75-594: Corkbush Field is the land to the east of Hertford along the Ware road, lying between the King's Meads at the bottom of the valley of the River Lea and the higher ground to the south known as Barrow Green Common. It is alternatively known as Cockbush Field in some sources as the 'r' and 'c' are similar in some 17th Century handwriting. It was the site of the Ware Mutiny , also known as
150-471: A FA Charter Standard Football Club , plays at County Hall Playing Fields, situated next to the headquarters of Hertfordshire County Council at County Hall in Hertford. Other clubs in the surrounding area include Bury Rangers , Hertford Heath Youth FC and Bengeo Tigers Football Club (an award-winning FA Charter Standard Community Football Club . ) Hertford Cricket Club is based in the town. Records for
225-465: A plague outbreak in five Indian states caused an estimated 700 infections (including 52 deaths) and triggered a large migration of Indians within India as they tried to avoid the disease. It was during the 1894 Hong Kong plague outbreak that Alexandre Yersin isolated the bacterium responsible ( Yersinia pestis ), a few days after Japanese bacteriologist Kitasato Shibasaburō had isolated it. However,
300-426: A Hertford club go back a far as 1825,. However, the club in its present form has been in existence since 1860. The club plays its matches at Balls park, Hertford. Currently the club runs five teams and all the teams play in the local league. Two railway stations serve Hertford - Hertford East and Hertford North . Transport for London Oyster cards are valid for payment and travel at both stations. Hertford East
375-488: A bailiff. Another charter of 1605 changed the bailiff's title to mayor. Under the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 , Hertford became a Municipal borough ; the ratepayers elected twelve councillors , who chose four aldermen , with the aldermen and councillors together composing the council (also known as the corporation), which elected the mayor. The Hertford poor law union was established in 1835, covering
450-664: A human case of bubonic plague was reported. Officials responded by activating a city-wide plague-prevention system for the remainder of the year. Also in July 2020, in Mongolia, a teenager died from bubonic plague after consuming infected marmot meat. Yersinia pestis has been discovered in archaeological finds from the Late Bronze Age (~3800 BP ). The bacteria is identified by ancient DNA in human teeth from Asia and Europe dating from 2,800 to 5,000 years ago. Some authors have suggested that
525-467: A role in controlling the 2003 Oran outbreak of the bubonic plague. Another means of prevention in large European cities was a city-wide quarantine to not only limit interaction with people who were infected, but also to limit the interaction with the infected rats. Several classes of antibiotic are effective in treating bubonic plague. These include aminoglycosides such as streptomycin and gentamicin , tetracyclines (especially doxycycline ), and
600-506: A role in increasing the transmission effectiveness of the plague. The plague resurfaced for a third time in the mid-19th century; this is also known as "the modern pandemic". Like the two previous outbreaks, this one also originated in Eastern Asia , most likely in Yunnan , a province of China, where there are several natural plague foci . The initial outbreaks occurred in the second half of
675-478: Is a result of the bacteria infecting organs through the bloodstream. Other forms of the disease include septicemic plague and pneumonic plague , in which the bacterium reproduces in the person's blood and lungs respectively. Laboratory testing is required in order to diagnose and confirm plague. Ideally, confirmation is through the identification of Y. pestis culture from a patient sample. Confirmation of infection can be done by examining serum taken during
750-476: Is also known to spread to the lungs and become the disease known as the pneumonic plague . Symptoms appear two to seven days after getting bitten and they include: The best-known symptom of bubonic plague is one or more infected, enlarged, and painful lymph nodes, known as buboes . Buboes associated with the bubonic plague are commonly found in the armpits, upper femoral area, groin, and neck region. These buboes will grow and become more painful over time, often to
825-535: Is highest in the summer and early fall. The successful control of rat populations in dense urban areas is essential to outbreak prevention. One example is the use of a machine called the Sulfurozador , used to deliver sulphur dioxide to eradicate the pest that spread the bubonic plague in Buenos Aires, Argentina during the early 18th century. Targeted chemoprophylaxis , sanitation , and vector control also played
