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67-522: The Atlanta Public Safety Training Center , commonly known as Cop City , is a police and fire department training campus under construction in the South River Forest area of DeKalb County near Atlanta , Georgia , United States. Much of the land included in the plans was formerly part of the Old Atlanta Prison Farm , which was abandoned in 1995. In 2021, the location was identified by

134-770: A historical analysis of the honor farm facility in the forest. Plans to officially designate the area as a national park began in the early 2010s; a smaller portion of it was designated the South River Park in 2017 by the Atlanta City Planning Commissioner Tim Keane. The South River's largest urban tributary, Intrenchment Creek, flows through the South River Forest. East of Intrenchment Creek, in unincorporated DeKalb County, lies 136-acre Intrenchment Creek Park (ICP) Intrenchment Creek Park (DeKalb County). In January 2021, DeKalb County approved

201-509: A land exchange that gave 40 acres of public parkland at ICP to real estate mogul Ryan Millsap who was then CEO of Blackhall Studios. Community efforts to prevent the exchange began in 2018, when it was first discovered that DeKalb County was in negotiations with Millsap, and were dubbed Stop The Swap . Ongoing efforts to reclaim the land for the public include the Stop The Swap citizens lawsuit . Shortly after DeKalb County leadership approved

268-469: A prison farm , and it is a proposed site for a police training facility that has garnered protests . The Muscogee Creek people inhabited the area and referred to the South River as the "Weelaunee", loosely meaning green-brown water, until they were forcibly displaced in the 1820s and 1830s. Inscribed stones from a Carnegie library are among items dumped in the area. In 1999, Jillian Wootten wrote

335-576: A coalition of activist groups opposed to the construction project announced their plans to force a referendum on Cop City. The referendum was inspired by a similar successful effort in Camden County, GA. The Georgia constitution allows residents to force a referendum on decisions by local governments if they can get 15% of registered voters to sign petition; in Atlanta, 60,000 to 70,000 signatures would be required. The referendum against Cop City would cancel

402-558: A hard surface, the glass would shatter and the contents would instantly ignite, liberating choking fumes of phosphorus pentoxide and sulfur dioxide as well as producing a great deal of heat. Strict instructions were issued to store the grenades safely, preferably underwater and certainly never in a house. Mainly issued to the Home Guard as an anti-tank weapon, it was produced in vast numbers; by August 1941 well over 6,000,000 had been manufactured. There were many who were sceptical about

469-493: A lawyer for the Southern Poverty Law Center , who had only been there for observation and because of this was freed on a $ 5,000 bond. By May, prosecutors had charged more than 40 protesters with domestic terrorism, a move that Human Rights Watch called an "attempt to smear protesters as national security threats". At a May 2023 public meeting, Atlanta City Council members faced record-setting public opposition to

536-452: A length of cinema film (then composed of highly flammable nitrocellulose ) as a source of ignition. On 29 July 1940, manufacturers Albright & Wilson of Oldbury demonstrated to the RAF how their white phosphorus could be used to ignite incendiary bombs. The demonstration involved throwing glass bottles containing a mixture of petrol and phosphorus at pieces of wood and into a hut. On breaking,

603-477: A light [i.e., a source of ignition]. Put a corner of the material down in front of you, turn the bottle over so that petrol soaks out round the mouth of the bottle and drips on to this corner of the material. Turn the bottle right way up again, hold it in your right hand, most of the blanket bunched beneath the bottle, with your left hand take the blanket near the corner that is wetted with petrol. Wait for your tank. When near enough, your pal [or comrade-in-arms] lights

670-497: A result, the Finns sarcastically dubbed the Soviet incendiary cluster bombs " Molotov bread baskets " ( Finnish : Molotovin leipäkori ) in reference to Molotov's propaganda broadcasts. When the hand-held bottle firebomb was developed to attack and destroy Soviet tanks, the Finns called it the "Molotov cocktail", as "a drink to go with his food parcels". Despite the now infamous name,

737-525: A stout iron bar in the tracks can immobilise the vehicle, leaving it at the mercy of further petrol bombs – which will suffocate the engine and possibly the crew – or an explosive charge or anti-tank mine. By August 1940, the War Office produced training instructions for the creation and use of Molotov cocktails. The instructions suggested scoring the bottles vertically with a diamond to ensure breakage and providing fuel-soaked rag, windproof matches or

