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74-651: Following the traditions of the church, the pope is chairman and head of the Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria . The Holy Synod is the highest authority in the Church of Alexandria, which has between 12 and 18 million members worldwide, 10 to 14 million of whom are in Egypt. The pope is also the chairman of the church's General Congregation Council . Although historically associated with

148-633: A titular see attached to another metropolis. There is a special status of seniority of honor and precedence for the metropolitan archbishop of the Holy and Great City of Our Lord, Jerusalem , Holy Zion, archbishop of the Holy Archdiocese of Jerusalem , All Palestine , Philadelphia of Jordan and All the Near East . This great archdiocesan metropolis is technically outside the Egyptian Province and

222-570: A basis for coinages: anthropology , photography , telephony , isomer , biomechanics , cinematography , etc. Together with Latin words , they form the foundation of international scientific and technical vocabulary ; for example, all words ending in -logy ('discourse'). There are many English words of Greek origin . Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European language family. The ancient language most closely related to it may be ancient Macedonian , which, by most accounts,

296-479: A chalice, each with the name of a different candidate written on them, out of a silver urn. The name on the card picked by the child will be the identity of the person chosen to be the new pope. After the death of Shenouda III on March 17, 2012 the Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church voted on a successor. The names of the three candidates who received most votes were put in a glass chalice. One name

370-552: A fairly stable set of consonantal contrasts . The main phonological changes occurred during the Hellenistic and Roman period (see Koine Greek phonology for details): In all its stages, the morphology of Greek shows an extensive set of productive derivational affixes , a limited but productive system of compounding and a rich inflectional system. Although its morphological categories have been fairly stable over time, morphological changes are present throughout, particularly in

444-556: A faster, more convenient cursive writing style with the use of ink and quill . The Greek alphabet consists of 24 letters, each with an uppercase ( majuscule ) and lowercase ( minuscule ) form. The letter sigma has an additional lowercase form (ς) used in the final position of a word: In addition to the letters, the Greek alphabet features a number of diacritical signs : three different accent marks ( acute , grave , and circumflex ), originally denoting different shapes of pitch accent on

518-531: A foreign language. It is also often stated that the historical changes have been relatively slight compared with some other languages. According to one estimation, " Homeric Greek is probably closer to Demotic than 12-century Middle English is to modern spoken English ". Greek is spoken today by at least 13 million people, principally in Greece and Cyprus along with a sizable Greek-speaking minority in Albania near

592-412: Is a large body, consisting of one thousand people who will be voting for the candidates. The three that receive the most support will have their names on the ballot during the ceremony of the "sacred election by lot." The ceremony is held during a public ritual which the entire community of the faithful is invited to attend. Then, during the ceremony, a blindfolded child pulls one of three cards from within

666-766: Is also found in Bulgaria near the Greek-Bulgarian border. Greek is also spoken worldwide by the sizable Greek diaspora which has notable communities in the United States , Australia , Canada , South Africa , Chile , Brazil , Argentina , Russia , Ukraine , the United Kingdom , and throughout the European Union , especially in Germany . Historically, significant Greek-speaking communities and regions were found throughout

740-474: Is an Indo-European language, but also includes a number of borrowings from the languages of the populations that inhabited Greece before the arrival of Proto-Greeks, some documented in Mycenaean texts ; they include a large number of Greek toponyms . The form and meaning of many words have changed. Loanwords (words of foreign origin) have entered the language, mainly from Latin, Venetian , and Turkish . During

814-515: Is difficult to ascertain the identity of the first Bishop of Rome to carry the title Pope of Rome . Some sources suggest that it was Pope Marcellinus (died 304 AD). From the 6th century, the imperial chancery of Constantinople normally reserved this designation for the Bishop of Rome. From the early 6th century, it began to be confined in the West to the Bishop of Rome, a practice that was firmly in place by

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888-462: Is matched only by the now-extinct Anatolian languages . The Greek language is conventionally divided into the following periods: In the modern era, the Greek language entered a state of diglossia : the coexistence of vernacular and archaizing written forms of the language. What came to be known as the Greek language question was a polarization between two competing varieties of Modern Greek: Dimotiki ,

