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62-556: When used in measures of national income and output , the term "final goods" includes only new goods. For example, gross domestic product (GDP) excludes items counted in an earlier year to prevent double counting based on resale of items. In that context, the economic definition of goods also includes what are commonly known as services . Manufactured goods are goods that have been processed in any way. They are distinct from raw materials , but include both intermediate goods and final goods. There are legal definitions. For example,

124-461: A consumer in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school, in recreation, or otherwise; but such term does not include— (A) any article which is not customarily produced or distributed for sale to, or use or consumption by, or enjoyment of, a consumer, It then goes on to list eight additional specific exclusions and further details. Final goods can be classified into the following categories: Consumer durable goods usually have

186-515: A country entails a large amount of data-collection and calculation. Although some attempts were made to estimate national incomes as long ago as the 17th century, the systematic keeping of national accounts , of which these figures are a part, only began in the 1930s, in the United States and some European countries . The impetus for that major statistical effort was the Great Depression and

248-439: A country or region, including gross domestic product (GDP), Gross national income (GNI), net national income (NNI), and adjusted national income (NNI adjusted for natural resource depletion – also called as NNI at factor cost). All are specially concerned with counting the total amount of goods and services produced within the economy and by various sectors. The boundary is usually defined by geography or citizenship, and it

310-437: A good or service is its market value – the price it fetches when bought or sold. The actual usefulness of a product (its use-value) is not measured – assuming the use-value to be any different from its market value. Three strategies have been used to obtain the market values of all the goods and services produced: the product (or output) method, the expenditure method, and the income method. The product method looks at

372-419: A hardwood frame filled in with rawhide latticework . Modern snowshoes are made of lightweight metal, plastic, and other synthetic materials. In the past, snowshoes were essential equipment for anyone dependent on travel in deep and frequent snowfall, such as fur trappers . They retain that role in areas where motorized vehicles cannot reach or are inconvenient to use. However, their greatest contemporary use

434-501: A lighter pair of racing shoes can be slightly narrower and 25 inches (64 cm) or shorter. Regardless of configuration, all wooden shoes are referred to as "traditional" and all shoes made of other materials are called "modern". Notwithstanding these variations in planned use, larger users should plan on buying larger snowshoes. A common formula is that for every pound of body weight, there should be one square inch of snowshoe surface (14.5 cm /kg) per snowshoe to adequately support

496-601: A lot of selection and comparison based on various parameters such as cost, brand, style, comfort etc., before buying an item. Shopping goods are costlier than convenience goods and are durable in nature. Consumer goods companies usually try to set up their shops and show rooms in active shopping areas to attract customer attention and their main focus is to do much advertising and promotion to attract more customers. Examples include clothing items, televisions, radios, footwear, home furnishings, etc. Specialty goods are unique in nature; these are unusual and luxurious items available in

558-502: A significant lifespan , which tends to be at least one year, based on the guarantee or warranty period. The maximum life depends upon the durability of the product or goods. Examples include tools, cars, and boats. On the other hand, capital goods , which are tangible in nature, such as machinery or building or any other equipment that can be used in manufacturing of final product, are durable goods with limited lifespans that are determined by manufacturers before their sale. The longevity and

620-400: A single piece. One common style is termed the "H" binding, as it consists of a strap around the heel crossing a strap around the toe and one at the instep, forming a rough version of the eponymous letter. On modern shoes, there are two styles of binding: fixed-rotation (also known as "limited-rotation") bindings, and full-rotation (also known as "pivot") bindings. With either binding system,

682-438: A total value of around US$ 5,835 billion. 2007 was the year with the largest value (US$ 4,888 billion) followed by a steep slump in 2009 (-70.9%). After the first wave in 2007, now is the second big M&A wave in the consumer products sector, and a decline is expected. Measures of national income and output A variety of measures of national income and output are used in economics to estimate total economic activity in

