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98-527: The CGF was formed in June 2009. Since its inception, CGF has grown in influence, addressing key industry challenges through collective action. Notable milestones include the establishment of various global standards and protocols, and the launch of several industry-wide initiatives. CGF's membership is open to consumer goods manufacturers and retailers, with a broad representation from different company sizes and geographic locations. The diverse membership base allows for

196-431: A cascade of secondary effects within the cytoplasm of the cell, described as signal transduction , often involving phosphorylation or dephosphorylation of various other cytoplasmic proteins, changes in ion channel permeability, or increased concentrations of intracellular molecules that may act as secondary messengers (e.g., cyclic AMP ). Some protein hormones also interact with intracellular receptors located in

294-576: A competing ligand is bound to the receptor site, the hormone is unable to bind to that site and is unable to elicit a response from the target cell. These competing ligands are called antagonists of the hormone. Many hormones and their structural and functional analogs are used as medication . The most commonly prescribed hormones are estrogens and progestogens (as methods of hormonal contraception and as HRT ), thyroxine (as levothyroxine , for hypothyroidism ) and steroids (for autoimmune diseases and several respiratory disorders ). Insulin

392-707: A comprehensive understanding of the global market. Governed by a board of directors, which includes CEOs of member companies, CGF operates through various committees and working groups. These groups focus on specific areas like sustainability, health and wellness, and supply chain practices, driving initiatives in these fields. CGF has spearheaded sustainability projects focusing on issues like deforestation, plastic waste reduction, food waste and emissions reduction. Health and wellness: This initiative promotes healthier lifestyles through better products, diets, and responsible marketing. Focused on enhancing transparency, ethical practices, and efficiency in supply chains, including

490-496: A consequential change plastic pollution has made on the ocean and even the coasts. In January 2022 a group of scientists defined a planetary boundary for "novel entities" (pollution, including plastic pollution) and found it has already been exceeded. According to co-author Patricia Villarubia-Gómez from the Stockholm Resilience Centre, "There has been a 50-fold increase in the production of chemicals since 1950. This

588-439: A diameter smaller than human hair. If not ingested, this microdebris floats instead of being absorbed into the marine environment. Thompson predicts there may be 300,000 plastic items per square kilometre of sea surface and 100,000 plastic particles per square kilometre of seabed . International Pellet Watch collected samples of polythene pellets from 30 beaches in 17 countries which were analysed for organic micro-pollutants. It

686-476: A diverse range of systemic physiological effects. Different tissue types may also respond differently to the same hormonal signal. Arnold Adolph Berthold was a German physiologist and zoologist , who, in 1849, had a question about the function of the testes . He noticed in castrated roosters that they did not have the same sexual behaviors as roosters with their testes intact. He decided to run an experiment on male roosters to examine this phenomenon. He kept

784-433: A group of roosters with their testes intact, and saw that they had normal sized wattles and combs (secondary sexual organs ), a normal crow, and normal sexual and aggressive behaviors. He also had a group with their testes surgically removed, and noticed that their secondary sexual organs were decreased in size, had a weak crow, did not have sexual attraction towards females, and were not aggressive. He realized that this organ

882-474: A mere 20%, most discarded plastics end up incinerated or in landfills, where they emit methane as they decompose . The international community is divided on how to address the plastic issue. Proposals range from national pledges to mandatory production controls, with the latter being supported by entities like the European Union . However, the recycling solution is under scrutiny due to low success rates. As

980-438: A plastic beverage holder will take 400 years, a disposable nappy will take 450 years, and fishing line will take 600 years to degrade. It was estimated that global production of plastics is approximately 250 Mt per year. Their abundance has been found to transport persistent organic pollutants , also known as POPs. These pollutants have been linked to an increased distribution of algae associated with red tides . In 2019,

1078-403: A rapid degradation cycle, making sure they do not reach distant sites within the body. Hormones are also regulated by receptor agonists. Hormones are ligands, which are any kinds of molecules that produce a signal by binding to a receptor site on a protein. Hormone effects can be inhibited, thus regulated, by competing ligands that bind to the same target receptor as the hormone in question. When

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1176-407: A result they are slow to degrade. Together, these two factors allow large volumes of plastic to enter the environment as mismanaged waste which persists in the ecosystem and travels throughout food webs . Plastic pollution can afflict land , waterways and oceans . It is estimated that 1.1 to 8.8   million tonnes of plastic waste enters the ocean from coastal communities each year. It

1274-433: A result, there's a growing movement towards reducing plastic production and implementing bans on single-use plastics. States like Maine and Oregon are taking legislative action with extended producer responsibility laws to ensure that manufacturers are accountable for the lifecycle environmental impact of their products. Plastic pollution on land poses a threat to the plants and animals – including humans who are based on