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#1732845247216900-602: Is near Taplow in Berkshire , near Slough and Maidenhead . To the east, NCR61 meets NCR1 near Hoddesdon. Hertford is the northern terminus of the Lee Navigation and the associated towpath , which carries NCR61 for part of its route. The towpath's southern terminus is in Limehouse , East London . The cycle route passes through Ware, Hoddesdon, Broxbourne, Enfield Lock , Tottenham , Leyton and Hackney Wick . Hertford
975-531: Is the northern terminus of the navigable River Lea, which is managed by the Canal and River Trust . Southbound, the river runs towards Bromley-by-Bow in East London, through Ware, Hoddesdon, Broxbourne, Enfield Lock, Tottenham, Leyton and Hackney Wick. The river meets the navigable River Stort at Hoddesdon, which runs northbound through Harlow, Sawbridgeworth and Bishop's Stortford. The Hertford Union Canal and
1050-594: Is the northwestern terminus of the Hertford East Branch Line . Greater Anglia manages the station and operates trains between Hertford East and London Liverpool Street in the City of London . The Hertford East Branch Line along with the West Anglia Main Line provide the town with direct connections to Ware , Broxbourne , Cheshunt , Waltham Cross , Tottenham Hale and Hackney Downs . At Broxbourne -
1125-527: Is through public health measures such as not handling dead animals in areas where plague is common. While vaccines against the plague have been developed, the World Health Organization recommends that only high-risk groups, such as certain laboratory personnel and health care workers, get inoculated. Several antibiotics are effective for treatment, including streptomycin , gentamicin , and doxycycline . Without treatment, plague results in
1200-582: The Black Death that swept through Asia, Europe, and Africa in the 14th century and killed an estimated 50 million people, including about 25% to 60% of the European population. Because the plague killed so many of the working population, wages rose due to the demand for labor. Some historians see this as a turning point in European economic development . The disease is also considered to have been responsible for
1275-522: The Corkbush Field Mutiny of 15 November 1647. Hertford Hertford ( / ˈ h ɑːr t f ər d / HART -fərd ) is the county town of Hertfordshire , England, and is also a civil parish in the East Hertfordshire district of the county. The parish had a population of 26,783 at the 2011 census. The town grew around a ford on the River Lea , near its confluences with
1350-680: The Crystal Palace TV transmitter and the local relay transmitter. Local radio stations are BBC Three Counties Radio on 90.4 FM and Heart Hertfordshire on 106.9 FM. Hertford's local newspaper is the Hertfordshire Mercury . Bubonic plague Bubonic plague is one of three types of plague caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis . One to seven days after exposure to the bacteria, flu-like symptoms develop. These symptoms include fever , headaches , and vomiting , as well as swollen and painful lymph nodes occurring in
1425-501: The Great Plague of London in 1665–66. Later works, such as Albert Camus 's novel The Plague or Ingmar Bergman 's film The Seventh Seal have used bubonic plague in settings, such as quarantined cities in either medieval or modern times, as a backdrop to explore themes including the breakdown of society, institutions, and individuals during the plague; the cultural and psychological existential confrontation with mortality; and
1500-891: The Limehouse Cut connect the Lee Navigation with the Regent's Canal in London. Lee and Stort Boat Company runs a waterbus at various points throughout the year, with a route between Hertford and Ware. Secondary schools in Hertford include the Sele School , Richard Hale School and Simon Balle All-through School (which also includes primary provision; other primary schools include Hollybush JMI, Millmead Community School, Bengeo Primary School, Morgans Primary School and Nursery, Abel Smith School (named after banker and MP Abel Smith (1788–1859)), St Andrew's School, St. Josephs RC School and Wheatcroft School. Private schools include St. Joseph's in
1575-759: The Plague of Justinian , originating in the Eastern Roman Empire in the 6th century CE, as well as the third epidemic , affecting China , Mongolia , and India , originating in the Yunnan Province in 1855. The term bubonic is derived from the Greek word βουβών , meaning ' groin ' . The bubonic plague is an infection of the lymphatic system , usually resulting from the bite of an infected flea, Xenopsylla cheopis (the Oriental rat flea ). Several flea species carried