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744-417: Is also defined as the total income of the nation and also restrict the goods and services that are counted. For instance, some measures count only goods & services that are exchanged for money, excluding bartered goods, while other measures may attempt to include bartered goods by imputing monetary values to them. Arriving at a figure for the total production of goods and services in a large region like

806-417: Is basically an output accounting method. It focuses on finding the total output of a nation by finding the total amount of money spent. This is acceptable to economists, because, like income, the total value of all goods is equal to the total amount of money spent on goods. The basic formula for domestic output takes all the different areas in which money is spent within the region, and then combines them to find

868-559: Is cheaper to make. However, this may reduce the floatation and let the shoes sink in powder. Outside of Indigenous populations and some competitions such as the Arctic Winter Games , very few of the old-fashioned snowshoes are actually used by enthusiasts anymore, although some value them for the artisanship involved in their construction. They are sometimes seen as decorations, mounted on walls or on mantels in ski lodges. Even though many enthusiasts prefer aluminum snowshoes, there

930-763: Is for recreation. Snowshoeing is easy to learn and in appropriate conditions is a relatively safe and inexpensive recreational activity. However, doing so in icy, steep terrain requires both advanced skill and mountaineering-style pivoting-crampon snowshoes. Before people built snowshoes, nature provided examples. Several animals, most notably the snowshoe hare , had evolved over the years with oversized feet enabling them to move more quickly through deep snow. The origin and age of snowshoes are not precisely known, although historians believe they were invented from 4,000 to 6,000 years ago, probably starting in Central Asia . British archaeologist Jacqui Wood hypothesized that

992-460: Is often written as X N or less commonly as NX , both stand for "net exports" The names of the measures consist of one of the words "Gross" or "Net", followed by one of the words "National" or "Domestic", followed by one of the words "Product", "Income", or "Expenditure". All of these terms can be explained separately. All three counting methods should in theory give the same final figure. However, in practice, minor differences are obtained from

1054-476: Is still a large group of snowshoe enthusiasts who prefer wooden snowshoes. Wooden frames do not freeze as readily. Many enthusiasts also prefer wood snowshoes because they are very quiet. While recreational use of snowshoes began with snowshoe clubs in Quebec , Canada (who held events where races and hikes were combined with fine food and drink), the manufacture of snowshoes for recreational purposes effectively began in

1116-571: The Human Development Index (HDI), Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW), Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), gross national happiness (GNH), and sustainable national income (SNI) are used. Snowshoe Snowshoes are specialized outdoor gear for walking over snow . Their large footprint spreads the user's weight out and allows them to travel largely on top of rather than through snow. Adjustable bindings attach them to appropriate winter footwear. Traditional snowshoes have

1178-402: The heel is left free, and the difference is in how the ball of the foot is attached to the snowshoe. In fixed-rotation bindings, the binding is attached to the snowshoe with an elastic strap that brings the tail of the snowshoe up with each step. The snowshoe therefore moves with the foot and the tail does not drag. Fixed-rotation bindings are preferred for racing. Full-rotation bindings allow

1240-834: The tundra , where snow does not pile up deeply. Southward the shoe becomes gradually narrower and longer, one of the largest being the hunting snowshoe of the Cree , which is nearly 6 ft (1.8 m) long and turned up at the toe. Athapaskan snowshoes are made for travelling quickly on dry powder over flat, open land in Alaska and the Canadian northwest. They were used for keeping up with dog sleds , and breaking trail for them. They can be over 7 ft (2.1 m) long, and are narrow with an upturned toe. Ojibwa snowshoes were designed for manuverability, and are pointed at both ends, making it easier to step backwards. They are also easier to construct, as

1302-539: The yellow, red and orange goods classification system. Convenience goods are regularly consumed and easily available. Generally, convenience goods come in the category of nondurable goods such as fast foods, cigarettes and tobacco with low value. Convenience goods are sold mostly by wholesalers or retailers to make them available to the consumers in goods or large volume. Convenience goods can further be divided into staple convenience consumer goods and impulse convenience consumer goods. Staple convenience consumer goods are