1372-431: A rooster with one testis removed, and saw that they had normal behavior and physical anatomy as well. Berthold determined that the location or genetic factors of the testes do not matter in relation to sexual organs and behaviors, but that some chemical in the testes being secreted is causing this phenomenon. It was later identified that this factor was the hormone testosterone . Although known primarily for his work on

1470-560: A set of studies summarized by Forbes (2019). The distribution of plastic debris is highly variable as a result of certain factors such as wind and ocean currents, coastline geography, urban areas, and trade routes. Human population in certain areas also plays a large role in this. Plastics are more likely to be found in enclosed regions such as the Caribbean. It serves as a means of distribution of organisms to remote coasts that are not their native environments. This could potentially increase

1568-627: A significant impact on ecosystems, an increase of this magnitude could have dramatic consequences. The trade in plastic waste has been identified as "a main culprit" of marine litter. Countries importing the waste plastics often lack the capacity to process all the material. As a result, the United Nations has imposed a ban on waste plastic trade unless it meets certain criteria. There are three major forms of plastic that contribute to plastic pollution: micro -, macro-, and mega-plastics. Mega- and micro plastics have accumulated in highest densities in

1666-429: A type of hormone that share a commonality with neurotransmitters. They are produced by endocrine cells that receive input from neurons, or neuroendocrine cells. Both classic hormones and neurohormones are secreted by endocrine tissue; however, neurohormones are the result of a combination between endocrine reflexes and neural reflexes, creating a neuroendocrine pathway. While endocrine pathways produce chemical signals in

1764-482: A wide range of processes including both physiological processes and behavioral activities such as digestion , metabolism , respiration , sensory perception , sleep , excretion , lactation , stress induction, growth and development , movement , reproduction , and mood manipulation. In plants, hormones modulate almost all aspects of development, from germination to senescence . Hormones affect distant cells by binding to specific receptor proteins in

1862-551: Is categorized as either primary or secondary. Primary plastics are in their original form when collected. Examples of these would be bottle caps, cigarette butts, and microbeads. Secondary plastics, on the other hand, account for smaller plastics that have resulted from the degradation of primary plastics. Microdebris are plastic pieces between 2 mm and 5 mm in size. Plastic debris that starts off as meso- or macrodebris can become microdebris through degradation and collisions that break it down into smaller pieces. Microdebris

1960-442: Is estimated that there is a stock of 86   million tons of plastic marine debris in the worldwide ocean as of the end of 2013, with an assumption that 1.4% of global plastics produced from 1950 to 2013 has entered the ocean and has accumulated there. Global plastic production has surged from 1.5   million tons in the 1950s to 335   million tons in 2016, resulting in environmental concerns. A significant issue arises from

2058-402: Is generated in sectors including agriculture (e.g. irrigation pipes, greenhouse covers, fencing, pellets, mulch; construction (e.g. pipes, paints, flooring and roofing, insulants and sealants); transport (e.g. abraded tyres, road surfaces and road markings); electronic and electric equipment (e-waste); and pharmaceuticals and healthcare. The total amounts of plastic waste generated by these sectors

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2156-469: Is more commonly referred to as nurdles . Nurdles are recycled to make new plastic items, but they easily end up released into the environment during production because of their small size. They often end up in ocean waters through rivers and streams. Microdebris that come from cleaning and cosmetic products are also referred to as scrubbers. Because microdebris and scrubbers are so small in size, filter-feeding organisms often consume them. Nurdles enter

2254-531: Is no agreement that these molecules can be called hormones. Peptides Derivatives Compared with vertebrates, insects and crustaceans possess a number of structurally unusual hormones such as the juvenile hormone , a sesquiterpenoid . Examples include abscisic acid , auxin , cytokinin , ethylene , and gibberellin . Most hormones initiate a cellular response by initially binding to either cell surface receptors or intracellular receptors . A cell may have several different receptors that recognize

2352-456: Is produced each year; 51% in Asia, where China is the world's largest producer. From the 1950s up to 2018, an estimated 6.3   billion tonnes of plastic has been produced worldwide, of which an estimated 9% has been recycled and another 12% has been incinerated . This large amount of plastic waste enters the environment and causes problems throughout the ecosystem; for example, studies suggest that

2450-421: Is projected to triple again by 2050". There are at least 350,000 artificial chemicals in the world. They have mostly "negative effects on planetary health ". Plastic alone contain more than 10,000 chemicals and create large problems. The researchers are calling for limit on chemical production and shift to circular economy , meaning to products that can be reused and recycled. The problem of ocean plastic debris