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#17328452472161650-880: The Rib , Beane and Mimram join the River Lea at Hertford to flow east and then south toward the Thames as the Lee Navigation , after Hertford Castle Weir . The shared valley of the Lea and the Beane is called Hartham Common and this provides a large park to one side of the town centre running towards Ware and lying below the ridge upon which Bengeo is situated. The town centre still has its medieval layout with many timber-framed buildings hidden under later frontages, particularly in St Andrew Street . Hertford suffers from traffic problems despite
1725-537: The Western canon . The Decameron , by Boccaccio, is notable for its use of a frame story involving individuals who have fled Florence for a secluded villa to escape the Black Death. First-person, sometimes sensationalized or fictionalized, accounts of living through plague years have also been popular across centuries and cultures. For example, Samuel Pepys 's diary makes several references to his first-hand experiences of
1800-475: The Y. pestis bacteria become localized in an inflamed lymph node , where they begin to colonize and reproduce. Infected lymph nodes develop hemorrhages, which result in the death of tissue. Y. pestis bacilli can resist phagocytosis and even reproduce inside phagocytes and kill them. As the disease progresses, the lymph nodes can hemorrhage and become swollen and necrotic . Bubonic plague can progress to lethal septicemic plague in some cases. The plague
1875-423: The arrival of the railway in 1843. The Port Hill drill hall was completed in 1898 and Yeomanry House was brought into military use in 1910. Hartford, Connecticut is named after Hertford. Hertford has three tiers of local government at parish (town), district, and county level: Hertford Town Council, East Hertfordshire District Council , and Hertfordshire County Council , all three of which are based in
1950-506: The besiegers and from them penetrated the town. The Mongol forces catapulted plague-infested corpses into Caffa as a form of attack, one of the first known instances of biological warfare . When spring arrived, the Italian merchants fled on their ships, unknowingly carrying the Black Death. Carried by the fleas on rats, the plague initially spread to humans near the Black Sea and then outwards to
2025-516: The fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin . Mortality associated with treated cases of bubonic plague is about 1–15%, compared to a mortality of 40–60% in untreated cases. People potentially infected with the plague need immediate treatment and should be given antibiotics within 24 hours of the first symptoms to prevent death. Other treatments include oxygen, intravenous fluids, and respiratory support. People who have had contact with anyone infected by pneumonic plague are given prophylactic antibiotics. Using
2100-541: The 18th century. The disease remained localized in Southwest China for several years before spreading. In the city of Canton , beginning in January 1894, the disease had killed 80,000 people by June. Daily water traffic with the nearby city of Hong Kong rapidly spread the plague there, killing over 2,400 within two months during the 1894 Hong Kong plague . The third pandemic spread the disease to port cities throughout
2175-468: The 8th century. Because the infectious disease spread inland by the transferring of merchandise through Justinian's efforts in acquiring luxurious goods of the time and exporting supplies, his capital became the leading exporter of the bubonic plague. Procopius, in his work Secret History , declared that Justinian was a demon of an emperor who either created the plague himself or was being punished for his sinfulness. Medieval society's increasing population
2250-595: The City of London, through Cheshunt , Enfield and Tottenham . Northbound, the route runs towards King's Lynn in Norfolk via Buntingford , Royston , Cambridge and Ely . The A414 runs east-west through Hertford, along Hertingfordbury Road , Gascoyne Way and London Road. The primary route runs eastbound towards the A10, Harlow , the M11 motorway , Chelmsford and Maldon . Westbound,
2325-675: The Democratic Republic of the Congo had the most plague cases, with over 1,100 cases in the Democratic Republic of the Congo alone. From 1,000 to 2,000 cases are conservatively reported per year to the WHO . From 2012 to 2017, reflecting political unrest and poor hygienic conditions, Madagascar began to host regular epidemics. Between 1900 and 2015, the United States had 1,036 human plague cases, with an average of 9 cases per year. In 2015, 16 people in
Corkbush Field - Misplaced Pages Continue
2400-568: The Intalink enhanced partnership which choreographs the local bus network. In January 2024, the local town network was connected into an integrated group of routes numbered H1-H6, operated by Vectare under the Central Connect brand. Bus routes in Hertford include: National Cycle Route 61 runs east-west through Hertford. Between Welwyn Garden City and Ware, through Hertford, the route is also known as Cole Green Way . The route's western terminus