962-519: Is not considered to be within the jurisdiction of the pope of Alexandria, but is one of the possessions of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. It was created by Pope Cyril III (1235–1243) in the thirteenth century, which, at that time, had caused a dispute between the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria and the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch. This was a very rare incident between the two sister churches as in general their relationship

1036-618: Is one of the strongest between any two sister churches. According to the Alexandrine tradition, the rank of metropolitan bishop is granted by the pope to the diocesan bishops under his jurisdiction on a personal status (In Personam) and not due to the size or importance of the bishop's eparchy; however, the rank of metropolitan archbishop is granted to those whose archdioceses have historical importance and had or have more than one suffragan diocese within their territorial jurisdictions. The Coptic Orthodox Metropolitan Archbishop of Jerusalem

1110-510: Is protected and promoted officially as a regional and minority language in Armenia, Hungary , Romania, and Ukraine. It is recognized as a minority language and protected in Turkey by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne . The phonology , morphology , syntax , and vocabulary of the language show both conservative and innovative tendencies across the entire attestation of the language from the ancient to

1184-593: Is still disputed after the separation which followed the Council of Chalcedon . The later development of the Pentarchy also granted secular recognition to these religious leaders. Because of this split, the leadership of this church is not part of this system. Members of the Coptic Orthodox Church consider their heads as direct successors of Mark the Evangelist , as they consider Mark the first Bishop of Alexandria and founder

1258-758: Is still used internationally for the writing of Ancient Greek . In Greek, the question mark is written as the English semicolon, while the functions of the colon and semicolon are performed by a raised point (•), known as the ano teleia ( άνω τελεία ). In Greek the comma also functions as a silent letter in a handful of Greek words, principally distinguishing ό,τι ( ó,ti , 'whatever') from ότι ( óti , 'that'). Ancient Greek texts often used scriptio continua ('continuous writing'), which means that ancient authors and scribes would write word after word with no spaces or punctuation between words to differentiate or mark boundaries. Boustrophedon , or bi-directional text,

1332-570: Is the hierarch of the Metropolis of Lycopolis , Hieracon and Apollonopolis Parva , which is Asyut ; but since the great and ancient Titular Metropolis of Pentapolis in Cyrenaica , that comprises the Holy Suffragan Dioceses of Cyrene , Appollonia , Ptolemais , Berenice and Arsinoe , is currently a Titular title, incorporated within the jurisdiction of the metropolitan archbishop of

1406-461: Is the only Coptic Orthodox hierarch who is consecrated as a metropolitan archbishop without being consecrated first as a bishop and later elevated to metropolitan archbishop, as is the norm in all episcopal consecration according to the tradition of the Church of Alexandria ; it is done concurrently on the same occasion. This has been the case since Cyril III consecrated Metropolitan Archbishop Basilius as

1480-463: Is then published in Egypt's three major Arab-language newspapers, communicating the names of the candidates to all the faithful of the Coptic Church. For this reason, the next step takes place only after three months. At that point a grand assembly is called, including the 74 bishops of the Coptic Church and twelve representatives from each diocese , chosen from elders and leaders of associations. This

1554-730: Is under the jurisdiction of the Holy Apostolic Throne of Alexandria . A Gallery of the Coptic Holy Synod of Egypt (All Coptic Bishops) (external link) A Gallery of the Members of the Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria In order of date of consecration in Arabic and English (external link) Chairman of The Synod 1) Pope Tawadros II of Alexandria 2) Antonius , most senior and elder metropolitan archbishop of

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1628-650: The Balkans , Caucasus , the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor , and the Eastern Mediterranean . It has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning at least 3,400 years of written records. Its writing system is the Greek alphabet , which has been used for approximately 2,800 years; previously, Greek was recorded in writing systems such as Linear B and the Cypriot syllabary . The alphabet arose from

1702-609: The Byzantine Empire and developed into Medieval Greek . In its modern form , Greek is the official language of Greece and Cyprus and one of the 24 official languages of the European Union . It is spoken by at least 13.5 million people today in Greece, Cyprus, Italy, Albania, Turkey , and the many other countries of the Greek diaspora . Greek roots have been widely used for centuries and continue to be widely used to coin new words in other languages; Greek and Latin are