2548-479: Is the ability of pharmacologic doses of glucocorticoids to suppress inflammation . At the neurological level, behavior can be inferred based on hormone concentration, which in turn are influenced by hormone-release patterns; the numbers and locations of hormone receptors; and the efficiency of hormone receptors for those involved in gene transcription. Hormone concentration does not incite behavior, as that would undermine other external stimuli; however, it influences

2646-455: Is transported to the ocean each year. Hormone A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν , "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior . Hormones are required for the correct development of animals , plants and fungi . Due to

2744-537: Is ubiquitous. It is estimated that 1.5–4% of global plastics production ends up in the oceans every year, mainly as a result of poor waste management infrastructure and practices combined with irresponsible attitudes to the use and disposal of plastics. The weathering of plastic debris causes its fragmentation into particles that even small marine invertebrates may ingest hence contaminating the food chain. Their small size renders them untraceable to their source and extremely difficult to remove from open ocean environments. In

2842-484: Is uncertain. Several studies have attempted to quantify plastic leakage into the environment at both national and global levels which have highlight the difficulty of determining the sources and amounts of all plastic leakage. One global study has estimated that between 60 and 99   million tonnes of mismanaged plastic waste were produced in 2015. Borrelle et al. 2020 has estimated that 19–23   million tonnes of plastic waste entered aquatic ecosystems in 2016. while

2940-609: Is used by many diabetics . Local preparations for use in otolaryngology often contain pharmacologic equivalents of adrenaline , while steroid and vitamin D creams are used extensively in dermatological practice. A "pharmacologic dose" or "supraphysiological dose" of a hormone is a medical usage referring to an amount of a hormone far greater than naturally occurs in a healthy body. The effects of pharmacologic doses of hormones may be different from responses to naturally occurring amounts and may be therapeutically useful, though not without potentially adverse side effects. An example

3038-524: The COVID-19 pandemic due to increased demand for protective equipment and packaging materials. Higher amounts of plastic ended up in the ocean, especially plastic from medical waste and masks. Several news reports point to a plastic industry trying to take advantage of the health concerns and desire for disposable masks and packaging to increase production of single use plastic. There are differing estimates of how much plastic waste has been produced in

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3136-583: The Niger ) and eight in Asia (the Ganges , Indus , Yellow , Yangtze , Hai He , Pearl , Mekong and Amur ) "transport 88–95% of the global plastics load into the sea.". The Caribbean Islands are the biggest plastic polluters per capita in the world. Trinidad and Tobago produces 1.5 kilograms of waste per capita per day, is the biggest plastic polluter per capita in the world. At least 0.19 kg per person per day of Trinidad and Tobago's plastic debris end up in

3234-449: The Theory of Evolution , Charles Darwin was also keenly interested in plants. Through the 1870s, he and his son Francis studied the movement of plants towards light. They were able to show that light is perceived at the tip of a young stem (the coleoptile ), whereas the bending occurs lower down the stem. They proposed that a 'transmissible substance' communicated the direction of light from

3332-418: The bloodstream , typically via fenestrated capillaries , whereas the exocrine system secretes its hormones indirectly using ducts . Hormones with paracrine function diffuse through the interstitial spaces to nearby target tissue. Plants lack specialized organs for the secretion of hormones, although there is spatial distribution of hormone production. For example, the hormone auxin is produced mainly at

3430-472: The cytoplasm or nucleus by an intracrine mechanism. For steroid or thyroid hormones, their receptors are located inside the cell within the cytoplasm of the target cell. These receptors belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand-activated transcription factors . To bind their receptors, these hormones must first cross the cell membrane. They can do so because they are lipid-soluble. The combined hormone-receptor complex then moves across

3528-542: The thyroid , which increases output of thyroid hormones . To release active hormones quickly into the circulation , hormone biosynthetic cells may produce and store biologically inactive hormones in the form of pre- or prohormones . These can then be quickly converted into their active hormone form in response to a particular stimulus. Eicosanoids are considered to act as local hormones. They are considered to be "local" because they possess specific effects on target cells close to their site of formation. They also have

3626-414: The 16.9% of the mismanaged plastic waste in the oceans, according to a study published by Science in 2015. All the European Union countries combined would rank eighteenth on the list. In 2020, a study revised the potential 2016 U.S. contribution to mismanaged plastic; It estimated that U.S.-generated plastic might place the U.S. behind Indonesia and India in oceanic pollution, or it might place

3724-448: The 1950s. The plastic industry's greenhouse gas emissions are substantial, having emitted 1.8 billion metric tons in 2019, with the potential to exceed 2.5 billion metric tons by 2050 if no changes are made. The United States is on track to see its plastic emissions increase from 317 million metric tons in 2021 to 401 million by 2025, primarily due to production and disposal methods. With global recycling rates for plastic packaging at