2475-585: The North and Scotland , and towards Letchworth , Royston and Cambridge. South of Finsbury Park, services run towards King's Cross, London St Pancras , Farringdon , Gatwick Airport and Brighton . The A10 runs north-south through the east of Hertford. Kingsmead Viaduct carries the A10 across the River Lea between Hertford and Ware . Southbound, the route runs towards the M25 London Orbital motorway and
2550-761: The Park in Hertingfordbury , Duncombe School, (a preparatory school in Bengeo ) and Haileybury College in Hertford Heath . Pinewood and Middleton Schools are special needs schools that are available in neighbouring Ware . Former schools include The Pines JMI School, which was built on the Pinehurst estate in 1977 and closed in 2003. Hertford is within the BBC London and ITV London region. Television signals are received from
2625-596: The River Lea at Hertford as part of his campaign against the Danes . By the time of the Domesday Book , Hertford had two churches, two markets and three mills. The Normans began work on Hertford Castle , and Hertford Priory was founded by Ralph de Limesy . King Henry II rebuilt the castle in stone, but in 1216, during the First Barons' War , it was besieged and captured after 25 days by Prince Louis of France . The castle
2700-565: The Wars , of his personal encounter with the plague and the effect it had on the rising empire. In the spring of 542, the plague arrived in Constantinople, working its way from port city to port city and spreading around the Mediterranean Sea , later migrating inland eastward into Asia Minor and west into Greece and Italy. The Plague of Justinian is said to have been "completed" in the middle of
2775-443: The area closest to where the bacteria entered the skin. Acral necrosis , the dark discoloration of skin, is another symptom. Occasionally, swollen lymph nodes, known as " buboes ", may break open. The three types of plague are the result of the route of infection: bubonic plague, septicemic plague , and pneumonic plague . Bubonic plague is mainly spread by infected fleas from small animals . It may also result from exposure to
2850-457: The body fluids from a dead plague-infected animal. Mammals such as rabbits , hares , and some cat species are susceptible to bubonic plague, and typically die upon contraction. In the bubonic form of plague, the bacteria enter through the skin through a flea bite and travel via the lymphatic vessels to a lymph node , causing it to swell. Diagnosis is made by finding the bacteria in the blood, sputum , or fluid from lymph nodes. Prevention
2925-499: The broad-based antibiotic streptomycin has proven to be dramatically successful against the bubonic plague within 12 hours of infection. Globally between 2010 and 2015, there were 3,248 documented cases, which resulted in 584 deaths. The countries with the greatest number of cases are the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Madagascar , and Peru . For over a decade since 2001, Zambia, India, Malawi, Algeria, China, Peru, and
3000-449: The bubonic plague, such as Pulex irritans (the human flea ), Xenopsylla cheopis , and Ceratophyllus fasciatus . Xenopsylla cheopis was the most effective flea species for transmission. The flea is parasitic on house and field rats and seeks out other prey when its rodent host dies. Rats were an amplifying factor to bubonic plague due to their common association with humans as well as the nature of their blood. The rat's blood allows
3075-635: The country. Unusually, most of the cases were pneumonic rather than bubonic. In June 2018, a child was confirmed to be the first person in Idaho to be infected by bubonic plague in nearly 30 years. A couple died in May 2019, in Mongolia, while hunting marmots . Another two people in the province of Inner Mongolia, China, were treated in November 2019 for the disease. In July 2020, in Bayannur , Inner Mongolia of China,
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3150-408: The death of 30% to 90% of those infected. Death, if it occurs, is typically within 10 days. With treatment, the risk of death is around 10%. Globally between 2010 and 2015 there were 3,248 documented cases, which resulted in 584 deaths. The countries with the greatest number of cases are the Democratic Republic of the Congo , Madagascar , and Peru . The plague is considered the likely cause of
3225-401: The early and late stages of infection . To quickly screen for the Y. pestis antigen in patients, rapid dipstick tests have been developed for field use. Samples taken for testing include: Bubonic plague outbreaks are controlled by pest control and modern sanitation techniques. This disease uses fleas commonly found on rats as a vector to jump from animals to humans. The mortality rate
