Supervisors was held on March 9, 2021. Second District Supervisor Michelle Steel had resigned on January 3, 2021, when she took office as a member of the United States House of Representatives after defeating incumbent Harley Rouda . Costa Mesa Mayor Katrina Foley won
2475-432: The special election to fill the remaining two years of the term by 43 votes over Correa. The fifth special election used to fill a vacancy on the Orange County Board of Supervisors was held on March 12, 2019. Third District Supervisor Todd Spitzer had resigned on January 7, 2019, when he took office as District Attorney of Orange County after defeating incumbent Tony Rackauckas . Irvine Mayor Donald P. Wagner won
2530-561: The term limit to a maximum of two consecutive four-year terms. In 1997, the Constitution of Brazil was amended, loosening the term limit for the President of Brazil from one five-year term to two four-year terms. In 2004, the term limit for the President of Colombia was increased from one term to two terms before reverting to one term in 2015. The 2009 Venezuelan constitutional referendum abolished term limits in Venezuela. Following
2585-515: Was abolished by Napoleon's nephew, Napoleon III . Many post-Soviet republics established presidential systems with five-year term limits after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The President of Russia is allowed a maximum of two consecutive terms, but the 2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia made President Vladimir Putin exempt from this limit. The President of Belarus
2640-504: Was assassinated. Currently, members of the Congress of Mexico cannot be reelected for the next immediate term under article 50 and 59 of the Constitution of Mexico , and the President of Mexico is limited to a single six-year term, called the Sexenio . The President of Argentina was limited to one consecutive six-year term, but the Constitution of Argentina was amended in 1994, loosening
2695-531: Was elected as the first president, and Claire M. Nelson , who both would later go on to serve on the inaugural Costa Mesa City Council . Jim Fitzpatrick was a board member elected in November 2010 who also began service on the Costa Mesa Planning Commission in December of that year. In 2012, the other four members of the Board sought to remove Fitzpatrick via lawsuit, contending that his service as
2750-434: Was initially limited to one five-year term under the 1994 Constitution of Tajikistan . This was increased to one seven-year term in 1999 and to two seven-year terms in 2003. The term limit was reset for President Emomali Rahmon in 2006, and the term limit was abolished in 2016. The Prime Minister of Pakistan was limited to one five-year term until the limit was abolished in 2011. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia
2805-657: Was limited to two five-year terms in 1995. President Yoweri Museveni had previously served two terms, but these were not counted toward the new two term limit. The term limit was abolished in 2005, allowing Museveni to continue as president. In Kenya, the 2010 constitution limits the president to a maximum of two five-year terms just like county governors. Before the promulgation of the 2010 constitution, term limits did not exist. The first president, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta ruled for 15 years and died in office. His vice president, Daniel Moi took over in 1978 and ruled for 24 years before Mwai Kibaki took over. Kibaki ruled for ten years, in
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#17328512952672860-609: Was limited to two terms, but the limit was abolished in 2004. A predecessor of modern term limits in the Americas dates back to the 1682 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties and the colonial frame of government of the same year, authored by William Penn and providing for triennial rotation of the Provincial Council , the upper house of the colonial legislature . Presidents of the United States typically honored an informal tradition of only serving two terms in office, but this limit
2915-451: Was not enshrined into law until the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution was ratified in 1951 after Franklin D. Roosevelt had been elected to an unprecedented third and fourth terms. As the countries of Latin America modeled presidential republics after the government of the United States in the 19th century, they established term limits for their presidents based on two-term precedent of
2970-513: Was overthrown. The two term limit was restored, but it was expanded to three terms in 1969 and abolished again in 1972. In 1981, the President of South Korea has been limited to one seven-year term, which was reduced to five years in 1988. Under the original Constitution of Indonesia the presidential and vice-presidential terms were unlimited but since the first amendment in 1999 holders of both offices are limited to two terms each. The Philippines established term limits following independence from
3025-476: Was the last time that a gubernatorial appointment was used to fill a supervisorial vacancy (Supervisor Marian Bergeson had resigned to become the California Secretary for Education). The January 2003 special election of former State Assemblyman Bill Campbell was the first time that a special election was used to fill a supervisorial vacancy (Supervisor Todd Spitzer had resigned after he was elected to
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