3822-572: The Australian coast. They found the highly variable microplastic counts to be proportionate to plastic on the surface and the angle of the seafloor slope. By averaging the microplastic mass per cm , they estimated that Earth's seafloor contains about 14   million tons of microplastic – about double the amount they estimated based on data from earlier studies – despite calling both estimates "conservative" as coastal areas are known to contain much more microplastic. These estimates are about one to two times

3920-507: The Earth's environment that adversely affects humans, wildlife and their habitat. Plastics that act as pollutants are categorized by size into micro-, meso-, or macro debris. Plastics are inexpensive and durable, making them very adaptable for different uses; as a result, manufacturers choose to use plastic over other materials. However, the chemical structure of most plastics renders them resistant to many natural processes of degradation and as

4018-541: The Northern Hemisphere, concentrated around urban centers and water fronts. Plastic can be found off the coast of some islands because of currents carrying the debris. Both mega- and macro-plastics are found in packaging, footwear, and other domestic items that have been washed off of ships or discarded in landfills . Fishing-related items are more likely to be found around remote islands. These may also be referred to as micro-, meso-, and macro debris. Plastic debris

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4116-465: The Pew Charitable Trusts and SYSTEMIQ (2020) have estimated that 9–14   million tonnes of plastic waste ended up in the oceans the same year. Despite global efforts to reduce the generation of plastic waste, losses to the environment are predicted to increase. Modelling indicates that, without major interventions, between 23 and 37   million tonnes per year of plastic waste could enter

4214-569: The Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. The table below list the top 20 plastic waste polluting countries in 2010 according to a study published by Science , Jambeck et al (2015). All the European Union countries combined would rank eighteenth on the list. In a study published by Environmental Science & Technology , Schmidt et al (2017) calculated that ten rivers: two in Africa (the Nile and

4312-440: The U.S. behind Indonesia, India, Thailand, China, Brazil, Philippines, Egypt, Japan, Russia, and Vietnam. In 2022, it was estimated all OECD countries (North America, Chile, Colombia, Europe, Israel, Japan, S. Korea) may contribute 5% of oceanic plastic pollution, with the rest of the world polluting 95%. Since 2016 China ceased importing plastics for recycling and since 2019 international treaties signed by 187 countries restricted

4410-607: The United States is higher than in any other country, with the average American producing 130.09 kilograms of plastic waste per year. Other high-income countries, such as those of the EU-28 (annual per capita generation 58.56 kg), also have a high per capita plastic waste generation rate. Some high-income countries, such as Japan (annual per capital generation 38.44 kg), produce far less plastic waste per capita. The United States National Academy of Sciences estimated in 2022 that

4508-546: The amount of plastic thought – per Jambeck et al., 2015 – to currently enter the oceans annually. Plastic debris is categorized as macrodebris when it is larger than 20 mm. These include items such as plastic grocery bags. Macrodebris are often found in ocean waters, and can have a serious impact on the native organisms. Fishing nets have been prime pollutants. Even after they have been abandoned, they continue to trap marine organisms and other plastic debris. Eventually, these abandoned nets become too difficult to remove from

4606-402: The behaviors affected by episodically secreted hormones directly prevent the continuous release of sad hormones. Three broad stages of reasoning may be used to determine if a specific hormone-behavior interaction is present within a system: Though colloquially oftentimes used interchangeably, there are various clear distinctions between hormones and neurotransmitters : Neurohormones are

4704-483: The bodies of 90% of seabirds contain plastic debris. In some areas there have been significant efforts to reduce the prominence of free range plastic pollution, through reducing plastic consumption, litter cleanup, and promoting plastic recycling . As of 2020, the global mass of produced plastic exceeds the biomass of all land and marine animals combined. A May 2019 amendment to the Basel Convention regulates

4802-639: The broad definition of a hormone (as a signaling molecule that exerts its effects far from its site of production), numerous kinds of molecules can be classified as hormones. Among the substances that can be considered hormones, are eicosanoids (e.g. prostaglandins and thromboxanes ), steroids (e.g. oestrogen and brassinosteroid ), amino acid derivatives (e.g. epinephrine and auxin ), protein or peptides (e.g. insulin and CLE peptides ), and gases (e.g. ethylene and nitric oxide ). Hormones are used to communicate between organs and tissues . In vertebrates , hormones are responsible for regulating

4900-430: The carbon budget. The OECD estimated the emissions from plastic as 1.8 GtCO2 (3.7% of total emissions) in 2019 which will rise to 4.3 GtCO2 (4.5% of total emissions) in 2060, without measures to reduce them. In a 2024 Bloomberg article, the ever-increasing consumption of plastics was highlighted as a critical environmental issue. Global use is projected to reach 1.1 billion metric tons by 2050, up from just 2 million in

