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84-518: OpenSSL is among the first software projects to be funded by the initiative after it was deemed underfunded, receiving only about $ 2,000 per year in donations. The initiative will sponsor two full-time OpenSSL core developers. In September 2014, the Initiative offered assistance to Chet Ramey, the maintainer of bash , after the Shellshock vulnerability was discovered. The CII has since been superseded by

168-591: A "...person who has made a renewed or confirmed commitment .... " Whatever the original touchstone may have been, in the end the program received the name, "the Bourne Again SHell ." The acronym of that name then is "bash," a word meaning "to strike violently. " In the context of computer programming, to "violently hit something," such as a computer keyboard, could be considered a hyperbolic image of some frustration . Such imagery of negative emotionality could be seen as standing in direct juxtaposition to

252-478: A concurrent execution of command1 and command2, they must be executed in the Bash shell in the following way: In this case command1 is executed in the background & symbol, returning immediately control to the shell that executes command2 in the foreground. A process can be stopped and control returned to bash by typing Ctrl + z while the process is running in the foreground. A list of all processes, both in

336-399: A different order than the documented Bash startup sequence. The default content of the root user's files may also have issues, as well as the skeleton files the system provides to new user accounts upon setup. The startup scripts that launch the X window system may also do surprising things with the user's Bash startup scripts in an attempt to set up user-environment variables before launching

420-429: A flow-through for traffic in which it can be authenticated, monitored, logged, and reported. Some different types of firewalls include network layer firewalls, screened subnet firewalls, packet filter firewalls, dynamic packet filtering firewalls, hybrid firewalls, transparent firewalls, and application-level firewalls. The process of encryption involves converting plain text into a series of unreadable characters known as

504-422: A function that deals with money either incoming or outgoing it is very important to make sure that duties are segregated to minimize and hopefully prevent fraud. One of the key ways to ensure proper segregation of duties (SoD) from a systems perspective is to review individuals’ access authorizations. Certain systems such as SAP claim to come with the capability to perform SoD tests, but the functionality provided

588-413: A listing of JPEG and PNG images in the current directory could be obtained using: In addition to alternation, brace expansion can be used for sequential ranges between two integers or characters separated by double dots. Newer versions of Bash allow a third integer to specify the increment. When brace expansion is combined with variable expansion (A.K.A. parameter expansion and parameter substitution )

672-415: A manner similar to AWK or Tcl . They can be used to emulate multidimensional arrays. Bash 4 also switches its license to GPL-3.0-or-later ; some users suspect this licensing change is why macOS continues to use older versions. Zsh became the default shell in macOS with the release of macOS Catalina in 2019. Brace expansion, also called alternation, is a feature copied from the C shell . It generates

756-449: A meeting and describing where agreements have been reached on all audit issues can greatly enhance audit effectiveness. Exit conferences also help finalize recommendations that are practical and feasible. The data center review report should summarize the auditor's findings and be similar in format to a standard review report. The review report should be dated as of the completion of the auditor's inquiry and procedures. It should state what

840-463: A network or a workstation. Vulnerabilities in an organization's  IT systems are often not attributed to technical weaknesses, but rather related to individual behavior of employees within the organization. A simple example of this is users leaving their computers unlocked or being vulnerable to phishing attacks. As a result, a thorough InfoSec audit will frequently include a penetration test in which auditors attempt to gain access to as much of

924-424: A part of an information technology audit . It is often then referred to as an information technology security audit or a computer security audit. However, information security encompasses much more than IT. The auditor is responsible for assessing the current technological maturity level of a company during the first stage of the audit. This stage is used to assess the current status of the company and helps identify

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1008-468: A percent sign: Bash supplies "conditional execution" command separators that make execution of a command contingent on the exit code set by a precedent command. For example: Where ./do_something is only executed if the cd (change directory) command was "successful" (returned an exit status of zero) and the echo command would only be executed if either the cd or the ./do_something command return an "error" (non-zero exit status). For all commands