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804-402: A tube of nitric acid and a lump of metallic sodium to ignite a mixture of petrol and diesel fuel. The Polish Home Army developed a version which ignited on impact without the need of a wick. Ignition was caused by a reaction between concentrated sulfuric acid mixed with the fuel and a mixture of potassium chlorate and sugar which was crystallized from solution onto a rag attached to

871-497: A veteran of the International Brigades , later publicised his recommended method of using them: We made use of "petrol bombs" roughly as follows: take a 2lb glass jam jar. Fill with petrol. Take a heavy curtain, half a blanket, or some other heavy material. Wrap this over the mouth of the jar, tie it round the neck with string, leave the ends of the material hanging free. When you want to use it have somebody standing by with

938-452: A vote providing $ 31 million for the Cop City project. At the time, the project had received $ 60 million of corporate funding and was several months delayed. On May 31, a SWAT team arrested three organizers of a bail fund that had supported protesters with bail and legal defense. Those arrested were charged with money laundering and charity fraud . That same month, developers finished clearing

1005-413: Is a hand-thrown incendiary weapon consisting of a frangible container filled with flammable substances and equipped with a fuse (typically a glass bottle filled with flammable liquids sealed with a cloth wick ). In use, the fuse attached to the container is lit and the weapon is thrown, shattering on impact. This ignites the flammable substances contained in the bottle and spreads flames as

1072-548: Is a glass bottle containing a flammable substance such as petrol (gasoline), alcohol or a napalm -like mixture and a source of ignition, such as a burning cloth wick , held in place by the bottle's stopper. The wick is usually soaked in alcohol or kerosene rather than petrol. For winter warfare , a method of ignition has been to attach storm matches to the side of the bottle, as these are less likely to be put out by wind. Some examples are fitted with ballast for improved throwing accuracy (such as filling 1 ⁄ 3 of

1139-600: Is disputed by Terán's family. Protesters affiliated with the Stop Cop City movement were arrested in late 2022 and early 2023 and charged with domestic terrorism offenses. The $ 90 million construction of the Atlanta Public Safety Training Center began in spring 2023 on an 85-acre plot of land in the South River Forest , DeKalb County , Georgia. The land is owned by the City of Atlanta. Once complete,

1206-418: Is very limited; a turret-mounted machine gun has a very slow traverse and cannot hope to fend off attackers coming from all directions. Once sufficiently close, it is possible to hide where the tank's gunner cannot see: "The most dangerous distance away from a tank is 200 yards; the safest distance is six inches." Petrol bombs will soon produce a pall of blinding smoke, and a well-placed explosive package or even

1273-606: The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals . 61 activists affiliated with the Defend the Atlanta Forest group were charged with racketeering in September 2023. South River Forest In 2021, local community members and Muscogee Creek representatives dubbed the South River Forest the "Weelaunee Forest". The area itself is made up of disparate forested parcels that protect Atlanta's urban South River and its tributaries. The forest once held

1340-597: The 1992 Los Angeles riots . Molotov cocktails were used by protesters and civilian militia in Ukraine during Euromaidan and the Revolution of Dignity . Protesters during the Ferguson riots also used Molotov cocktails. In Bangladesh , during anti-government protests in 2013 and 2014, many buses and cars were targeted with petrol bombs. A number of people burned to death and many more were injured due to these attacks. During

1407-605: The 2014–17 Venezuelan protests , protesters used Molotov cocktails similar to those used by demonstrators in other countries. As the 2017 Venezuelan protests intensified, demonstrators began using "Puputovs" (a portmanteau of the words "poo-poo" and "Molotov"), with glass containers filled with excrement being thrown at authorities after the PSUV ruling-party official, Jacqueline Faría , mocked protesters who had to crawl through sewage in Caracas ' Guaire River to avoid tear gas. On 8 May,

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1474-458: The 2019–20 Hong Kong protests , riots broke out and Molotov cocktails were used to attack the police and create roadblocks. They were also used to attack an MTR station, causing severe damage. A journalist was also struck by a Molotov cocktail during the protests. Molotov cocktails were used by some during the riots following the 2020 George Floyd protests in the United States. During