1776-605: The Christian Bible was also originally written in Greek. Together with the Latin texts and traditions of the Roman world , the Greek texts and Greek societies of antiquity constitute the objects of study of the discipline of Classics . During antiquity , Greek was by far the most widely spoken lingua franca in the Mediterranean world . It eventually became the official language of

1850-486: The Eastern Mediterranean , in what are today Southern Italy , Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , Egypt , and Libya ; in the area of the Black Sea , in what are today Turkey, Bulgaria , Romania , Ukraine , Russia , Georgia , Armenia , and Azerbaijan ; and, to a lesser extent, in the Western Mediterranean in and around colonies such as Massalia , Monoikos , and Mainake . It

1924-587: The Holy and Great City of Our Lord, Jerusalem (Holy Zion); Archbishop of the Holy and Ancient Archdiocese of Jerusalem, all Palestine and the Near East comprising: 3) Pachomius , most senior and elder metropolitan archbishop of the Holy Metropolis of Damanhur (Hermopolis Parva) and Beheira that comprises: Being also: The titular archbishop and patriarchal exarch of : 4) Wissa (Besa), metropolitan bishop of

1998-510: The Indo-Iranian languages (see Graeco-Aryan ), but little definitive evidence has been found. In addition, Albanian has also been considered somewhat related to Greek and Armenian, and it has been proposed that they all form a higher-order subgroup along with other extinct languages of the ancient Balkans; this higher-order subgroup is usually termed Palaeo-Balkan , and Greek has a central position in it. Linear B , attested as early as

2072-641: The Phoenician script and was in turn the basis of the Latin , Cyrillic , Coptic , Gothic , and many other writing systems. The Greek language holds a very important place in the history of the Western world. Beginning with the epics of Homer , ancient Greek literature includes many works of lasting importance in the European canon . Greek is also the language in which many of the foundational texts in science and philosophy were originally composed. The New Testament of

2146-492: The nominal and verbal systems. The major change in the nominal morphology since the classical stage was the disuse of the dative case (its functions being largely taken over by the genitive ). The verbal system has lost the infinitive , the synthetically -formed future, and perfect tenses and the optative mood . Many have been replaced by periphrastic ( analytical ) forms. Pronouns show distinctions in person (1st, 2nd, and 3rd), number (singular, dual , and plural in

2220-424: The pope , being the bishop of Alexandria and being the senior and elder bishop and the metropolitan archbishop of the province and primate of all Egypt, is the head of the Holy Synod as a first among equals . The most senior position after the pope was that of the metropolitan archbishop of Pentapolis , but since it ceased to be a major archiepiscopal metropolis in the days of Pope John VI it has been held as

2294-505: The 11th century, when Pope Gregory VII declared it reserved for the Bishop of Rome. Further reading on traditions and procedures for electing the patriarch may be found at: Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Patriarchate of Alexandria The Holy Synod of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria is the highest Orthodox authority in the Coptic Orthodox Church . It formulates the rules and regulations regarding matters of

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2368-486: The Church in the 1st century. The pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church is elected with the following procedure since 1957: The first step – which must take place within seven days after the death of the Coptic pope – is the appointment of a regent, chosen by the Holy Synod (the assembly of Coptic bishops) to lead the Church until it chooses a successor. Usually it is one of the eldest of the bishops. Under his leadership, within

2442-443: The Church's organisation and faith. The synod is chaired by the patriarch of Alexandria and the members are the Church's metropolitan archbishops , metropolitan bishops , diocesan bishops , patriarchal exarchs , missionary bishops , auxiliary bishops , suffragan bishops , assistant bishops , chorbishops and the patriarchal vicars of the Church of Alexandria. According to Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria traditions,

2516-486: The Greek alphabet since approximately the 9th century BC. It was created by modifying the Phoenician alphabet , with the innovation of adopting certain letters to represent the vowels. The variant of the alphabet in use today is essentially the late Ionic variant, introduced for writing classical Attic in 403 BC. In classical Greek, as in classical Latin, only upper-case letters existed. The lower-case Greek letters were developed much later by medieval scribes to permit