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1364-505: The "Denali" model made by Mountain Safety Research , use no metal frame and can be fitted with optional detachable tail extenders. Newer models have heel-lifters, called "ascenders", that flip up to facilitate hill climbing. The use of solid decking in place of the standard latticework of lacing came as a surprise to many enthusiasts, since it challenged a long-held belief that the lattice was necessary to prevent snow from accumulating on

1426-575: The Americas culture developed its own particular shape of shoe, the simplest being those of the far north. The Inuit have two styles, one being triangular in shape and about 18 inches (46 cm) in length, and the other almost circular, both reflecting the need for high flotation in deep, loose and powdery snow. However, contrary to popular perception, the Inuit did not use their snowshoes much since they did most of their foot travel in winter over sea ice or on

1488-591: The British took to snowshoes and pursued the attackers for almost 50 miles (80 km), ultimately recovering both people and goods taken by their attackers. Snowshoes became popular by the time of the French and Indian Wars , during engagements such as The Battle on Snowshoes , when combatants of both sides wore snowshoes atop a reported four feet (1.22 meters) of snow. The "teardrop" snowshoes worn by lumberjacks are about 40 inches (1.0 m) long and broad in proportion, while

1550-634: The Huron, Cree, and so forth. Samuel de Champlain wrote, referencing the Huron and Algonquin First Nations, in his travel memoirs (V.III, p. 164), "Winter, when there is much snow, they (the Indians) make a kind of snowshoe that are two to three times larger than those in France, that they tie to their feet, and thus go on the snow, without sinking into it, otherwise they would not be able to hunt or go from one location to

1612-488: The United States' Consumer Product Safety Act has an extensive definition of consumer product , which begins: CONSUMER PRODUCT.--The term ‘‘consumer product’’ means any article, or component part thereof, produced or distributed (i) for sale to a consumer for use in or around a permanent or temporary household or residence, a school , in recreation, or otherwise, or (ii) for the personal use, consumption or enjoyment of

1674-488: The basic necessities of the consumer. These goods are easily available and in large quantity: milk, bread, sugar, etc. Impulse convenience consumer goods do not belong to the priority list of the consumer. They are purchased without any prior planning, just on the basis of the impulse : potato wafers, candies, ice creams, cold drinks, etc. Shopping consumer goods are the goods which take lot of time and proper planning before making purchase decision; in this case consumer does

1736-596: The colder months as they are on warm summer weekends. Some modern frames are a vertical edge instead of a tube, making the entire edge of the snowshoe a crampon. As many winter recreationists rediscover snowshoeing, many more new models of snowshoe are becoming available. Ski areas and outdoor equipment stores are offering snowshoes for rent . Snowshoes today are divided into three types: Sizes are often given in inches, even though snowshoes are nowhere near perfectly rectangular . Mountaineering shoes can be at least 30 inches (76 cm) long by 10 inches (25 cm) wide;

1798-489: The consumer but still give satisfaction to the consumer. They are also inseparable and variable in nature: they are thus produced and consumed simultaneously. Examples are haircuts, medical treatments, auto repairs and landscaping. Final goods can be classified into the following categories, which are determined by consumers' buying habits: Convenience goods, shopping goods, and specialty goods are also known as "red goods", "yellow goods", and "orange goods", respectively, under

1860-490: The creation of inflatable snowshoes made of different fabrics such as cordura and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) . These more athletic designs have helped the sport enjoy a renaissance after a period of eclipse when winter recreationists showed more interest in skiing. In the U.S., the number of snowshoers tripled during the 1990s. In fact, ski resorts with available land are beginning to offer snowshoe trails to visitors, and some popular hiking areas are almost as busy in

1922-478: The economy is the sum of the values-added by every industry. The expenditure method is based on the idea that all products are bought by somebody or some organisation. Therefore, we sum up the total amount of money people and organisations spend in buying things. This amount must equal the value of everything produced. Usually, expenditures by private individuals, expenditures by businesses, and expenditures by government are calculated separately and then summed to give

