Conway Range ( 79°16′S 159°30′E / 79.267°S 159.500°E / -79.267; 159.500 ) is a mountain range in the Cook Mountains of Antarctica, on the west edge of the Ross Ice Shelf . It is south of the Worcester Range .
51-685: The Conway Range is in the northeast part of the Cook Mountains. It lies between Mulock Glacier to the north and Carlyon Glacier to the south, both of which empty into the Ross Ice Shelf. The Worcester Range forms the other side of the Mulock Glacier. The Heap Glacier enters the Mulock Glacier to the west of the north end of the range. The range was discovered by the British National Antarctic Expedition, 1901–1904 , but
102-484: A first exploration of the area by the Discovery Expedition in 1901–1904, Robert Falcon Scott made a significant study of the shelf and its surroundings from his expedition's base on Ross Island . By measurement of calved ice bergs and their buoyancy, he estimated the ice sheet to be on average 274 meters thick; the undisturbed morphology of the ice sheet and its inverted temperature profile led him to conclude it
153-503: A large southern portion of the Ross Sea and the entire Roosevelt Island located in the east of the Ross Sea. The ice shelf is named after Sir James Clark Ross , who discovered it on 28 January 1841. It was originally called "The Barrier", with various adjectives including " Great Ice Barrier ", as it prevented sailing further south. Ross mapped the ice front eastward to 160° W. In 1947,
204-424: A member of the U.S. Army aviation support unit for Topo North and Topo South (1961-62) which conducted the tellurometer surveys. 79°20′S 158°55′E / 79.333°S 158.917°E / -79.333; 158.917 . A conspicuous ice-covered flat-topped mountain, 2,060 metres (6,760 ft) high, standing at the north side of Carlyon Glacier, 6 miles (9.7 km) southwest of Mount Keltie Mapped by
255-666: Is a large, heavily crevassed glacier which flows into the Ross Ice Shelf 40 kilometers (25 miles) south of the Skelton Glacier in the Ross Dependency , Antarctica. The Mulock Glacier was named by the New Zealand Antarctic Place-Names Committee (e NZAPC) in association with Mulock Inlet for Lieutenant George Mulock , Royal Navy, surveyor with the expedition. The main trunk of the Mulock Glacier
306-542: Is about 60 kilometres (37 mi) long and drops about 800 metres (2,600 ft) from the edge of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to its grounding line at its mouth. It has the largest catchment area between David Glacier and Byrd Glacier , and drains about 5.23±0.59 gigatonnes of ice per year into the Ross Ice Shelf. Its discharge rate is roughly in balance with the accumulation rate in its catchment area. Velocities vary along its course, probably due to changes in
357-467: Is occupied by lower Mulock Glacier which drains through it to the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered by the BrNAE (1901–04). Named for Lt. George F.A. Mulock, RN, surveyor with the expedition. Ross Ice Shelf The Ross Ice Shelf is the largest ice shelf of Antarctica (as of 2013 , an area of roughly 500,809 square kilometres (193,363 sq mi) and about 800 kilometres (500 mi) across: about
408-557: The Antarctic ice sheet to the south of the Warren Range and Boomerang Range . Deception Glacier flow south from between these ranges into upper Mulock Glacier. It flows southeast past Mount Marvel to the north and the Henry Mesa to the south. Heap Glacier flows northeastward to Mulock Glacier to the east of Henry Mesa. The Kehle Glacier joins it from Mount Speyer to the northeast in
459-545: The United States Geological Survey (USGS) from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959–63. Named by Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names (US-ACAN f)or John A. Heap, a member of the University of Michigan-Ross Ice Shelf Studies party, 1962–63. 78°56′S 160°18′E / 78.933°S 160.300°E / -78.933; 160.300 . Glacier draining the west slopes of Worcester Range in
510-628: The Worcester Range . It flows past Anthony Bluff, Buntley Bluff and Cape Lankester to the southwest, and Cape Teall to the northeast to enter the Mulock Inlet and the Ross Ice Shelf. The Evteev Glacier enters the Ross Ice Shelf just north of Cape Teall. 78°33′S 158°33′E / 78.550°S 158.550°E / -78.550; 158.550 . Glacier between the Warren and Boomerang Ranges, flowing south into upper Mulock Glacier. So named by
561-522: The cliffs of Dover ". Ross, who in 1831 had located the North Magnetic Pole , spent the next two years vainly searching for a sea passage to the South Pole; later, his name was given to the ice shelf and the sea surrounding it. Two volcanoes in the region were named by Ross for his vessels. For later Antarctic explorers seeking to reach the South Pole, the Ross Ice Shelf became a starting area. In