2590-491: The Greek language was the Cypriot syllabary (also a descendant of Linear A via the intermediate Cypro-Minoan syllabary ), which is closely related to Linear B but uses somewhat different syllabic conventions to represent phoneme sequences. The Cypriot syllabary is attested in Cyprus from the 11th century BC until its gradual abandonment in the late Classical period, in favor of the standard Greek alphabet. Greek has been written in

2664-629: The Greek verb have likewise remained largely the same over the course of the language's history but with significant changes in the number of distinctions within each category and their morphological expression. Greek verbs have synthetic inflectional forms for: Many aspects of the syntax of Greek have remained constant: verbs agree with their subject only, the use of the surviving cases is largely intact (nominative for subjects and predicates, accusative for objects of most verbs and many prepositions, genitive for possessors), articles precede nouns, adpositions are largely prepositional, relative clauses follow

2738-661: The Greek-Albanian border. A significant percentage of Albania's population has knowledge of the Greek language due in part to the Albanian wave of immigration to Greece in the 1980s and '90s and the Greek community in the country. Prior to the Greco-Turkish War and the resulting population exchange in 1923 a very large population of Greek-speakers also existed in Turkey , though very few remain today. A small Greek-speaking community

2812-646: The Holy Diocese of Asyut ( Lycopolis ), comprising: Greek language Greek ( Modern Greek : Ελληνικά , romanized :  Elliniká , [eliniˈka] ; Ancient Greek : Ἑλληνική , romanized :  Hellēnikḗ ) is an Indo-European language, constituting an independent Hellenic branch within the Indo-European language family. It is native to Greece , Cyprus , Italy (in Calabria and Salento ), southern Albania , and other regions of

2886-542: The Holy Diocese of Luxor ( Diospolis Magna ), comprising the following: Being also titular bishop of: (Currently relieved from eparchial shepherding). 28) Missael , diocesan bishop of the Holy Diocese of Birmingham , all of the Midlands and its affiliated regions, United Kingdom . 29) Matthias, diocesan bishop of the Holy Diocese of El-Mahalla El-Kubra and Samanoud ( Sebennytos ). (Currently relieved from eparchial shepherding) 30) Youannes (John), diocesan bishop of

2960-877: The Holy Metropolis of Banha ( Leontopolis ), comprising the Holy Suffragan Diocese of Quouwaysena ( Athribis ). 26) Youssef (Joseph), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Southern United States . Being also the abbot of the Monastery of the Most Holy Virgin Mary and Saint Moses the Strong in Corpus Christi, Texas , USA and the abbot of the Convent of the Most Holy Virgin Mary and Saint Demiana in Dawsonville, Georgia , USA. 27) Ammonios (Amon), diocesan bishop of

3034-528: The Holy Metropolis of Beheira Hermopolis Parva , Buto , Naucratis , Mariout Mareotis , Marsa Matruh Paraetonium , Apis ; who is also the titular archbishop and patriarchal exarch of the Ancient and Holy Titular Archdiocese of Libya , comprising the titular suffragan dioceses of Livis , Marmarica , Darnis , Neapolis and Tripolitania ; of the Ancient and Holy Exarchate of Africa in Tunisia , comprising

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3108-661: The Holy Metropolis of Los Angeles, all Southern California and Hawaii , USA. Being also the abbot of the Monastery of Saint Anthony the Great in Barstow, California , United States. 9) Paula (Paul), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Tanta. 10) Pissada, metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Akhmim (Panopolis), Saqualta and the Holy Monasteries of Mount Akhmim in Upper Egypt. 11) Andrawis (Andrew), metropolitan bishop of

3182-469: The Holy Metropolis of Qena , comprising the Holy Suffragan Diocese of Qift ( Coptos ) and its jurisdictions 23) Pimen, metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Naqada (Ombos) , comprising the Holy Suffragan Diocese of Qus ( Apollonopolis Parva ). 24) Takla (Thekla), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Dishna , comprising the Holy Suffragan Diocese of Dendera ( Tentyris ) and its jurisdictions. 25) Maximos, metropolitan bishop of