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1984-462: The economy on an industry-by-industry basis. The total output of the economy is the sum of the outputs of every industry. However, since an output of one industry may be used by another industry and become part of the output of that second industry, to avoid counting the item twice we use not the value output by each industry, but the value-added; that is, the difference between the value of what it puts out and what it takes in. The total value produced by

2046-556: The ends and supported in the middle by a light cross-bar. The space within the frame is filled with a close webbing of dressed caribou or neat's-hide strips, leaving a small opening just behind the cross-bar for the toe of the moccasined foot. They are fastened to the moccasin by leather thongs, sometimes by buckles . Such shoes are still made and sold by native peoples. Compared to modern Indigenous-made snowshoes, wood-and-rawhide snowshoes mass-produced by Europeans tend to have looser, simpler webbing, with wider rawhide strips, as this

2108-548: The equipment interpreted to be the frame of a backpack of the Chalcolithic mummy Ötzi was actually part of a snowshoe. Strabo wrote that the inhabitants of the Caucasus used to attach flat surfaces of leather under their feet and that its inhabitants used round wooden surfaces, something akin to blocks, instead. However, the "traditional" webbed snowshoe as used today had direct origins to North American Indigenous people, e.g.,

2170-413: The example of meat production, the value of the good from the farm may be $ 10, then $ 30 from the butchers, and then $ 60 from the supermarket. The value that should be included in final national output should be $ 60, not the sum of all those numbers, $ 100. The values added at each stage of production over the previous stage are respectively $ 10, $ 20, and $ 30. Their sum gives an alternative way of calculating

2232-489: The foot to the snowshoe. Some styles of binding use a cup for the toe. It is important that a user be able to manipulate these straps easily, as removing or securing the foot often must be done outdoors in cold weather with bare hands, exposing him or her to the possibility of frostbite . When putting on snowshoes, left is distinguished from right by which way the loose ends of the binding straps point: always outward, to avoid stepping on them repeatedly. In 1994, Bill Torres and

2294-408: The goods (Income), particularly if inputs are purchased on credit, and also because wages are collected often after a period of production. Gross domestic product (GDP) is defined as "the value of all final goods and services produced in a country in 1 year". Gross national product (GNP) is defined as "the market value of all goods and services produced in one year by labour and property supplied by

2356-520: The late 17th century to trap animals and trade goods. In order to travel effectively in the terrain and climate, they utilized the tools of the Native populations, such as snowshoes and canoes. The Oxford English Dictionary reports the term "snowshoe" being used by the English as early as 1674. In 1690, after a French-Indian raiding party attacked a British settlement near what is today Schenectady, New York ,

2418-708: The late 19th century, when serious recreational use became more widespread. In the late 20th century the snowshoe underwent a radical redesign. It started in the 1950s when the Vermont -based Tubbs company created the Green Mountain Bearpaw, which combined the shortness of that style with an even narrower width than had previously been used ( Pospisil 1979 ). This rapidly became one of the most popular snowshoes of its day. In 1972, experimenting with new designs in Washington 's Cascade Mountains , Gene and Bill Prater created

2480-456: The local snowshoes worn by his travelling companions; he judged the skis faster in some conditions and the snowshoes faster in others. North-American-type snowshoes were slowly adopted by Europeans during early colonialism in what later became Canada and the United States. The French voyageurs and coureurs des bois began to travel throughout the land of the Cree, Huron, and Algonquin nations in

2542-591: The market. Specialty goods are mostly purchased by the upper classes of society as they are expensive in nature and difficult to afford for the middle and lower classes. Companies advertise their goods targeting the upper class. These goods do not fall under the category of necessity; rather they are purchased on the basis personal preference or desire. Brand name, uniqueness, and special features of an item are major attributes which attract customers and make them buy such products. Examples include antiques, jewelry, wedding dresses, cars, etc. Unsought goods belong to neither