1092-408: A process to the foreground, while bg sets a stopped process running in the background. bg and fg can take a job id as their first argument, to specify the process to act on. Without one, they use the default process, identified by a plus sign in the output of jobs . The kill command can be used to end a process prematurely, by sending it a signal . The job id must be specified after

1176-582: A rich set of features, including: Bash also offers... The keywords , syntax , dynamically scoped variables and other basic features of the language are all copied from sh . Other features, e.g., history , are copied from csh and ksh . The Bash command syntax is a superset of the Bourne shell command syntax. Bash supports brace expansion , command line completion (Programmable Completion), basic debugging and signal handling (using trap ) since bash 2.05a among other features. Bash can execute

1260-529: A rich set of features. The keywords , syntax , dynamically scoped variables and other basic features of the language are all copied from the Bourne shell , sh . Other features, e.g., history , are copied from the C shell , csh , and the Korn Shell , ksh . Bash is a POSIX -compliant shell with a number of extensions. While Bash was developed for UNIX and UNIX-like operating systems such as GNU/Linux, it

1344-442: A set of alternative combinations. Generated results need not exist as files. The results of each expanded string are not sorted and left to right order is preserved: Users should not use brace expansions in portable shell scripts, because the Bourne shell does not produce the same output. When brace expansion is combined with wildcards, the braces are expanded first, and then the resulting wildcards are substituted normally. Hence,

1428-405: A timely basis one should back-track the associated data to see where the delay is coming from and identify whether or not this delay creates any control concerns. Finally, access, it is important to realize that maintaining network security against unauthorized access is one of the major focuses for companies as threats can come from a few sources. First, one have internal unauthorized access. It

1512-613: A year for the next three years bringing the initial funding pool to almost $ 4 million. An additional five companies‍—‌ Adobe Systems , Bloomberg L.P. , Hewlett-Packard , Huawei , and Salesforce.com ‍—‌have since joined the initiative. The money that the CII pooled was used to fund specific tasks such as providing compensation to developers to work full-time on an open-source software project, conducting reviews and security audits , deploying test infrastructure , and facilitating travel and face-to-face meetings among developers. The CII

1596-492: Is also available on Windows, BeOS, and Haiku. Brian Fox began coding Bash on January 10, 1988, after Richard Stallman became dissatisfied with the lack of progress being made by a prior developer. Stallman and the FSF considered a free shell that could run existing shell scripts so strategic to a completely free system built from BSD and GNU code that this was one of the few projects they funded themselves, with Fox undertaking

1680-442: Is also important to know who has access and to what parts. Do customers and vendors have access to systems on the network? Can employees access information from home? Lastly, the auditor should assess how the network is connected to external networks and how it is protected. Most networks are at least connected to the internet, which could be a point of vulnerability. These are critical questions in protecting networks. When you have

1764-447: Is an independent review and examination of system records, activities, and related documents. These audits are intended to improve the level of information security, avoid improper information security designs, and optimize the efficiency of the security safeguards and security processes. Within the broad scope of auditing information security there are multiple types of audits, multiple objectives for different audits, etc. Most commonly

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1848-537: Is becoming less common as Linux becomes more widespread. But in POSIX mode, Bash conforms with POSIX more closely. Bash supports here documents . Since version 2.05b Bash can redirect standard input (stdin) from a "here string" using the <<< operator. Bash 3.0 supports in-process regular expression matching using a syntax reminiscent of Perl . In February 2009, Bash 4.0 introduced support for associative arrays . Associative array indices are strings, in

1932-516: Is compatible with the Bourne shell and gives semantics similar to csh for the ~/.bashrc and ~/.bash_login . The [ -r filename ] && cmd is a short-circuit evaluation that tests if filename exists and is readable, skipping the part after the && if it is not. Some versions of Unix and Linux contain Bash system startup scripts, generally under the /etc directory. Bash executes these files as part of its standard initialization, but other startup files can read them in

2016-520: Is elementary, requiring very time-consuming queries to be built and is limited to the transaction level only with little or no use of the object or field values assigned to the user through the transaction, which often produces misleading results. For complex systems such as SAP, it is often preferred to use tools developed specifically to assess and analyze SoD conflicts and other types of system activity. For other systems or for multiple system formats you should monitor which users may have superuser access to