3300-418: The early seventeenth century. Hertfordshire County Council and East Hertfordshire District Council both have their main offices in the town and are major local employers, as is McMullen's Brewery , which has been based in the town since 1827. The town is also popular with commuters, being only 20 miles (32 km) north of central London and connected to it by two railway lines. The earliest reference to
3375-648: The existence of the 1960s A414 bypass called Gascoyne Way which passes close to the town centre. Plans have long existed to connect the A10 with the A414, by-passing the town completely. Nevertheless, the town retains very much a country-town feel, despite lying only 19.2 miles (30.9 km) north of Central London . This is aided by its proximity to larger towns such as Harlow , Bishop's Stortford and Stevenage where modern development has been focused. Suburbs and estates Nearby Hertford A fair amount of employment in
3450-501: The first synod of a number of the bishops in England was held either in Hertford or at Hartford, Cambridgeshire . The synod was called by Theodore of Tarsus ; decisions included the calculation of the date of Easter. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 913 AD, Edward the Elder ordered the construction of two burhs (earthwork fortifications) either side of the ford over
3525-587: The former Christ's Hospital Bluecoat Girls School, which closed down in 1985. Sainsbury's opened a new store on part of the McMullens Brewery site in June 2012. A Waitrose occupied a reasonably large store in the Bircherley Green Shopping area that closed on 12 September 2017. The local branch of Woolworths closed for good on 27 December 2008, after the collapse of that store chain. There are fewer of
3600-533: The latter's description was imprecise and also expressed doubts of its relation to the disease, and thus the bacterium is today only named after Yersin. The scale of death and social upheaval associated with plague outbreaks has made the topic prominent in many historical and fictional accounts since the disease was first recognized. The Black Death in particular is described and referenced in numerous contemporary sources , some of which, including works by Chaucer , Boccaccio , and Petrarch , are considered part of
3675-564: The mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, waves of flagellants , and persecution. The Black Death originated in Central Asia and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries. Arab historians Ibn Al-Wardni and Almaqrizi believed the Black Death originated in Mongolia. Chinese records also show a huge outbreak in Mongolia in the early 1330s. In 2022, researchers presented evidence that
3750-404: The offices of Hertford Rural District Council . From at least 1634, Hertford Corporation used an escutcheon (shield) depicting a hart above water to indicate a ford. The borough council was granted the right to complement its arms with a badge in 1925, and supporters were added in 1937. The coat of arms is now used by Hertford Town Council. Hertford is at the confluence of four river valleys:
3825-540: The origin of the plague and how it traveled through the continent. Mitochondrial DNA of modern rats in Western Europe indicated that these rats came from two different areas, one being Africa and the other unclear. The research regarding this pandemic has greatly increased with technology. Through archaeo-molecular investigation, researchers have discovered the DNA of plague bacillus in the dental core of those that fell ill to
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#17328452472163900-406: The plague as an allegory raising contemporary moral or spiritual questions. Some of the earliest instances of biological warfare were said to have been products of the plague, as armies of the 14th century were recorded catapulting diseased corpses over the walls of towns and villages to spread the pestilence. This was done by Jani Beg when he attacked the city of Kaffa in 1343. Later, plague
3975-600: The plague originated near Lake Issyk-Kul in Kyrgyzstan . The Mongols had cut the trade route (the Silk Road ) between China and Europe, which halted the spread of the Black Death from eastern Russia to Western Europe. The European epidemic may have begun with the siege of Caffa , an attack that Mongols launched on the Italian merchants' last trading station in the region, Caffa , in the Crimea . In late 1346, plague broke out among
4050-695: The plague was responsible for the Neolithic decline . The first recorded epidemic affected the Sasanian Empire and their arch-rivals, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) and was named the Plague of Justinian (541–549 AD) after emperor Justinian I , who was infected but survived through extensive treatment. The pandemic resulted in the deaths of an estimated 25 million (6th century outbreak) to 50 million people (two centuries of recurrence). The historian Procopius wrote, in Volume II of History of