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#1732858622951612-607: The BrNAE (1901-04) and named for Sir John Scott Keltie , Secretary of the Royal Geographical Society, 1892-1915. 79°16′S 160°05′E / 79.267°S 160.083°E / -79.267; 160.083 . Two close-lying peaks, the higher 1,335 metres (4,380 ft), standing 4 miles (6.4 km) west of Cape Lankester on the north side of Bertoglio Glacier. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for Gary D. Olson,
663-858: The British Museum (1898-1907) and founder of the Marine Biological Association in 1884. 79°20′S 160°30′E / 79.333°S 160.500°E / -79.333; 160.500 . An ice-covered coastal point at the south side of the mouth of Bertoglio Glacier, where the latter flows into Ross Ice Shelf. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for Cdr. G.L. Hoffman, CEC, USN, commander of Mobile Construction Battalion Eight at McMurdo Station in USN OpDFrz 1964. 79°35′S 160°11′E / 79.583°S 160.183°E / -79.583; 160.183 A mainly ice-covered coastal bluff at
714-455: The Conway Range. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for Arno Kosko, ionosphere scientist at Byrd Station, 1963. 79°15′S 159°29′E / 79.250°S 159.483°E / -79.250; 159.483 . Mountain, 2,640 metres (8,660 ft) high, midway between Mounts Kosko and Chalmers in the Conway Range. Discovered by
765-579: The East Antarctic outlet glaciers act as "nails" holding the Ross Ice Shelf in place. If climate warming melts the sea ice along the Ross Ice Shelf calving front, the front will retreat and the glaciers will punch through it, starting with Mulock Glacier and Byrd Glacier. As the ice shelf weakens, ice streams from the West Antarctic will surge and eventually the marine part of the West Antarctic ice sheet Shelf will disintegrate. The Mulock Glacier forms on
816-545: The McMurdo Station winter party, 1960. Coastal features, from north to south, include: 79°06′S 160°07′E / 79.100°S 160.117°E / -79.100; 160.117 . A conspicuous rock bluff along the south wall of Mulock Glacier, about 9 miles (14 km) northwest of Cape Lankester. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for Capt. Alexander Anthony, USAF, in charge of science and publications on
867-551: The New Zealand party of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (CTAE) (1956–58) because it appears to lead directly into Skelton Névé but instead drains south ward. 78°03′S 159°20′E / 78.050°S 159.333°E / -78.050; 159.333 . Glacier 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) long flowing northeastward to Mulock Glacier, to the east of Henry Mesa. Mapped by
918-474: The Ross Ice Shelf Project was launched with a plan of drilling into the shelf to sample the biomass in the area and make other determinations about the shelf and its relationship to the sea floor. This is believed to be the first oceanographic ice shelf borehole. The project included surface glaciological observations as well as drilling, and the glaciological portion started during the planning phase of
969-458: The Ross Ice Shelf. The largest is Byrd Glacier, not far to the south past Darwin Glacier. Mulock Glacier enters the Ross Ice Shelf from the west, so its flow opposes West Antarctic ice streams flowing from the east into the Ross Ice Shelf. Its flow interacts with the much smaller Darwin Glacier and the larger Byrd Glacier, which also resists West Antarctic ice streams. Hughes et al. (2017) consider that
1020-705: The Treasury, 1903-07. 79°22′S 159°27′E / 79.367°S 159.450°E / -79.367; 159.450 . A mountain 2 miles (3.2 km) south of Mount Chalmers in the southern part of the Conway Range. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for Lt. Cdr. Charles H. Willis, USN, commander of USS Wilhoite on ocean station duty in support of aircraft flights between Christchurch and McMurdo Sound during USN OpDFrz 1961. Mulock Glacier The Mulock Glacier ( 79°00′S 160°00′E / 79.000°S 160.000°E / -79.000; 160.000 )
1071-563: The U.S. Board on Geographic Names applied the name "Ross Shelf Ice" to this feature and published it in the original U.S. Antarctic Gazetteer. In January 1953, the name was changed to "Ross Ice Shelf"; that name was published in 1956. On 5 January 1841, the British Admiralty's Ross expedition in the Erebus and the Terror , three- masted ships with specially strengthened wooden hulls ,