2100-430: Is important to ensure proper physical and password protection exists around servers and mainframes for the development and update of key systems. Having physical access security at one's data center or office such as electronic badges and badge readers, security guards, choke points, and security cameras is vitally important to ensuring the security of applications and data. Then one needs to have security around changes to

2184-551: Is mailed to the Bash maintainers (or optionally to other email addresses). Bash supports programmable completion via built-in complete , compopt , and compgen commands. The feature has been available since the beta version of 2.04 released in 2000. These commands enable complex and intelligent completion specification for commands (i.e. installed programs), functions, variables, and filenames. The complete and compopt two commands specify how arguments of some available commands or options are going to be listed in

2268-486: Is often packaged with functions that complete arguments and filenames for specific programs and tasks. Bash's syntax has many extensions lacking in the Bourne shell. Bash can perform integer calculations ("arithmetic evaluation") without spawning external processes. It uses the ((...)) command and the $ ((...)) variable syntax for this purpose. Its syntax simplifies I/O redirection . For example, it can redirect standard output (stdout) and standard error (stderr) at

2352-403: Is protected. The auditor should verify that management has controls in place over the data encryption management process. Access to keys should require dual control, keys should be composed of two separate components and should be maintained on a computer that is not accessible to programmers or outside users. Furthermore, management should attest that encryption policies ensure data protection at

2436-410: Is randomly reviewed or that all processing has proper approval is a way to ensure this. It is important to be able to identify incomplete processing and ensure that proper procedures are in place for either completing it or deleting it from the system if it was in error. There should also be procedures to identify and correct duplicate entries. Finally, when it comes to processing that is not being done on

2520-405: Is to bring in a hacker to try and crack one's system by either gaining entry to the building and using an internal terminal or hacking in from the outside through remote access. An information security audit can be defined by examining the different aspects of information security. External and internal professionals within an institution  have the responsibility of maintaining and inspecting

2604-515: Is very important to have system access passwords that must be changed regularly and that there is a way to track access and changes so one is able to identify who made what changes. All activity should be logged. The second arena to be concerned with is remote access, people accessing one's system from the outside through the internet. Setting up firewalls and password protection to on-line data changes are key to protecting against unauthorized remote access. One way to identify weaknesses in access controls

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2688-432: The Bourne shell , it was initially released in 1989. Its moniker is a play on words, referencing both its predecessor, the Bourne shell, and the concept of rebirth . Since its inception, Bash has gained widespread adoption and is commonly used as the default login shell for numerous Linux distributions. It holds historical significance as one of the earliest programs ported to Linux by Linus Torvalds , alongside

2772-513: The Canada Revenue Agency . On 7 April 2014, OpenSSL's Heartbleed bug was publicly disclosed and fixed. The vulnerability, which had been shipped in OpenSSL's current version for more than two years, made it possible for hackers to retrieve information such as usernames , passwords and credit card numbers from supposedly secure transactions. At that time, roughly 17% (around half a million) of

2856-518: The DJGPP project, to Novell NetWare , to OpenVMS by the GNU project, to ArcaOS , and to Android via various terminal emulation applications. In September 2014, Stéphane Chazelas, a Unix/Linux specialist, discovered a security bug in the program. The bug, first disclosed on September 24, was named Shellshock and assigned the numbers CVE - 2014-6271 , CVE- 2014-6277 and CVE- 2014-7169 . The bug

2940-596: The Open Source Security Foundation . OpenSSL is an open-source implementation of Transport Layer Security (TLS), allowing anyone to inspect its source code. It is, for example, used by smartphones running the Android operating system and some Wi-Fi routers, and by organizations including Amazon.com , Facebook , Netflix , Yahoo! , the United States of America's Federal Bureau of Investigation and

3024-418: The ciphertext . If the encrypted text is stolen or attained while in transit, the content is unreadable to the viewer. This guarantees secure transmission and is extremely useful to companies sending/receiving critical information. Once encrypted information arrives at its intended recipient, the decryption process is deployed to restore the ciphertext back to plaintext. Proxy servers hide the true address of