4998-536: The cell surface. In vertebrates, endocrine glands are specialized organs that secrete hormones into the endocrine signaling system . Hormone secretion occurs in response to specific biochemical signals and is often subject to negative feedback regulation . For instance, high blood sugar (serum glucose concentration) promotes insulin synthesis. Insulin then acts to reduce glucose levels and maintain homeostasis , leading to reduced insulin levels. Upon secretion, water-soluble hormones are readily transported through

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5096-474: The circulatory system. Lipid-soluble hormones must bond to carrier plasma glycoproteins (e.g., thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)) to form ligand -protein complexes. Some hormones, such as insulin and growth hormones, can be released into the bloodstream already fully active. Other hormones, called prohormones , must be activated in certain cells through a series of steps that are usually tightly controlled. The endocrine system secretes hormones directly into

5194-482: The consumption of virgin plastic by one third. Pepsico responded that they want to decrease "virgin plastic in our beverage business by 35% by 2025" and also expanding reuse and refill practices what should prevent 67   billion single use bottles by 2025. A study from 2024, using the Break Free From Plastic dataset, found that of the aforementioned 50% of the waste that was identifiable by brand, 11%

5292-450: The earth's remaining carbon budget . By 2100 it will emit 260   billion tonnes, more than half of the carbon budget. Those are emission from production, transportation, incineration, but there are also releases of methane and effects on phytoplankton . The emissions of methane from plastic decomposition and impact on phytoplankton, were still not known well when the report was released. According to one estimate, plastic floating in

5390-721: The eradication of forced labour. Facilitates the sharing of best practices in digital innovation across retail and supply chain operations. As a part of CGF, Global Food Safety Initiative (GFSI) works to ensure safe food for consumers everywhere. It sets global food safety standards and promotes continuous improvement in food safety management systems to ensure confidence in the delivery of safe food to consumers worldwide. The initiative's website provides detailed information on standards, certification processes, and resources for businesses to comply with global food safety practices. Other initiatives include food safety, data accuracy, and consumer engagement. Industry influence: CGF's impact on

5488-405: The export of plastics for recycling. A 2019 study calculated the mismanaged plastic waste, in millions of metric tonnes (Mt) per year: Around 275   million tonnes of plastic waste is generated each year around the world; between 4.8 million and 12.7   million tonnes is dumped into the sea. About 60% of the plastic waste in the ocean comes from the top five countries: China, Indonesia,

5586-472: The exportation/importation of plastic waste, largely intended to prevent the shipping of plastic waste from developed countries to developing countries . Nearly all countries have joined this agreement. On 2 March 2022, in Nairobi, 175 countries pledged to create a legally binding agreement by the end of the year 2024 with a goal to end plastic pollution. The amount of plastic waste produced increased during

5684-412: The following steps: Exocytosis and other methods of membrane transport are used to secrete hormones when the endocrine glands are signaled. The hierarchical model is an oversimplification of the hormonal signaling process. Cellular recipients of a particular hormonal signal may be one of several cell types that reside within a number of different tissues, as is the case for insulin , which triggers

5782-432: The form of hormones, the neuroendocrine pathway involves the electrical signals of neurons. In this pathway, the result of the electrical signal produced by a neuron is the release of a chemical, which is the neurohormone . Finally, like a classic hormone, the neurohormone is released into the bloodstream to reach its target. Hormone transport and the involvement of binding proteins is an essential aspect when considering

5880-400: The function of hormones. The formation of a complex with a binding protein has several benefits: the effective half-life of the bound hormone is increased, and a reservoir of bound hormones is created, which evens the variations in concentration of unbound hormones (bound hormones will replace the unbound hormones when these are eliminated). An example of the usage of hormone-binding proteins

5978-491: The global consumer goods industry is significant, with its initiatives often setting the standard for industry practices. Challenges and criticisms: While CGF's efforts are generally well-received, it faces challenges in aligning diverse global interests and ensuring the implementation of its initiatives across its varied membership. Plastic waste Plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic objects and particles (e.g. plastic bottles, bags and microbeads ) in

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6076-430: The group Break Free From Plastic organized over 70,000 volunteers in 51 countries to collect and identify plastic waste. These volunteers collected over "59,000 plastic bags, 53,000 sachets and 29,000 plastic bottles," as reported by The Guardian . Nearly half of the items were identifiable by consumer brands. The most common brands were Coca-Cola , Nestlé , and Pepsico . According to the global campaign coordinator for