1541-586: The Soviet Union attacked Finland, starting what came to be known as the Winter War . The Finnish perfected the design and tactical use of the petrol bomb. The fuel for the Molotov cocktail was refined to a slightly sticky mixture of alcohol, kerosene , tar , and potassium chlorate . Further refinements included the attachment of wind-proof matches or a phial of chemicals that would ignite on breakage, thereby removing

1608-562: The Ukrainian Defense Ministry told civilians to make Molotov cocktails, locally called " Bandera smoothies", to fight Russian troops. The defense ministry distributed a recipe for producing Molotov cocktails to civilians through Ukrainian television, which included the use of styrofoam as a thickening agent to aid in helping the burning liquid stick to vehicles or other targets. The Pravda Brewery of Lviv , which converted from making beer to Molotov cocktails, said that its recipe

1675-634: The Ukrainian volunteer units during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . During World War II , Molotov cocktails were even factory produced in several countries, such as Finland , Nazi Germany , the Soviet Union , Sweden , and the United States ; some featuring specially designed frangible containers and fuses (such as the US Frangible Grenade M1 for example). The name "Molotov cocktail" ( Finnish : Molotovin cocktail )

1742-427: The "Molotov cocktail", a bottle filled with resin, petrol and tar which if thrown on top of a tank will ignite, and if you throw half a dozen or more on it you have them cooked. It is quite an effective thing. If you can use your ingenuity, I give you a picture of a [road] block with two houses close to the block, overlooking it. There are many villages like that. Out of the top windows is the place to drop these things on

1809-621: The 1830s, when the United States federal government forcibly removed most of the community to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma ) during the Trail of Tears . The name for this land in the Muscogee language was "Weelaunee," translatable as "brown water [place]." After the Muscogee people were displaced, logging in the area removed much of the Oak-Hickory forest community. The Muscogee people harvested from

1876-422: The City of Atlanta as the only suitable location to build the training center. This resulted in the development of Stop Cop City , a multi-faceted movement opposing the construction of the training center. In January 2023, Manuel Esteban Paez Terán , a member of the Stop Cop City movement, was fatally shot by Atlanta police . Following the shooting, law enforcement accused Terán of firing at officers; however, this

1943-570: The NDRC showing the highest technological level. These incendiary devices employed the most technologically advanced fillers in the conflict. The M1 frangible grenade was the standard US device, but each division of the army could come up with its own. Two non-industrial models of these grenades were developed and manufactured in a certain quantity. In all, about five thousand were manufactured. The frangible grenades featured standardized chemical igniters, some were specific to each flammable filler. Most of

2010-567: The PIRA tended to use them in attacks rather than in self-defence. Over time, as the PIRA became more co-ordinated, it shifted to using IEDs rather than petrol bombs. During the Second Battle of Fallujah in 2004, U.S. Marines employed Molotov cocktails made with "one part liquid laundry detergent, two parts gas [gasoline]" while clearing houses "when contact is made in a house and the enemy must be burned out". The tactic "was developed in response to

2077-730: The United States, Molotov cocktails are considered " destructive devices " under the National Firearms Act and are regulated by the ATF . Wil Casey Floyd, from Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin , was arrested after throwing Molotov cocktails at Seattle police officers during a protest in May 2016; he pleaded guilty for using the incendiary devices in February 2018. In Simpson County, Kentucky , 20-year-old Trey Alexander Gwathney-Law attempted to burn Franklin-Simpson County Middle School with five Molotov cocktails; he

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2144-834: The bottle with sand). In action, the wick/match is lit and the bottle hurled at a target such as a vehicle or fortification. When the bottle smashes on impact, the ensuing cloud of fuel droplets and vapour is ignited by the attached wick, causing an immediate fireball followed by spreading flames as the remainder of the fuel is consumed. Other flammable liquids, such as diesel fuel , methanol , turpentine , jet fuel , acetone , and isopropyl alcohol (rubbing alcohol), have been used in place of, or combined with, petrol. Thickening agents, such as solvents , extruded polystyrene (XPS) foam (known colloquially as styrofoam ), baking soda , petroleum jelly , tar , strips of tyre tubing , nitrocellulose , motor oil , rubber cement , detergent and dish soap , have been added to promote adhesion of

2211-648: The bottle. During the Norwegian campaign in 1940 the Norwegian Army lacking suitable anti-tank weaponry had to rely on petrol bombs and other improvised weapons to fight German armored vehicles. Instructions from Norwegian High Command sent to army units in April 1940 encouraged soldiers to start ad-hoc production of "Hitler cocktails" (a different take on the Finnish nickname for the weapon) to combat tanks and armored cars. During