3108-484: The controls being audited can be categorized as technical , physical and administrative . Auditing information security covers topics from auditing the physical security of data centers to auditing the logical security of databases, and highlights key components to look for and different methods for auditing these areas. When centered on the Information technology (IT) aspects of information security, it can be seen as

3192-543: The dash shell), while a script intending to support pre-POSIX Bourne shells, like autoconf 's configure , are even more limited in the features they can use. Bash uses GNU Readline to provide keyboard shortcuts for command line editing using the default ( Emacs ) key bindings. Vi-bindings can be enabled by running set -o vi . The Bash shell has two modes of execution for commands: batch (asynchronous), and concurrent (synchronous). To execute commands in batch mode (i.e., in sequence) they must be separated by

3276-635: The image of childbirth. With that pun, it would seem, is added an allusion : possibly to the Hindu or Buddhist idea of reincarnation ; possibly to the Christian idiom known as "being born again ;" or quite possibly just to the more abstract idea of renewal . While numerous English translations of the Christian New Testament , Book of John , chapter 3 do contain the words "born again," Merriam-Webster 's dictionary has "born-again" defined as

3360-446: The readline input. As of version 5.1 completion of the command or the option is usually activated by the Tab ↹ keystroke after typing its name. The program's name is a figure of speech or witticism which begins with an homage to Stephen Bourne , the creator of one of the shell programs which have sometimes been considered superseded by the bash shell. His name is used as a pun on

3444-554: The window manager . These issues can often be addressed using a ~/.xsession or ~/.xprofile file to read the ~/.profile — which provides the environment variables that Bash shell windows spawned from the window manager need, such as xterm or Gnome Terminal . Invoking Bash with the --posix option or stating set -o posix in a script causes Bash to conform very closely to the POSIX 1003.2 standard . Bash shell scripts intended for portability should take into account at least

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3528-512: The 'function' keyword, Bash function declarations are not compatible with Bourne/Korn/POSIX scripts (the KornShell has the same problem when using 'function'), but Bash accepts the same function declaration syntax as the Bourne and Korn shells, and is POSIX-conformant. Because of these and other differences, Bash shell scripts are rarely runnable under the Bourne or Korn shell interpreters unless deliberately written with that compatibility in mind, which

3612-485: The GNU Compiler ( GCC ). It is available on nearly all modern operating systems, making it a versatile tool in various computing environments. As a command processor , Bash operates within a text window where users input commands to execute various tasks. It also supports the execution of commands from files, known as shell scripts , facilitating automation . In keeping with Unix shell conventions, Bash incorporates

3696-462: The Heartbleed bug. Prior to the CII funding, only one person, Stephen Henson, worked full-time on OpenSSL; Henson approved well over half of the updates to more than 450,000 lines of the OpenSSL's source code. Besides Henson, there are three core volunteer programmers. The OpenSSL Project existed on a budget of $ 2,000 per year in donations, which was enough to cover the electrical bill, and Steve Henson

3780-554: The Internet's secure web servers certified by trusted authorities were believed to be vulnerable to the attack. According to Linus's law , from Raymond's book The Cathedral and the Bazaar , "Given enough eyeballs, all bugs are shallow." In other words, if there are enough people working on the software, a problem will be found quickly and its fix will be obvious to someone. Raymond stated in an interview that "there weren't any eyeballs" for

3864-424: The POSIX shell standard. Some bash features not found in POSIX are: If a piece of code uses such a feature, it is called a "bashism" – a problem for portable use. Debian's checkbashisms and Vidar Holen's shellcheck can be used to make sure that a script does not contain these parts. The list varies depending on the actual target shell: Debian's policy allows some extensions in their scripts (as they are in

3948-404: The accounting and technology fields. Professionals from both fields rely on one another to ensure the security of the information and data.With this collaboration, the security of the information system has proven to increase over time. In relation to the information systems audit, the role of the auditor is to examine the company’s controls of the security program. Furthermore, the auditor discloses