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2604-473: The middle and rather cumbersome, they did have the advantage of being easier to pack and nimbler in tight spaces. Two forms of traditional bearpaw snowshoes developed: an eastern version used by "spruce gummers" consisting of an oval frame with wooden cross braces, and a western version with a rounded triangular frame and no wooden bracing. Traditional snowshoes are made of a single strip of some tough wood, usually white ash , curved round and fastened together at

2666-468: The necessity group of consumer goods list nor to specialty goods. They are always available in the market but are purchased by very few consumers, either based on their interest or their need for some specific reasons. The general public does not purchase such goods often. Examples include snowshoes , fire extinguishers , flood insurance , etc. In the consumer product sector, there have been 107,891 deals announced between 1985 and 2018, which cumulates to

2728-532: The need for maneuverability in forested areas. The Bearpaw style was widely used in the dense forests of Quebec and Labrador . It has no tail, and turns easily. The Plains Indians wore snowshoes on their winter season bison hunts before horses were introduced. In 2016, "the oldest [extant] snowshoe in the world", found in a melting glacier in the Dolomites in Italy, was dated to between 3800 and 3700 BCE. It

2790-562: The often-higher cost of durable goods usually cause consumers to postpone expenditures on them, which makes durables the most volatile (or cost-dependent) component of consumption. Consumer nondurable goods are purchased for immediate use or for use very soon. Generally, the lifespan of nondurable goods is from a few minutes to up to three years: food, beverages, clothing, shoes and gasoline are examples. In everyday language, nondurable goods get consumed or "used up". Consumer services are intangible in nature. They cannot be seen, felt or tasted by

2852-488: The other". The Indigenous peoples of North America developed the most advanced and diverse snowshoes prior to the 20th century. Different shapes were adapted to the different conditions in each region. Despite their great diversity in form, snowshoes were, in fact, one of the few cultural elements common to all tribes that lived where the winters were snowy, in particular, the Northern regions. Nearly every Indigenous peoples of

2914-483: The outer frame is made in two pieces. Huron snowshoes are tailheavy, which means they track well but do not turn easily. They are broad enough that the maximum width has to be tucked against the tail of the other snowshoe with each step, or the straddle will be too wide for the wearer. They are also meant for open country, and can carry heavy loads. Snowshoes developed by the Iroquois are narrower and shorter, reflecting

2976-531: The residents of a country." As an example, the table below shows some GDP and GNP, and NNI data for the United States: GDP per capita (per person) is often used as a measure of a person's welfare . Countries with higher GDP may be more likely to also score high on other measures of welfare, such as life expectancy . However, there are serious limitations to the usefulness of GDP as a measure of welfare: Because of this, other measures of welfare such as

3038-413: The rise of Keynesian economics , which prescribed a greater role for the government in managing an economy, and made it necessary for governments to obtain accurate information so that their interventions into the economy could proceed as well-informed as possible. In order to count a good or service, it is necessary to assign value to it. The value that the measures of national income and output assign to

3100-432: The shoe. In practice, however, it seems that very little snow comes through the openings in either type of shoe. Neoprene/nylon decks also displayed superior water resistance, neither stretching as rawhide will when wet nor requiring annual treatment with spar varnish , features that were immediately appreciated. Eventually they were replaced with even lighter materials such as polypropylene . This tendency also gave way to

3162-480: The snowshoe known today. They began using aluminum tubing and replaced the lace with neoprene and nylon decking. To make them easier to use in mountaineering , the Praters developed a hinged binding and added cleats to the bottom of the shoe. The Sherpa Snowshoe company started manufacturing these " Western " shoes and they proved very popular. Eastern snowshoers were a bit more skeptical at first, believing that