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#17328586229511122-490: The USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-AC AN for John J. Gniewek, geomagnetician at Little America V, 1958. 79°20′S 159°29′E / 79.333°S 159.483°E / -79.333; 159.483 . A mountain along the east escarpment of the Conway Range, about 5 miles (8.0 km) south of the summit of Mount Keltie. Discovered by the BrNAE (1901-04) and named for Robert Chalmers (later Baron of Northiam), Assistant Secretary of
1173-501: The analyses have resulted in some interesting theories being posited and publicized. One such opinion, given in 2006 based on a geological survey, suggested that the ice shelf had collapsed previously, perhaps suddenly, which could well happen again. A science team from New Zealand installed a camp in the centre of the shelf in late 2017. The expedition was led by glaciologist Christina Hulbe and brought together oceanographers, glaciologists, biologists and sedimentologists to examine
1224-427: The drilling. The drilling portion of the project was to have begun during 1974, but the actual drilling was delayed until 1976. Finally, in 1977, the scientists were able to drill successfully through the ice, making a hole that could be sampled every few days for three weeks. The team was able to map the sea floor, study the tides, and assess the fish and various other forms of life in the waters. The team also examined
1275-648: The entrance to Mulock Inlet, along the west edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered and named by the BrNAE (1901–04). Probably named for Sir Edwin Ray Lankester, Director of the Natural History Department of the British Museum (1898–1907) and founder of the Marine Biological Association in 1884. 78°08′S 160°40′E / 78.133°S 160.667°E / -78.133; 160.667 . A re-entrant about 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi) wide between Cape Teall and Cape Lankester. The feature
1326-475: The entrance to Mulock Inlet, along the west side of the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered by the BrNAE (1901–04). Probably named for Sir Jethro Teall , Director of the Geological Survey and Museum of Practical Geology, of London, 1901–13. Not: Cape Teale. 78°16′S 160°29′E / 78.267°S 160.483°E / -78.267; 160.483 . A high, rounded, snow-covered cape at the south side of
1377-765: The first humans to cross the Ice Shelf during its failed attempt to reach the South Pole . Both Roald Amundsen and Scott crossed the shelf to reach the Pole in 1911. Amundsen wrote: "Along its outer edge the Barrier shows an even, flat surface; but here, inside the bay, the conditions were entirely different. Even from the deck of the Fram we were able to observe great disturbances of the surface in every direction; huge ridges with hollows between them extended on all sides. The greatest elevation lay to
1428-553: The glaciers and others the valleys on the ice shelf. From 1967 to 1972 the Scott Polar Research Institute reported extensive observations using radio echo sounding . The technique allowed measurements to be taken from the air; allowing a criss cross track of 35,000 km to be covered; compared with a 3,000 km track from previous seismic sounding on the ground. More detailed surveys were executed between 1973 and 1978. A significant scientific endeavor called
1479-506: The glaciers' surfaces. Once their ice shelves are removed, the glaciers increase in speed due to meltwater percolation and/or a reduction of braking forces, and they may begin to dump more ice into the ocean than they gather as snow in their catchments. Glacier ice speed increases are already observed in Peninsula areas where ice shelves disintegrated in prior years." The Ross Ice Shelf is one of many such shelves. It reaches into Antarctica from
1530-455: The ground slope below the glacier. In 1960–61 ice velocities along the grounded center line were about 387 metres (1,270 ft) per year. In 2001–02 these had risen to about 457 metres (1,499 ft) per year, and in 2006–07 to about 493 metres (1,617 ft) per year. This increase in velocities, if real, should be resulting in thinning along the glacier's length. Mulock Glacier is the second-largest contributor of ice from East Antarctica to
1581-545: The grounding line region of the Kamb Ice Stream . The hot water drill borehole at this site penetrated through over 500 m of snow and ice to an ocean cavity only 30 m deep at this location. As well as sampling the ocean and sediment, it was the first deployment beneath the Ross Ice Shelf of the Remotely operated underwater vehicle Icefin developed at Georgia Tech , a vehicle designed around parameters suitable for exploration of