4032-416: The adequacy and effectiveness of information security. As in any institution, there are various controls to be implemented and maintained. To secure the information, an institution is expected to apply security measures to circumvent outside intervention. By and large, the two concepts of application security and segregation of duties are both in many ways connected and they both have the same goal, to protect

4116-468: The aftermath of chaotic growth in information technology and network communication. The role of the ISO has been very nebulous since the problem that they were created to address was not defined clearly. The role of an ISO has become one of following the dynamics of the security environment and keeping the risk posture balanced for the organization. Information systems audits combine the efforts and skill sets from

4200-444: The auditor is able to adequately determine if the data center maintains proper controls and is operating efficiently and effectively. Following is a list of objectives the auditor should review: The next step is collecting evidence to satisfy data center audit objectives. This involves traveling to the data center location and observing processes and within the data center. The following review procedures should be conducted to satisfy

4284-403: The background and stopped, can be achieved by running jobs : In the output, the number in brackets refers to the job id. The plus sign signifies the default process for bg and fg . The text "Running" and "Stopped" refer to the process state . The last string is the command that started the process. The state of a process can be changed using various commands. The fg command brings

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4368-427: The bash project has been committed to improving its usability. Since then, bash has become the de facto default shell program in most Linux and Unix operating systems. As the standard upon which bash is based, the POSIX, or IEEE Std 1003.1, et seq, is informative. Information technology security audit An information security audit is an audit of the level of information security in an organization. It

4452-421: The character ";", or on separate lines: In this example, when command1 is finished, command2 is executed, and when command2 has completed, command3 will execute. A background execution of command1 can occur using (symbol &) at the end of an execution command, and process will be executed in background while immediately returning control to the shell and allowing continued execution of commands. Or to have

4536-699: The client workstation and can also act as a firewall. Proxy server firewalls have special software to enforce authentication. Proxy server firewalls act as a middle man for user requests. Antivirus software programs such as McAfee and Symantec software locate and dispose of malicious content. These virus protection programs run live updates to ensure they have the latest information about known computer viruses. Logical security includes software safeguards for an organization's systems, including user ID and password access, authentication, access rights and authority levels. These measures are to ensure that only authorized users are able to perform actions or access information in

4620-399: The company and its critical business activities before conducting a data center review. The objective of the data center is to align data center activities with the goals of the business while maintaining the security and integrity of critical information and processes. To adequately determine whether the client's goal is being achieved, the auditor should perform the following before conducting

4704-428: The correct data at the appropriate stage in the data collection process. Auditors should continually evaluate their client's encryption policies and procedures. Companies that are heavily reliant on e-commerce systems and wireless networks are extremely vulnerable to theft and loss of critical information in transmission. Policies and procedures should be documented and carried out to ensure that all transmitted data

4788-452: The desired level and verify that the cost of encrypting the data does not exceed the value of the information itself. All data that is required to be maintained for an extensive amount of time should be encrypted and transported to a remote location. Procedures should be in place to guarantee that all encrypted sensitive information arrives at its location and is stored properly. Finally, the auditor should attain verification from management that

4872-409: The directory stack, the $ RANDOM and $ PPID variables, and POSIX command substitution syntax $ (...) . When a user presses the tab key within an interactive command-shell, Bash automatically uses command line completion , since beta version 2.04, to match partly typed program names, filenames and variable names. The Bash command-line completion system is very flexible and customizable, and

4956-442: The encryption system is strong, not attackable, and compliant with all local and international laws and regulations. Just as it sounds, a logical security audit follows a format in an organized procedure. The first step in an audit of any system is to seek to understand its components and its structure. When auditing logical security the auditor should investigate what security controls are in place, and how they work. In particular,

5040-408: The exit status is stored in the special variable $ ? . Bash also supports if ... ; then ... ; else ... ; fi and case $ VARIABLE in $ pattern ) ... ;; $ other_pattern ) ... ;; esac forms of conditional command evaluation. An external command called bashbug reports Bash shell bugs. When the command is invoked, it brings up the user's default editor with a form to fill in. The form