6174-745: The inefficient treatment of 79% of plastic products, leading to their release into landfills or natural environments. Some researchers suggest that by 2050 there could be more plastic than fish in the oceans by weight. Living organisms, particularly marine animals , can be harmed either by mechanical effects such as entanglement in plastic objects, problems related to ingestion of plastic waste, or through exposure to chemicals within plastics that interfere with their physiology . Degraded plastic waste can directly affect humans through direct consumption (i.e. in tap water), indirect consumption (by eating plants and animals), and disruption of various hormonal mechanisms. As of 2019, 368   million tonnes of plastic

6272-524: The land. Estimates of the amount of plastic concentration on land are between four and twenty three times that of the ocean. The amount of plastic poised on the land is greater and more concentrated than that in the water. Mismanaged plastic waste ranges from 60 percent in East Asia and Pacific to one percent in North America. It is estimated that between 1 million and 1.7 million tonnes of mismanaged plastic

6370-477: The last century. By one estimate, one billion tons of plastic waste have been discarded since the 1950s. Others estimate a cumulative human production of 8.3   billion tons of plastic, of which 6.3   billion tons is waste, with only 9% getting recycled. It is estimated that this waste is made up of 81% polymer resin , 13% polymer fibres and 32% polymer additives . In 2018 more than 343   million tonnes of plastic waste were generated, 90% of which

6468-529: The marine environment, plastic pollution causes "Entanglement, toxicological effects via ingestion of plastics, suffocation, starvation, dispersal, and rafting of organisms, provision of new habitats, and introduction of invasive species are significant ecological effects with growing threats to biodiversity and trophic relationships. Degradation (changes in the ecosystem state) and modifications of marine systems are associated with loss of ecosystem services and values. Consequently, this emerging contaminant affects

6566-420: The method for their polymerization . Depending on their chemical composition, plastics and resins have varying properties related to contaminant absorption and adsorption . Polymer degradation takes much longer as a result of saline environments and the cooling effect of the sea. These factors contribute to the persistence of plastic debris in certain environments. Recent studies have shown that plastics in

6664-413: The negative feedback mechanism. Negative feedback must be triggered by overproduction of an "effect" of the hormone. Hormone secretion can be stimulated and inhibited by: One special group of hormones is the tropic hormones that stimulate the hormone production of other endocrine glands . For example, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) causes growth and increased activity of another endocrine gland,

6762-433: The nuclear membrane into the nucleus of the cell, where it binds to specific DNA sequences , regulating the expression of certain genes , and thereby increasing the levels of the proteins encoded by these genes. However, it has been shown that not all steroid receptors are located inside the cell. Some are associated with the plasma membrane . Hormones have the following effects on the body: A hormone may also regulate

6860-450: The ocean by means of spills during transportation or from land based sources. The Ocean Conservancy reported that China, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam dump more plastic in the sea than all other countries combined. It is estimated that 10% of the plastics in the ocean are nurdles, making them one of the most common types of plastic pollution, along with plastic bags and food containers. These micro-plastics can accumulate in

6958-402: The ocean can emit annually 76 Mt methane equal to 2,129 Mt CO2e, based on the 100 years global warming potential of methane. But these numbers are very preliminary. From one side, it can be an overestimate as it is based on the emissions of LDPE in powder form, the most emission intensive type of plastic in this case and in tropical water where intense radiation increases decomposition. But from

7056-430: The ocean decompose faster than was once thought, due to exposure to sun, rain, and other environmental conditions, resulting in the release of toxic chemicals such as bisphenol A . However, due to the increased volume of plastics in the ocean, decomposition has slowed down. The Ocean Conservancy has predicted the decomposition rates of several plastic products. It is estimated that a foam plastic cup will take 50 years,

7154-476: The ocean, or for example Saint Lucia which generates more than four times the amount of plastic waste per capita as China and is responsible for 1.2 times more improperly disposed plastic waste per capita than China. Of the top thirty global polluters per capita, ten are from the Caribbean region. These are Trinidad and Tobago, Antigua and Barbuda , Saint Kitts and Nevis , Guyana , Barbados , Saint Lucia , Bahamas , Grenada , Anguilla and Aruba , according to

7252-725: The oceans and allow for the accumulation of Persistent Bio-accumulating Toxins such as bisphenol   A , polystyrene , DDT, and PCB's which are hydrophobic in nature and can cause adverse health affects. A 2004 study by Richard Thompson from the University of Plymouth , UK, found a great amount of microdebris on beaches and in waters in Europe, the Americas, Australia, Africa, and Antarctica. Thompson and his associates found that plastic pellets from both domestic and industrial sources were being broken down into much smaller plastic pieces, some having

7350-411: The oceans by 2040 and between 155 and 265   million tonnes per year could be discharged into the environment by 2060. Under a business as usual scenario, such increases would likely be attributable to a continuing rise in production of plastic products, driven by consumer demand, accompanied by insufficient improvements in waste management. As the plastic waste released into the environment already has