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1632-442: The help of tackles? Or a great and dangerous fissure, which we should not be able to cross without going a long way round? We naturally expected something of the sort. This mighty and terrible monster would, of course, offer resistance in some form or other," he wrote. "The mystic Barrier! All accounts without exception, from the days of Ross to the present time, had spoken of this remarkable natural formation with apprehensive awe. It
1683-422: The ice, ocean and sediment in the central shelf region. One of the key findings was that the ice in the region was re-freezing. This re-freezing and growth of an ice shelf is not uncommon but the Ross Ice Shelf situation appeared to be very variable as there was no evidence of long-term freezing. A recent study attribute this variability in-part to tidal mixing. A second New Zealand expedition in 2019 traveled to
1734-509: The liquid cavities of places like Europa . The same New Zealand team returned to another site along the Kamb coast in December 2021, this time drilling through an under-ice river that proved to be essentially oceanic. The team were able to melt through the ice to discover the 250 m deep river had formed a relatively narrow channel beneath the ice. They also recorded evidence of the tsunami generated by
1785-407: The mouth of Mulock Glacier. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959–63. Named by US-ACAN for Ensign Ronald E. Buntley, CEC, USN, in charge of personnel at the air strip, Williams Field, McMurdo Sound in USN OpDFrz, 1964. 78°03′S 161°04′E / 78.050°S 161.067°E / -78.050; 161.067 . A high, rocky cape forming the north side of
1836-555: The name appears to be first used in the reports of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–1909 . 79°18′S 160°20′E / 79.300°S 160.333°E / -79.300; 160.333 . Glacier 7 miles (11 km) long, flowing from the Conway Range eastward between Cape Lankester and Hoffman Point to the Ross Ice Shelf. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959-63. Named by US-ACAN for Cdr. Lloyd W. Bertoglio, USN, commander of
1887-573: The north side of the mouth of Carlyon Glacier, on the west side of the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered by the BrNAE (1901-04) and named for George R.M. Murray, temporary director of the scientific staff of the expedition, who had accompanied the Discovery as far as Cape Town. Mountains, from north to south, include: 79°09′S 159°33′E / 79.150°S 159.550°E / -79.150; 159.550 . A peak, 1,795 metres (5,889 ft) high, standing 6 miles (9.7 km) north of Mount Keltic in
1938-448: The north, and covers an area of about 520,000 km (200,000 sq mi), nearly the size of France. The ice mass is about 800 km (500 mi) wide and 970 km (600 mi) long. In some places, namely its southern areas, the ice shelf can be almost 750 m (2,450 ft) thick. The Ross Ice Shelf pushes out into the sea at between 1.5 and 3 m (5 and 10 ft) a day. Other glaciers gradually add bulk to it. At
1989-411: The oceanographic and geological conditions as well as the temperature of the ice. They estimated that the base of the shelf was −2.16 °C (27.3 °F). They also made other calculations about the fluctuations of the temperatures. The results of these various projects were published in a series of reports in the 2 February 1979 issue of Science . During the 1980s, a network of weather stations
2040-473: The same time, the freezing of seawater below the ice mass increases the thickness of the ice from 40 to 50 cm (16 to 20 in) . Sometimes, fissures and cracks may cause part of the shelf to break off; the largest known is about 31,000 km (12,000 sq mi), that is, slightly larger than Belgium. Iceberg B-15 , the world's largest recorded iceberg , was calved from the Ross Ice Shelf during March 2000. Scientists have long been intrigued by
2091-466: The shelf and its composition. Many scientific teams researching the Antarctic have made camps on or adjacent to the Ross Ice Shelf. This includes McMurdo Station , built next to the Ross Ice Shelf on volcanic rock. One major effort was a series of studies conducted in 1957 and 1958, which were continued during the 1960–61 season. The efforts involved an international team of scientists. Some parties explored