5124-426: The following areas are key points in auditing logical security: Network security is achieved by various tools including firewalls and proxy servers , encryption , logical security and access controls , anti-virus software , and auditing systems such as log management. Firewalls are a very basic part of network security. They are often placed between the private local network and the internet. Firewalls provide

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5208-578: The good practices of open-source development, 120,000 USD in popular open-source project analysis and 95,000 USD for auditing OpenSSL Bash (Unix shell) Bash , short for Bourne-Again SHell , is a shell program and command language supported by the Free Software Foundation and first developed for the GNU Project by Brian Fox . Designed as a 100% free software alternative for

5292-454: The idea of becoming "born again." The naming could be considered an instance of verbal irony or accidental innuendo . Bash grammar was initially based on the grammars of the most popular Unix shell programs then currently in use, some of which were considered particularly difficult to use or frustrating at that time. As the years progressed, bash development has made its grammar more user-friendly, so much so that it seems likely that

5376-436: The integrity of the companies’ data and to prevent fraud. For application security, it has to do with preventing unauthorized access to hardware and software through having proper security measures both physical and electronic in place. With segregation of duties, it is primarily a physical review of individuals’ access to the systems and processing and ensuring that there are no overlaps that could lead to fraud. The type of audit

5460-416: The network and its vulnerabilities. The auditor should first assess the extent of the network is and how it is structured. A network diagram can assist the auditor in this process. The next question an auditor should ask is what critical information this network must protect. Things such as enterprise systems, mail servers, web servers, and host applications accessed by customers are typically areas of focus. It

5544-535: The old ones. Other open-source software projects have similar difficulties. For example, the maintainers of OpenBSD , a security-conscious operating system, nearly had to shut the project down in early 2014 because it could not pay the electricity bills. Jim Zemlin, the executive director of the Linux Foundation, conceived the idea of the Core Infrastructure Initiative not long after Heartbleed

5628-494: The operating effectiveness of these controls in an audit report. The Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA) , an Information Technology professional organization, promotes gaining expertise through various certifications. The benefits of these certifications are applicable to external and internal personnel of the system. Examples of certifications that are relevant to information security audits include: The auditor should ask certain questions to better understand

5712-410: The pre-determined audit objectives: After the audit examination is completed, the audit findings and suggestions for corrective actions can be communicated to responsible stakeholders in a formal meeting. This ensures better understanding and support of the audit recommendations. It also gives the audited organization an opportunity to express its views on the issues raised. Writing a report after such

5796-587: The programs are not the ones who are authorized to pull it into production is key to preventing unauthorized programs into the production environment where they can be used to perpetrate fraud. In assessing the need for a client to implement encryption policies for their organization, the Auditor should conduct an analysis of the client's risk and data value. Companies with multiple external users, e-commerce applications, and sensitive customer/employee information should maintain rigid encryption policies aimed at encrypting

5880-514: The required time, cost and scope of an audit. First, you need to identify the minimum security requirements: The auditor should plan a company's audit based on the information found in the previous step. Planning an audit helps the auditor obtain sufficient and appropriate evidence for each company's specific circumstances. It helps predict audit costs at a reasonable level, assign the proper manpower and time line and avoid misunderstandings with clients. An auditor should be adequately educated about

5964-424: The review entailed and explain that a review provides only "limited assurance" to third parties. Typically, a data center review report consolidates the entirety of the audit. It also offers recommendations surrounding proper implementation of physical safeguards and advises the client on appropriate roles and responsibilities of its personnel. Its contents may include: The report may optionally include rankings of

6048-403: The review: In the next step, the auditor outlines the objectives of the audit after that conducting a review of a corporate data center takes place. Auditors consider multiple factors that relate to data center procedures and activities that potentially identify audit risks in the operating environment and assess the controls in place that mitigate those risks. After thorough testing and analysis,

6132-473: The same time using the &> operator. This is simpler to type than the Bourne shell equivalent ' command > file 2>&1 '. Bash supports process substitution using the <(command) and >(command) syntax, which substitutes the output of (or input to) a command where a filename is normally used. (This is implemented through /proc/fd/ unnamed pipes on systems that support that, or via temporary named pipes where necessary). When using