3256-424: The Holy Metropolis of Sohag ( Athribis ), comprising the following: 19) Aghapios, metropolitan bishop the Holy Metropolis of Deir Mawas and Delga. 20) Thomas, metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of el-Qusiya ( Qis ) and Meir . 21) Daniel, metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Maadi & El-Basateen, and General Secretary of the Holy Synod. 22) Cheroubim (Cherubim), metropolitan bishop of

3330-428: The Holy Metropolis of el-Balyana ( Abydos ), comprising: 5) Paphnutius , metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Samalut and Taha El Aameda. 6) Benyamin (Benjamin), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Al Minufiyah ( Prosopolis ). 7) Tadros (Theodoros), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Port Said ( Pelusium ). Being also the titular bishop of: 8) Serapion , metropolitan bishop of

3404-407: The Holy Metropolis of Abutig, Sedna and el Ghanayem. 12) Ashe’yia (Isaiah), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Tahta, Juhayna and Gabalein (Aphroditopolis & Hispis (Pathyris)) 13) Markos (Mark), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Shubra el-Kheima. 14) Abram, metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Faiyum. Being also the abbot of the Monastery of Archangel Gabriel in

3478-584: The Naqloun Mountain, Central Egypt. 15) Antonious Markos (Anthony Mark), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of South Africa and its jurisdictions. 16) Barsoum (Parsoma), metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Dairut and Sanabou. 17) Demetrios, metropolitan bishop of the Holy Metropolis of Mallawi , comprising the following: Being also the abbot of the Monastery of Saint Fana , Upper Egypt. 18) Bakhoum (Pachomius), metropolitan bishop of

3552-607: The Titular and Holy Suffragan dioceses of Mauretania Tingitana and Mauretania Caesariensis and of the Ancient and Holy Titular Metropolis of Numedia in Algeria and Morocco that includes the Titular and Holy Suffragan dioceses of Leptis Parva and of Hadramentum . Accordingly, that honor goes to the Hierarch of the Metropolis of Lycopolis , Hieracon and Apollonopolis Parva apart from

3626-404: The acute during the late 20th century, and it has only been retained in typography . After the writing reform of 1982, most diacritics are no longer used. Since then, Greek has been written mostly in the simplified monotonic orthography (or monotonic system), which employs only the acute accent and the diaeresis. The traditional system, now called the polytonic orthography (or polytonic system),

3700-402: The ancient language; singular and plural alone in later stages), and gender (masculine, feminine, and neuter), and decline for case (from six cases in the earliest forms attested to four in the modern language). Nouns, articles, and adjectives show all the distinctions except for a person. Both attributive and predicative adjectives agree with the noun. The inflectional categories of

3774-789: The city of Alexandria , the residence and Seat of the Coptic Orthodox Pope of Alexandria has been located in Cairo since 1047. The pope is currently established in Saint Mark's Coptic Orthodox Cathedral , inside a compound which includes the Patriarchal Palace, with an additional residence at the Monastery of Saint Pishoy . The liturgy of the Altar Ballot took place on November 4, 2012. The 60-year-old Bishop Tawadoros, Auxiliary Bishop of Beheira, assistant to Metropolitan Pachomios of Beheira,

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3848-431: The date of consecration within each rank. Accordingly, the most senior position after the pope is the oldest consecrated metropolitan archbishop, who was as of 2015 Metropolitan Pachomios, the metropolitan archbishop of the Holy Metropolis of Damanhur (Hermopolis Parva) and Beheira (Consecrated in 1990). In spite of the ancient Alexandrine tradition, the most senior hierarch, after the senior hierarch of Pentapolis ,

3922-469: The fact of the current adoption of the seniority of the date of consecration of the later hierarch. The most senior bishop in consecration will become the Locum tenens in case of the death of the pope and until the election of the new pope, and he will be the one who enthrones the newly elected pope along with all the hierarchs, who are members of the Holy Synod. This seniority ranking system does not diminish