4125-478: The plague. Analysis of teeth of the deceased allows researchers to further understand both the demographics and mortuary patterns of the disease. For example, in 2013 in England, archeologists uncovered a burial mound to reveal 17 bodies, mainly children, who had died of the Bubonic plague. They analyzed these burial remains using radiocarbon dating to determine they were from the 1530s, and dental core analysis revealed
4200-433: The point of bursting. Symptoms include heavy breathing, continuous vomiting of blood ( hematemesis ), aching limbs, coughing, and extreme pain caused by the decay or decomposition of the skin while the person is still alive. Additional symptoms include extreme fatigue, gastrointestinal problems, spleen inflammation, lenticulae (black dots scattered throughout the body), delirium, coma , organ failure, and death. Organ failure
4275-451: The presence of Yersinia pestis. Other evidence for rats that are currently still being researched consists of gnaw marks on bones, predator pellets and rat remains that were preserved in situ . This research allows individuals to trace early rat remains to track the path traveled and in turn connect the impact of the Bubonic Plague to specific breeds of rats. Burial sites, known as plague pits, offer archaeologists an opportunity to study
4350-418: The rat population in the area is wiped out from a mass infection. Furthermore, in areas with a large population of rats, the animals can harbor low levels of the plague infection without causing human outbreaks. With no new rat inputs being added to the population from other areas, the infection only spread to humans in very rare cases of overcrowding. After being transmitted via the bite of an infected flea,
4425-409: The rat to withstand a major concentration of the plague. The bacteria form aggregates in the gut of infected fleas, and this results in the flea regurgitating ingested blood, which is now infected, into the bite site of a rodent or human host. Once established, the bacteria rapidly spread to the lymph nodes of the host and multiply. The fleas that transmit the disease only directly infect humans when
4500-481: The rest of Europe as a result of people fleeing from one area to another. Rats migrated with humans, traveling among grain bags, clothing, ships, wagons, and grain husks. Continued research indicates that black rats , those that primarily transmitted the disease, prefer grain as a primary meal. Due to this, the major bulk grain fleets that transported major city's food shipments from Africa and Alexandria to heavily populated areas, and were then unloaded by hand, played
4575-411: The rivers Mimram , Beane , and Rib . The Lea is navigable from the Thames up to Hertford. Fortified settlements were established on each side of the ford at Hertford in 913 AD. The county of Hertfordshire was established at a similar time, being named after and administered from Hertford. Hertford Castle was built shortly after the Norman Conquest in 1066 and remained a royal residence until
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#17328452472164650-430: The route carries traffic towards Hatfield , the A1(M) motorway , St Albans and Hemel Hempstead . The A119 runs eastbound from Hertford into Ware. The route runs northbound from Hertford towards Watton-at-Stone and the A602 for Stevenage . Hertford Bus Station lies to the east of Bircherley Street in Hertford town centre. Long-distance routes through Hertford include: Hertfordshire County Council manages
4725-651: The southeastern terminus of the branch line - the West Anglia Main Line runs northbound towards Bishop's Stortford , Audley End and Cambridge . Hertford North is on the Hertford Loop Line , a branch of the East Coast Main Line . Great Northern operates trains northbound towards Watton-at-Stone and Stevenage . Southbound, Great Northern trains run towards London Moorgate in the City through Enfield Chase , Alexandra Palace , Finsbury Park and Highbury and Islington . Some timetabled services run southbound into London King's Cross instead of Moorgate. North of Stevenage, trains run towards Hitchin , Peterborough ,
4800-408: The town and surrounding rural parishes. Hertford Corporation used part of the Shire Hall as a Town Hall until 1911, when it moved into the surviving gatehouse of Hertford Castle . Under the Local Government Act 1972 , Hertford Municipal Borough was abolished, merging with other districts to become part of the district of East Hertfordshire with effect from 1 April 1974. A successor parish