2278-451: The burning liquid and to create clouds of thick, choking smoke. There also exist variations on the Molotov cocktail-concept where the bottle is filled with a smoke generating mixture such as sulfur trioxide dissolved in chlorosulfonic acid . These so-called "smoke bottles" do not need a source for ignition, as the mixture reacts with the air once the bottle is smashed. Improvised incendiary devices of this type were used in warfare for

2345-629: The campaign there were instances of petrol bombs being relatively effective against the lighter tanks employed in Norway by Germany, such as the Panzer I and Panzer II . During the Troubles , both the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) and civilians used petrol bombs, although with different uses. Civilians tended to use petrol bombs and rocks against police officers in riots; however,

2412-427: The center is planned to be used as a training campus for police and fire services and is expected to open at the end of 2023. Planned facilities include classrooms, a burn building , a mock city (including apartments, a bar/nightclub, and a school), and a shooting range . 265 surrounding acres of the site are planned to be used as green-space . The Muscogee peoples lived in the area of the South River Forest until

2479-534: The city’s lease to the Atlanta Police Foundation, which the city said isn't legal. In September 2023, organizers submitted 116,000 signatures for the referendum, but the City Council refused to count them, and said the activists had missed the deadline to turn in the signatures. That deadline had been extended by US District Judge Mark Cohen , but the city's appeal of that decision is being considered by

2546-554: The efficacy of Molotov cocktails and SIPs grenades against the more modern German tanks. Weapon designer Stuart Macrae witnessed a trial of the SIPs grenade at Farnborough : "There was some concern that, if the tank drivers could not pull up quickly enough and hop out, they were likely to be frizzled to death, but after looking at the bottles they said they would be happy to take a chance." The drivers were proved right, trials on modern British tanks confirmed that Molotov and SIP grenades caused

2613-399: The enemy's tactics" of guerrilla warfare and particularly martyrdom tactics which often resulted in U.S. Marine casualties. The cocktail was a less expedient alternative to white phosphorus mortar rounds or propane tanks detonated with C4 (nicknamed the "House Guest"), all of which proved effective at burning out engaged enemy combatants. During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ,

2680-715: The first time in the Spanish Civil War between July 1936 and April 1939, before they became known as "Molotov cocktails". In 1936, General Francisco Franco ordered Spanish Nationalist forces to use the weapon against Soviet T-26 tanks supporting the Spanish Republicans in a failed assault on the Nationalist stronghold of Seseña , near Toledo , 40 km (25 mi) south of Madrid . After that, both sides used simple petrol bombs set fire with toxic gas or petrol-soaked blankets with some success. Tom Wintringham ,

2747-547: The forest for human needs, including acorn flour for food and hickory wood for toolmaking. The site was initially purchased in 1863 by the City of Atlanta for use as a cemetery during the American Civil War , but it was never used for that purpose. In 1917, the federal government purchased the land to be used as a prisoner-of-war camp , and it was used as the Atlanta Prison Farm from 1920 until 1995. After it

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2814-402: The formal Finnish military term for the weapon type was, and continues to be, "burn-bottle" ( Finnish : polttopullo , Fenno-Swedish : brännflaska ). The weapon most often known as the Molotov cocktail goes under a great variety of other names around the globe. Some are more formal than others but the weapon is often given a descriptive name in the respective language. A Molotov cocktail

2881-401: The frangible devices were made in an improvised way, with no standardization regarding the bottle and filling. The frangible grenades were eventually declared obsolete, due to the very limited destructive effect. 1107 frangible, M1, NP type were supplied to the navy and its units for field use at Iwo Jima . The United States Marine Corps developed a version during World War II that used

2948-407: The fuel burns. Due to their relative ease of production, Molotov cocktails are typically improvised weapons . Their improvised usage spans criminals , gangsters , rioters , football hooligans , urban guerrillas , terrorists , irregular soldiers , freedom fighters , and even regular soldiers ; usage in the latter case is often due to a shortage of equivalent military-issued munitions. Despite