6216-404: The security vulnerabilities identified throughout the performance of the audit and the urgency of the tasks necessary to address them. Rankings like “high”, “low”, and “medium” can be used to describe the imperativeness of the tasks. Generally, computer security audits are performed by: Information Security Officer (ISO) is a relatively new position, which has emerged in organizations to deal in

6300-586: The system as possible, from both the perspective of a typical employee as well as an outsider. A behavioral audit ensures preventative measures are in place such as a phishing webinar, where employees are made aware of what phishing is and how to detect it. System and process assurance audits combine elements from IT infrastructure and application/information security audits and use diverse controls in categories such as Completeness, Accuracy, Validity (V) and Restricted access (CAVR). Application Security centers on three main functions: When it comes to programming it

6384-416: The system giving them unlimited access to all aspects of the system. Also, developing a matrix for all functions highlighting the points where proper segregation of duties has been breached will help identify potential material weaknesses by cross-checking each employee's available accesses. This is as important if not more so in the development function as it is in production. Ensuring that people who develop

6468-477: The system. Those usually have to do with proper security access to make the changes and having proper authorization procedures in place for pulling programming changes from development through test and finally into production. With processing, it is important that procedures and monitoring of a few different aspects such as the input of falsified or erroneous data, incomplete processing, duplicate transactions and untimely processing are in place. Making sure that input

6552-474: The variable expansion is performed after the brace expansion, which in some cases may necessitate the use of the eval built-in, thus: ‹The template How-to is being considered for merging .›   When Bash starts, it executes the commands in a variety of dot files . Unlike Bash shell scripts, dot files do typically have neither the execute permission enabled nor an interpreter directive like #!/bin/bash . The example ~/.bash_profile below

6636-414: The vast majority of Bourne shell scripts without modification, with the exception of Bourne shell scripts stumbling into fringe syntax behavior interpreted differently in Bash or attempting to run a system command matching a newer Bash builtin, etc. Bash command syntax includes ideas drawn from the Korn Shell (ksh) and the C shell (csh) such as command line editing, command history ( history command),

6720-691: The work as an employee of FSF. Fox released Bash as a beta, version .99, on June 8, 1989, and remained the primary maintainer until sometime between mid-1992 and mid-1994, when he was laid off from FSF and his responsibility was transitioned to another early contributor, Chet Ramey. Since then, Bash has become by far the most popular shell among users of Linux, becoming the default interactive shell on that operating system's various distributions and on Apple's macOS releases before Catalina in October 2019. Bash has also been ported to Microsoft Windows and distributed with Cygwin and MinGW , to DOS by

6804-400: Was announced, and spent the night of April 23 calling firms for support. Thirteen companies responded and joined the initiative: Amazon Web Services , Cisco Systems , Dell , Facebook , Fujitsu , Google , IBM , Intel , Microsoft , NetApp , Rackspace , Qualcomm and VMware . The list was mainly determined by who Zemlin knew. Each of the thirteen companies has pledged to donate $ 100,000

6888-495: Was composed of two bodies, a steering committee and an advisory board. The steering committee was made up of representatives from the member companies and other industry stakeholders and the committee was in charge of identifying target software projects and approving specific funding to those projects. The advisory board, composed of developers and other stakeholders, provided advice to the steering committee. The Core Infrastructure Initiative also invested 120,000 USD for education to

6972-552: Was earning around $ 20,000 per year. To gather more revenue for the project, Steve Marquess, a consultant for the Defense Department, created the OpenSSL Software Foundation. This allowed programmers to make some money by consulting for organizations that used the code. However, the foundation brought in less than $ 1 million per year, and the contract work tended to focus on adding new features rather than maintaining

7056-505: Was regarded as severe, since CGI scripts using Bash could be vulnerable, enabling arbitrary code execution . The bug was related to how Bash passes function definitions to subshells through environment variables . As a command processor , Bash operates within a text window where users input commands to execute various tasks. It also supports the execution of commands from files, known as shell scripts , facilitating automation . In keeping with Unix shell conventions, Bash incorporates

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