4875-417: The town appears in the Ecclesiastical History of the English People , written by Bede in 731 AD, which refers to Herutford . Herut is the Old English spelling of hart , meaning a fully mature stag ; thus the meaning of the name is a ford where harts are found. The Domesday Book of 1086 gives a spelling of Hertforde . One possible earlier mention of the town was in 672 AD:
4950-450: The town is centred on County Hall ( Hertfordshire County Council ), Wallfields ( East Hertfordshire District Council ) and McMullens Brewery , one of a dwindling number of independent pre-1970 family brewers in the United Kingdom. Many residents commute to work in London. Hertford differs from neighbouring towns as it lacks a modern shopping development (mall). However, it has most of the usual supermarkets. A Tesco store occupies part of
5025-411: The town. Hertford has been the county town of Hertfordshire since the county was founded in Saxon times. The town also gave its name to the hundred of Hertford . The town was initially governed by the king's reeves . By the thirteenth century, the reeves had been replaced by a bailiff , elected by the burgesses . Charters of 1554 and 1589 established a common council of eleven chief burgesses and
5100-453: The usual chain shops found in most high streets and this makes Hertford stand out from other " clone towns ". There are a high number of independent shops in the town, with a variety of boutiques and salons. Hertford has a leisure centre and swimming pool, skatepark, bowling green and tennis courts on Hartham Common . The town has a Non-League football club, Hertford Town F.C. , which plays at Hertingfordbury Park. Hertford Town Youth FC ,
5175-412: The western United States developed plague, including 2 cases in Yosemite National Park . These US cases usually occur in rural northern New Mexico, northern Arizona, southern Colorado, California, southern Oregon, and far western Nevada. In November 2017, the Madagascar Ministry of Health reported an outbreak to the WHO (World Health Organization) with more cases and deaths than any recent outbreak in
5250-442: The world in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th century via shipping routes. The plague infected people in Chinatown in San Francisco from 1900 to 1904, and in the nearby locales of Oakland and the East Bay again from 1907 to 1909. During the former outbreak, in 1902, authorities made permanent the Chinese Exclusion Act , a law originally signed into existence by President Chester A. Arthur in 1882. The Act
5325-450: Was created covering the former borough of Hertford, with its parish council taking the name Hertford Town Council. The town council is based at the former offices of the borough corporation at Hertford Castle. The headquarters of Hertfordshire County Council is at County Hall , built in 1939 to replace the Shire Hall. East Hertfordshire District Council's offices almost adjoin County Hall, being at Wallfields, which prior to 1974 had been
5400-557: Was put to deadly halt when, in the Late Middle Ages , Europe experienced the deadliest disease outbreak in history. They called it the Great Dying or The Great Pestilence, later coined The Black Death. Lasting in potency for roughly six years, 1346–1352, the Black Death claimed one-third of the European human population, with mortality rates as high as 70%–80%. Some historians believe that society subsequently became more violent as
5475-538: Was regularly visited by English royalty and in 1358, Queen Isabella , wife of Edward II , died there. The priory was dissolved in 1536 and subsequently demolished and in 1563, the Parliament of England met at the castle because of an outbreak of plague in London. Hertford grew and prospered as a market and county town ; communication was improved by the construction of the Lea Navigation Canal in 1767 and
5550-565: Was supposed to last for 10 years, but was renewed in 1892 with the Geary Act , then followed by the 1902 decision. The last major outbreak in the United States occurred in Los Angeles in 1924, though the disease is still present in wild rodents and can be passed to humans who come in contact with them. According to the World Health Organization , the pandemic was considered active until 1959, when worldwide casualties dropped to 200 per year. In 1994,
5625-924: Was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War as a bacteriological weapon by the Imperial Japanese Army . These weapons were provided by Shirō Ishii 's units and used in experiments on humans before being used in the field. For example, in 1940, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Service bombed Ningbo with fleas carrying the bubonic plague. During the Khabarovsk War Crime Trials , the accused, such as Major General Kiyoshi Kawashima, testified that, in 1941, 40 members of Unit 731 air-dropped plague -contaminated fleas on Changde . These operations caused epidemic plague outbreaks. Substantial research has been done regarding
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