7448-814: The oceans every year out of which the 83,1% is from the following 20 countries: China is the most mismanaged plastic waste polluter leaving in the sea the 27.7% of the world total, second Indonesia with the 10.1%, third Philippines with 5.9%, fourth Vietnam with 5.8%, fifth Sri Lanka 5.0%, sixth Thailand with 3.2%, seventh Egypt with 3.0%, eighth Malaysia with 2.9%, ninth Nigeria with 2.7%, tenth Bangladesh with 2.5%, eleventh South Africa with 2.0%, twelfth India with 1.9%, thirteenth Algeria with 1.6%, fourteenth Turkey with 1.5%, fifteenth Pakistan with 1.5%, sixteenth Brazil with 1.5%, seventeenth Myanmar with 1.4%, eighteenth Morocco with 1.0%, nineteenth North Korea with 1.0%, twentieth United States with 0.9%. The rest of world's countries combined wind up

7546-415: The other side it can be an underestimate, as it is not including the decomposition of plastic on land which is probably more emission intensive, the effects on phytoplankton which can be significant, the emissions from submerged plastic. Therefore, the authors prefer to not include them in the official estimate, but to write them in the full report, as a base for further discussion noting the high importance of

7644-405: The passage of food from the stomach to the intestines , which they believed to be due to the nervous system. They cut the nerves to the pancreas in an animal model and discovered that it was not nerve impulses that controlled secretion from the pancreas. It was determined that a factor secreted from the intestines into the bloodstream was stimulating the pancreas to secrete digestive fluids. This

7742-435: The problem. The United Nations Environment Programme used 2 different studies to estimate the impact of plastic on climate: according to the first, by the year 2040 the annual emissions from plastic will reach 2.1 GtCO2 and will consume 19% of the 1.5 degrees carbon budget , while the second estimated the emissions in the year 2015 as 1.7 GtCO2 and predicted that by the year 2050 they will reach 6.5 GtCO2, consuming 15% of

7840-408: The production and release of other hormones. Hormone signals control the internal environment of the body through homeostasis . The rate of hormone biosynthesis and secretion is often regulated by a homeostatic negative feedback control mechanism. Such a mechanism depends on factors that influence the metabolism and excretion of hormones. Thus, higher hormone concentration alone cannot trigger

7938-503: The project Emma Priestland in 2020, the only way to solve the problem is stopping production of single use plastic and using reusable products instead. Coca-Cola answered that "more than 20% of our portfolio comes in refillable or fountain packaging", they are decreasing the amount of plastic in secondary packaging. Nestlé responded that 87% of their packaging and 66% of their plastic packaging can be reused or recycled and by 2025 they want to make it 100%. By that year they want to reduce

8036-518: The same hormone but activate different signal transduction pathways, or a cell may have several different receptors that recognize different hormones and activate the same biochemical pathway. Receptors for most peptide as well as many eicosanoid hormones are embedded in the cell membrane as cell surface receptors, and the majority of these belong to the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) class of seven alpha helix transmembrane proteins. The interaction of hormone and receptor typically triggers

8134-577: The socio-economic aspects through negative impacts on tourism, fishery, shipping, and human health". In 2019 a new report "Plastic and Climate" was published. According to the report, in 2019, production and incineration of plastic will contribute greenhouse gases in the equivalent of 850   million tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) to the atmosphere. In current trend, annual emissions from these sources will grow to 1.34   billion tonnes by 2030. By 2050 plastic could emit 56   billion tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions, as much as 14 percent of

8232-399: The substance causing the physiological changes, was the first hormone to be discovered. The term hormone would later be coined by Starling. William Bayliss and Ernest Starling , a physiologist and biologist , respectively, wanted to see if the nervous system had an impact on the digestive system . They knew that the pancreas was involved in the secretion of digestive fluids after

8330-499: The surface of target cells via second messengers . Lipid soluble hormones, (such as steroids ) generally pass through the plasma membranes of target cells (both cytoplasmic and nuclear ) to act within their nuclei . Brassinosteroids, a type of polyhydroxysteroids, are a sixth class of plant hormones and may be useful as an anticancer drug for endocrine-responsive tumors to cause apoptosis and limit plant growth. Despite being lipid soluble, they nevertheless attach to their receptor at

8428-485: The system by increasing the probability of a certain event to occur. Not only can hormones influence behavior, but also behavior and the environment can influence hormone concentration. Thus, a feedback loop is formed, meaning behavior can affect hormone concentration, which in turn can affect behavior, which in turn can affect hormone concentration, and so on. For example, hormone-behavior feedback loops are essential in providing constancy to episodic hormone secretion, as