3996-445: The first Coptic Orthodox Metropolitan Archbishop of Jerusalem and All the Near East. Usually the chosen hieromonk is consecrated first as a diocesan bishop , then with time, he could be awarded the higher dignity of metropolitan bishop. Sometimes the nominated diocesan bishop is already an assistant bishop , auxiliary bishop or general bishop, in which case he is only enthroned as the bishop of that diocese . Currently, and because

4070-606: The importance and the greatness of the Archdiocese of Jerusalem and All the Near East , since its inclusion under the jurisdiction of the Apostolic Church of Alexandria in early medieval times. The archiepiscopal status of this great metropolis is also granted due to the Holy Apostolic Throne that it represents, being the Apostolic and Patriarchal Throne of Jerusalem, although its metropolitan archbishop does not claim that title and

4144-439: The infinitive entirely (employing a raft of new periphrastic constructions instead) and uses participles more restrictively. The loss of the dative led to a rise of prepositional indirect objects (and the use of the genitive to directly mark these as well). Ancient Greek tended to be verb-final, but neutral word order in the modern language is VSO or SVO. Modern Greek inherits most of its vocabulary from Ancient Greek, which in turn

4218-463: The late 15th century BC, was the first script used to write Greek. It is basically a syllabary , which was finally deciphered by Michael Ventris and John Chadwick in the 1950s (its precursor, Linear A , has not been deciphered and most likely encodes a non-Greek language). The language of the Linear B texts, Mycenaean Greek , is the earliest known form of Greek. Another similar system used to write

4292-458: The membership of Greece and Cyprus in the European Union, Greek is one of the organization's 24 official languages . Greek is recognized as a minority language in Albania, and used co-officially in some of its municipalities, in the districts of Gjirokastër and Sarandë . It is also an official minority language in the regions of Apulia and Calabria in Italy. In the framework of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages , Greek

4366-441: The modern period. The division into conventional periods is, as with all such periodizations, relatively arbitrary, especially because, in all periods, Ancient Greek has enjoyed high prestige, and the literate borrowed heavily from it. Across its history, the syllabic structure of Greek has varied little: Greek shows a mixed syllable structure, permitting complex syllabic onsets but very restricted codas. It has only oral vowels and

4440-399: The noun they modify and relative pronouns are clause-initial. However, the morphological changes also have their counterparts in the syntax, and there are also significant differences between the syntax of the ancient and that of the modern form of the language . Ancient Greek made great use of participial constructions and of constructions involving the infinitive, and the modern variety lacks

4514-706: The older periods of Greek, loanwords into Greek acquired Greek inflections, thus leaving only a foreign root word. Modern borrowings (from the 20th century on), especially from French and English, are typically not inflected; other modern borrowings are derived from Albanian , South Slavic ( Macedonian / Bulgarian ) and Eastern Romance languages ( Aromanian and Megleno-Romanian ). Greek words have been widely borrowed into other languages, including English. Example words include: mathematics , physics , astronomy , democracy , philosophy , athletics , theatre, rhetoric , baptism , evangelist , etc. Moreover, Greek words and word elements continue to be productive as

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4588-434: The predominant sources of international scientific vocabulary . Greek has been spoken in the Balkan peninsula since around the 3rd millennium BC, or possibly earlier. The earliest written evidence is a Linear B clay tablet found in Messenia that dates to between 1450 and 1350 BC, making Greek the world's oldest recorded living language . Among the Indo-European languages, its date of earliest written attestation

4662-426: The seniority of the members of the Holy Synod is decided according to the seniority of the consecretion/elevation date of the ecclesiastical ranks: First come the metropolitan archbishops and metropolitan bishops, followed by the diocesan bishops then the bishops exarchs of the throne, then the suffragan bishops , then the auxiliary bishops , then the general bishops and finally the chorbishops but also according to

4736-409: The space of a month, a committee consisting of fourteen members of the Synod, has the task of preparing, based on reports received, an initial list of five or six candidates for the election. There are specific criteria that need to be met: the future Coptic pope must be over 40 years old, he must have lived as a monk for at least fifteen years, and must never have been married. Once chosen, this list