3015-572: The hashtag #puputov became the top trending hashtag on Twitter in Venezuela, as reports of authorities vomiting after being drenched in excrement began to circulate. A month later, on 4 June 2017, during protests against Donald Trump in Portland, Oregon , police claimed protesters began throwing balloons filled with "unknown, foul-smelling liquid" at officers. As incendiary devices, Molotov cocktails are illegal to manufacture or possess in many regions. In

3082-565: The intention of using them against enemy tanks . The Finns had found that they were effective when used in the right way and in sufficient numbers. Although the experience of the Spanish Civil War received more publicity, the more sophisticated petroleum warfare tactics of the Finns were not lost on British commanders. In his 5 June address to LDV leaders, General Ironside said: I want to develop this thing they developed in Finland, called

3149-409: The land exchange, under the leadership of District 3 Commissioner Larry Johnson and CEO Micheal Thurmond, Millsap sold Blackhall Studios (now known as Shadowbox Studios) and retained the 40 acres of former public parkland for himself. Due west of ICP, on the other side of Intrenchment Creek, is 296 acres owned by City of Atlanta that was the Old Atlanta Prison Farm . A 171-acre police training facility

3216-487: The matches with a small ampoule inside the bottle; it ignited when the bottle broke. By spring 1940 they had produced 542,104 bottles. Early in 1940, with the prospect of immediate invasion , the possibilities of the petrol bomb gripped the imagination of the British public. For laypersons, the petrol bomb had the benefit of using entirely familiar and available materials, and they were quickly improvised in large numbers, with

3283-416: The nearby South River Music Festival and detained 35 people, alleging that vandals had hidden in the crowd. Twenty-three people were arrested and charged with domestic terrorism, although arrest warrants did not present evidence of violence or property damage. Of the arrestees, one was from France, one was from Canada, and two were residents of the state of Georgia. Only one of the 23 arrestees was offered bond:

3350-499: The need to pre-ignite the bottle, and leaving the bottle about one-third empty was found to make breaking more likely. A British War Office report dated June 1940 noted that: The Finns' policy was to allow the Russian tanks to penetrate their defences, even inducing them to do so by 'canalising' them through gaps and concentrating their small arms fire on the infantry following them. The tanks that penetrated were taken on by gun fire in

3417-538: The occupants of the tanks "no inconvenience whatsoever." Wintringham, though enthusiastic about improvised weapons, cautioned against a reliance on petrol bombs and repeatedly emphasised the importance of using explosive charges. The US army designated Molotov cocktails as frangible grenades. They presented a notable amount of variations, from those that used thin fuel with varied ignition systems, to those that used obscurants and chemical weapons . Various frangible grenade designs were developed, with those investiged by

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3484-581: The open and by small parties of men armed with explosive charges and petrol bombs in the forests and villages... The essence of the policy was the separation of the AFVs from the infantry, as once on their own the tank has many blind spots and once brought to a stop can be disposed of at leisure. Molotov cocktails were eventually mass-produced by the Alko corporation at its Rajamäki distillery , bundled with matches to light them. A 500 ml (0.53 US qt) bottle

3551-406: The petrol soaked corner of the blanket. Throw the bottle and blanket as soon as this corner is flaring. (You cannot throw it far.) See that it drops in front of the tank. The blanket should catch in the tracks or in a cog-wheel, or wind itself round an axle. The bottle will smash, but the petrol should soak the blanket well enough to make a really healthy fire which will burn the rubber wheels on which

3618-547: The phosphorus was exposed to the air and spontaneously ignited; the petrol also burned, resulting in a fierce fire. Because of safety concerns, the RAF was not interested in white phosphorus as a source of ignition, but the idea of a self-igniting petrol bomb took hold. Initially known as an A.W. bomb, it was officially named the No. 76 Grenade , but more commonly known as the SIP (Self-Igniting Phosphorus) grenade. The perfected list of ingredients

3685-468: The site of all existing vegetation and debris in preparation for construction. On June 6, 2023, the Atlanta City Council approved the $ 31 million funding after more than 16 hours of in-person public comment from over 300 speakers, the vast majority of whom were opposed to the project. More than 1,000 people signed up to speak, but hundreds of people were not admitted to the building. In June 2023,

3752-403: The tank as it passes the block. It may only stop it for two minutes there, but it will be quite effective. Wintringham advised that a tank that was isolated from supporting infantry was potentially vulnerable to men who had the required determination and cunning to get close. Rifles or even a shotgun would be sufficient to persuade the crew to close all the hatches, and then the view from the tank