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2142-572: The shelf is "only a few degrees too cool in summer presently to undergo the same kind of retreat process. The Ross Ice Shelf is the main outlet for several major glaciers draining the West Antarctic Ice Sheet , which contains the equivalent of 5 m of sea level rise in its above-sea-level ice." The report added that observations of "iceberg calving " on the Ross Ice Shelf are, in their opinion, unrelated to its stability. Scientific exploration continues to uncover interesting information and
2193-412: The size of France). It is several hundred metres thick. The nearly vertical ice front to the open sea is more than 600 kilometres (370 mi) long, and between 15 and 50 metres (50 and 160 ft) high above the water surface. Ninety percent of the floating ice, however, is below the water surface. Most of the Ross Ice Shelf is in the Ross Dependency claimed by New Zealand. It floats in, and covers,
2244-562: The south in the form of a lofty, arched ridge, which we took to be about 500 feet [150 m] high on the horizon. But it might be assumed that this ridge continued to rise beyond the range of vision". The next day, the party made its first steps on the Barrier. "After half an hour's march we were already at the first important point—the connection between the sea-ice and the Barrier. This connection had always haunted our brains. What would it be like? A high, perpendicular face of ice, up which we should have to haul our things laboriously with
2295-547: The south wall of Mulock Glacier, about 9 nautical miles (17 km; 10 mi) NW of Cape Lankester. Mapped by the USGS from tellurometer surveys and Navy air photos, 1959–63. Named by US-ACAN for Capt. Alexander Anthony, USAF, in charge of science and publications on the staff of the U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer, 1963–65. 78°12′S 160°24′E / 78.200°S 160.400°E / -78.200; 160.400 . Prominent rock cliff 2 nautical miles (3.7 km; 2.3 mi) long, just northward of Cape Lankester at
2346-431: The staff of the U.S. Antarctic Projects Officer, 1963-65. 79°16′S 160°29′E / 79.267°S 160.483°E / -79.267; 160.483 . A high, rounded, snow-covered cape at the south side of the entrance to Mulock Inlet, along the west edge of the Ross Ice Shelf. Discovered and named by the BrNAE (1901-04). Probably named for Sir Edwin Ray Lankester , Director of the Natural History Department of
2397-726: The vicinity of Mount Speyer and Mount Dawson-Lambton , and flowing southwest into Mulock Glacier. Named by US-ACAN in 1964 for Ralph Kehle, glaciologist at Little America V, 1959–60. 78°57′S 161°12′E / 78.950°S 161.200°E / -78.950; 161.200 . Glacier flowing from the southeast slopes of the Worcester Range to the Ross Ice Shelf, west of Cape Timberlake . Named by US-ACAN in 1964 for Sveneld A. Evteev, glaciologist and Soviet exchange observer at McMurdo Station in 1960. 78°06′S 160°07′E / 78.100°S 160.117°E / -78.100; 160.117 . A conspicuous rock bluff along
2448-427: Was as though one could always read between the lines the same sentence: 'Hush, be quiet! the mystic Barrier!' "One, two, three, and a little jump, and the Barrier was surmounted!" Ice shelves are thick plates of ice, formed continuously by glaciers, that float atop an ocean. The shelves act as "brakes" for the glaciers. These shelves serve another important purpose—"they moderate the amount of melting that occurs on
2499-490: Was floating on water; and measurements in 1902–1903 showed it had advanced 555 meters northwards in 13.5 months. The findings were presented at a lecture entitled "Universitas Antarctica!" given 7 June 1911 and were published in the account of Scott's second expedition (the Terra Nova Expedition of 1910–1913). Ernest Shackleton 's southern party (Shackleton, Adams, Marshal, Wild) of the 1908 Nimrod expedition were
2550-669: Was going through the pack ice of the Pacific near Antarctica in an attempt to determine the position of the South Magnetic Pole. Four days later, they found their way into open water and were hoping that they would have a clear passage to their destination. But on 11 January, the men were faced with an enormous mass of ice. Sir James Clark Ross , the expedition's commander, remarked: "It was an obstruction of such character as to leave no doubt upon my mind as to our future proceedings, for we might with equal chance of success try to sail through
2601-401: Was installed to record temperatures on the shelf and throughout the more remote parts of the continent. University of Colorado's National Snow and Ice Data Center has been studying ice shelves and, in 2002, announced that, based on several breakups of ice shelves, including Larsen B, has begun to reassess their stability. Their scientists stated that the temperature of the warmest portion of
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