4810-437: The stressed vowel; the so-called breathing marks ( rough and smooth breathing ), originally used to signal presence or absence of word-initial /h/; and the diaeresis , used to mark the full syllabic value of a vowel that would otherwise be read as part of a diphthong. These marks were introduced during the course of the Hellenistic period. Actual usage of the grave in handwriting saw a rapid decline in favor of uniform usage of

4884-447: The various stages of the Greek language are often emphasized. Although Greek has undergone morphological and phonological changes comparable to those seen in other languages, never since classical antiquity has its cultural, literary, and orthographic tradition been interrupted to the extent that one can speak of a new language emerging. Greek speakers today still tend to regard literary works of ancient Greek as part of their own rather than

4958-529: The vernacular form of Modern Greek proper, and Katharevousa , meaning 'purified', a compromise between Dimotiki and Ancient Greek developed in the early 19th century that was used for literary and official purposes in the newly formed Greek state. In 1976, Dimotiki was declared the official language of Greece, after having incorporated features of Katharevousa and thus giving birth to Standard Modern Greek , used today for all official purposes and in education . The historical unity and continuing identity between

5032-515: Was a distinct dialect of Greek itself. Aside from the Macedonian question, current consensus regards Phrygian as the closest relative of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological and lexical isoglosses , with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed a Graeco-Phrygian subgroup out of which Greek and Phrygian originated. Among living languages, some Indo-Europeanists suggest that Greek may be most closely related to Armenian (see Graeco-Armenian ) or

5106-423: Was also used as the official language of government and religion in the Christian Nubian kingdoms , for most of their history. Greek, in its modern form, is the official language of Greece, where it is spoken by almost the entire population. It is also the official language of Cyprus (nominally alongside Turkish ) and the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia (alongside English ). Because of

5180-442: Was also used in Ancient Greek. Greek has occasionally been written in the Latin script , especially in areas under Venetian rule or by Greek Catholics . The term Frankolevantinika / Φραγκολεβαντίνικα applies when the Latin script is used to write Greek in the cultural ambit of Catholicism (because Frankos / Φράγκος is an older Greek term for West-European dating to when most of (Roman Catholic Christian) West Europe

5254-402: Was chosen as the 118th Pope of Alexandria. He then chose the name of Tawadros (Theodoros or Theodore). He was formally enthroned on November 18, 2012. The early Christian Church recognized the special significance of several cities as leaders of the worldwide Church. The Church of Alexandria is one of these original patriarchates , but the succession to the role of patriarch in Alexandria

5328-598: Was then picked by a blindfolded boy, believed to be guided by the hand of God. The man thus picked became the new Patriarch of Alexandria. Shenouda III had been elected in a similar fashion. The word pope derives from Greek πάππας meaning "father". A record in history of the term "pope" is assigned to Pope Heraclas of Alexandria in a letter written by the bishop of Rome, Dionysius , to Philemon: τοῦτον ἐγὼ τὸν κανόνα καὶ τὸν τύπον παρὰ τοῦ μακαρίου πάπα ἡμῶν Ἡρακλᾶ παρέλαβον. which translates into: I received this rule and ordinance from our blessed pope, Heraclas. It

5402-566: Was under the control of the Frankish Empire ). Frankochiotika / Φραγκοχιώτικα (meaning 'Catholic Chiot') alludes to the significant presence of Catholic missionaries based on the island of Chios . Additionally, the term Greeklish is often used when the Greek language is written in a Latin script in online communications. The Latin script is nowadays used by the Greek-speaking communities of Southern Italy . The Yevanic dialect

5476-653: Was written by Romaniote and Constantinopolitan Karaite Jews using the Hebrew Alphabet . In a tradition, that in modern time, has come to be known as Greek Aljamiado , some Greek Muslims from Crete wrote their Cretan Greek in the Arabic alphabet . The same happened among Epirote Muslims in Ioannina . This also happened among Arabic-speaking Byzantine rite Christians in the Levant ( Lebanon , Palestine, and Syria ). This usage

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