3819-612: The tank track runs, set fire to the carburettor or frizzle the crew. Do not play with these things. They are highly dangerous. The Battle of Khalkhin Gol , a border conflict of 1939 ostensibly between Mongolia and Manchukuo , saw heavy fighting between Japanese and Soviet forces. Short of anti-tank equipment, Japanese infantry attacked Soviet tanks with gasoline-filled bottles. Japanese infantrymen claimed that several hundred Soviet tanks had been destroyed this way, though Soviet loss records do not support this assessment. On 30 November 1939,

3886-475: The weapon's improvised nature and uncertain quality, many modern militaries exercise the use of Molotov cocktails. However, Molotov cocktails are not always improvised in the field. It is not uncommon for them to be mass-produced to a certain standard as part of preparation for combat. Some examples of this being done are the anti-invasion preparations of the British Home Guard during World War II and

3953-446: Was "3 cups polystyrene, 2 cups grated soap, 500 millilitres gasoline, 100 millilitres oil, 1 jumbo tampon fuse." The Russian media control organisation Roskomnadzor sued Twitter for not removing instructions for how to prepare and use molotov cocktails, so that Twitter had to pay a fine of 3 million roubles (US$ 41,000). Molotov cocktails were reportedly used in the United States for arson attacks on shops and other buildings during

4020-679: Was coined by the Finns during the Winter War in 1939. The name was a pejorative reference to Soviet foreign minister Vyacheslav Molotov , who was one of the architects of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact on the eve of World War II . The name's origin came from the propaganda Molotov produced during the Winter War, mainly his declaration on Soviet state radio that incendiary bombing missions over Finland were actually "airborne humanitarian food deliveries" for their "starving" neighbours. As

4087-587: Was deemed the only suitable location available to the city. Bottoms had previously endorsed the use of the site in spring of the same year. Pre-construction clearing of the site began in May 2022. Since 2021, the site has been the subject of numerous public gatherings and protests. Community events, including skill shares, guided hikes, and musical performances have been held. Five protesters were arrested in December 2022 and charged with domestic terrorism . In January 2023, 26-year-old protester Manuel Esteban Paez Terán

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4154-480: Was fatally shot by police. According to a lawyer working on behalf of Terán's mother, an independent autopsy revealed "Both Manuel's left and right hands show exit wounds in both palms. The autopsy further reveals that Manuel was most probably in a seated position, cross-legged when killed." On March 5, 2023, protesters threw large rocks, bricks, Molotov cocktails , and fireworks at police officers, and destroyed various construction vehicles. Hours later, police raided

4221-404: Was filled with a mixture of petrol and paraffin, plus a small amount of tar. The basic bottle had two long pyrotechnic storm matches attached to either side. Before use, one or both of the matches were lit; when the bottle broke on impact, the mixture ignited. The storm matches were found to be safer to use than a burning rag on the mouth of the bottle. There was also an "A bottle". This replaced

4288-420: Was found guilty of making and possessing illegal firearms and was sentenced to 20 years in prison in 2018. Due to the Molotov's ease of production and use by civilian forces, the Molotov cocktail has become a symbol of civil uprising and revolution . The Molotov's extensive use by civilian, and partisan forces has also thereby led to the Molotov becoming a symbol representing civil unrest. The contrast of

4355-515: Was proposed for construction at the site in 2021. A decentralized protest movement called Stop Cop City formed in opposition to the construction of the facility—which opponents commonly refer to as Cop City . Several protestors were arrested and one protester, Manuel Esteban Paez Terán , was killed by police in the forest in January 2023. Molotov cocktails A Molotov cocktail (among several other names – see § Etymology )

4422-409: Was vacated, the building was used to illegally dump tires, and was damaged by serious fires in 2009 and 2017. Terracon Consultants are the acting consultants to Atlanta Police Foundation , the project client. In September 2021, Atlanta Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms , accompanied by Dave Wilkinson, CEO of the Atlanta Police Foundation, said the site had been selected to house a training center, as it

4489-402: Was white phosphorus, benzene , water and a two-inch strip of raw rubber; all in a half-pint bottle sealed with a crown stopper . Over time, the rubber would slowly dissolve, making the contents slightly sticky, and the mixture would separate into two layers – this was intentional, and the grenade should not be shaken to mix the layers, as this would only delay ignition. When thrown against

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