8526-417: The target cell, resulting in a change in cell function. When a hormone binds to the receptor, it results in the activation of a signal transduction pathway that typically activates gene transcription , resulting in increased expression of target proteins . Hormones can also act in non-genomic pathways that synergize with genomic effects. Water-soluble hormones (such as peptides and amines) generally act on

8624-440: The tip down to the stem. The idea of a 'transmissible substance' was initially dismissed by other plant biologists, but their work later led to the discovery of the first plant hormone. In the 1920s Dutch scientist Frits Warmolt Went and Russian scientist Nikolai Cholodny (working independently of each other) conclusively showed that asymmetric accumulation of a growth hormone was responsible for this bending. In 1933 this hormone

8722-406: The tips of young leaves and in the shoot apical meristem . The lack of specialised glands means that the main site of hormone production can change throughout the life of a plant, and the site of production is dependent on the plant's age and environment. Hormone producing cells are found in the endocrine glands , such as the thyroid gland , ovaries , and testes . Hormonal signaling involves

8820-481: The variability and dispersal of organisms in specific areas that are less biologically diverse. Plastics can also be used as vectors for chemical contaminants such as persistent organic pollutants and heavy metals . Plastic pollution has also greatly negatively affected our environment. "The pollution is significant and widespread, with plastic debris found on even the most remote coastal areas and in every marine habitat". This information tells us about how much of

8918-462: The water because they become too heavy, having grown in weight up to 6 tonnes. 9.2 billion tonnes of plastic are estimated to have been made between 1950 and 2017. More than half this plastic has been produced since 2004. Of all the plastic discarded so far, 14% has been incinerated and less than 10% has been recycled. Plastics themselves contribute to approximately 10% of discarded waste. Many kinds of plastics exist depending on their precursors and

9016-541: The worldwide entry of plastic into the ocean was 8   million metric tons of plastic per year. A 2021 study by The Ocean Cleanup estimated that rivers convey between 0.8 and 2.7   million metric tons of plastic into the ocean, and ranked these river's countries. The top ten were, from the most to the least: Philippines, India, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Brazil, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and Thailand. Top 12 mismanaged plastic waste polluters In 2018 approximately 513   million tonnes of plastics wind up in

9114-483: Was attributable to Coca-Cola, 5% to Pepsico, 3% to Nestle, 3% to Danone , and 2% to Altria , totaling 24% of the total branded count. 56 companies accounted for over 50% of the branded items. According to The Plastic Waste Makers index, 55% of plastic waste worldwide is created by 20 companies. The United States is the world leader in generating plastic waste, producing an annual 42   million metric tons of plastic waste. Per capita generation of plastic waste in

9212-674: Was composed of post-consumer plastic waste (industrial, agricultural, commercial and municipal plastic waste). The rest was pre-consumer waste from resin production and manufacturing of plastic products (e.g. materials rejected due to unsuitable colour, hardness, or processing characteristics). A large proportion of post-consumer plastic waste consists of plastic packaging . In the United States plastic packaging has been estimated to make up 5% of MSW. This packaging includes plastic bottles, pots, tubs and trays, plastic films shopping bags, rubbish bags, bubble wrap, and plastic or stretch wrap and plastic foams e.g. expanded polystyrene (EPS). Plastic waste

9310-423: Was essential for these behaviors, but he did not know how. To test this further, he removed one testis and placed it in the abdominal cavity. The roosters acted and had normal physical anatomy . He was able to see that location of the testes does not matter. He then wanted to see if it was a genetic factor that was involved in the testes that provided these functions. He transplanted a testis from another rooster to

9408-520: Was finally isolated by Kögl, Haagen-Smit and Erxleben and given the name ' auxin '. British physician George Oliver and physiologist Edward Albert Schäfer , professor at University College London, collaborated on the physiological effects of adrenal extracts. They first published their findings in two reports in 1894, a full publication followed in 1895. Though frequently falsely attributed to secretin , found in 1902 by Bayliss and Starling, Oliver and Schäfer's adrenal extract containing adrenaline ,

9506-449: Was found that pellets found on beaches in the US, Vietnam and southern Africa contained compounds from pesticides suggesting a high use of pesticides in the areas. In 2020 scientists created what may be the first scientific estimate of how much microplastic currently resides in Earth's seafloor, after investigating six areas of around 3 km (1.9 mi) depth about 300 km (190 mi) off

9604-601: Was named secretin : a hormone. Hormonal effects are dependent on where they are released, as they can be released in different manners. Not all hormones are released from a cell and into the blood until it binds to a receptor on a target. The major types of hormone signaling are: As hormones are defined functionally, not structurally, they may have diverse chemical structures. Hormones occur in multicellular organisms ( plants , animals , fungi , brown algae , and red algae ). These compounds occur also in unicellular organisms , and may act as signaling molecules however there

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