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3224-408: The style was unnecessary in the east, until the Praters demonstrated their improved effectiveness on New Hampshire 's Mount Washington . These use an aluminum or stainless steel frame and take advantage of technical advances in plastics and injection molding to make a lighter and more durable shoe. They require little maintenance, and usually incorporate aggressive crampons . Some, such as

3286-471: The teardrop to about 40 inches (100 cm) long and 15 to 18 inches (380 to 460 mm) broad, slightly turned up at the toe and terminating in a kind of tail behind. This is made very light for racing purposes, but much stouter for touring or hunting. The tail keeps the shoe straight while walking. Another variant, the "bearpaw", ends in a curved heel instead of a tail. While many early enthusiasts found this more difficult to learn on, as they were thicker in

3348-526: The three methods for several reasons, including changes in inventory levels and errors in the statistics. One problem for instance is that goods in inventory have been produced (therefore included in Product), but not yet sold (therefore not yet included in Expenditure). Similar timing issues can also cause a slight discrepancy between the value of goods produced (Product) and the payments to the factors that produced

3410-466: The total expenditure. Also, a correction term must be introduced to account for imports and exports outside the boundary. The income method works by summing the incomes of all producers within the boundary. Since what they are paid is just the market value of their product, their total income must be the total value of the product. Wages, proprietor's incomes, and corporate profits are the major subdivisions of income. The output approach focuses on finding

3472-476: The total output of a nation by directly finding the total value of all goods and services a nation produces. Because of the complication of the multiple stages in the production of a good or service, only the final value of a good or service is included in the total output. This avoids an issue often called ' double counting ', wherein the total value of a good is included several times in national output, by counting it repeatedly in several stages of production. In

3534-616: The total output. G D P = C + G + I + ( X − M ) {\displaystyle \mathrm {GDP} =C+G+I+\left(\mathrm {X} -M\right)} where: C = Consumption (economics) (Household consumption expenditures / Personal consumption expenditures) I = Investment (macroeconomics) / Gross private domestic investment G = Government spending (Government consumption / Gross investment expenditures) X = Exports (Gross exports of goods and services) M = Imports (Gross imports of goods and services) Note: ( X - M )

3596-555: The tracker's shoe is over 5 feet (1.5 m) long and very narrow. This form, the stereotypical snowshoe, resembles a tennis racquet , and indeed the French term is raquette à neige . This form was copied by the Canadian snowshoe clubs of the late 18th century. Founded for military training purposes, they became the earliest recreational users of snowshoes. The snowshoe clubs such as the Montreal Snow Shoe Club (1840) shortened

3658-463: The user's toes to pivot below the deck of the snowshoe. They allow the crampon cleats that are under the foot to be kicked into a slope for grip in climbing, but are relatively awkward for stepping sideways and backwards as the tail of the snowshoe can drag. Fixed-rotation bindings often cause snow to be kicked up the back of the wearer's legs; this does not tend to happen with full-rotation bindings. A series of straps, usually three, are used to fasten

3720-425: The value of final output. Key formulae are: GDP at market price = value of output in the economy - intermediate consumption NNP at factor cost = GDP at market price - net indirect taxes - depreciation + net factor income from abroad NDP at factor cost = compensation of employees + net interest + rental & royalty income + profit of incorporated and unincorporated NDP at factor cost The expenditure approach

3782-477: The wearer. Users should also consider the weight of any gear they will be packing, especially if they expect to break trail. Those planning to travel into deep powder look for even larger shoes. Many manufacturers now include weight-based flotation ratings for their shoes, although there is no standard for setting this yet. As is often the case with downhill skis, wood-frame snowshoes and suitable bindings are typically marketed and purchased separately rather than as

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3844-464: Was a crude frame snowshoe. Solid-wood "ski-snowshoes", essentially short, wide versions of traditional skis, were used in Eurasia. They were made of light woods such as pine. Slender skis seem to have been more popular. Both types of footwear were lined with furs for climbing. In Northwest North America in the early twentieth century, Roald Amundsen compared the solid-wood Norwegian skis he used with

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