The Confiscation Acts were laws passed by the United States Congress during the Civil War with the intention of freeing the slaves still held by the Confederate forces in the South.
88-584: The Confiscation Act of 1861 authorized the confiscation of any Confederate property by Union forces ("property" included slaves). This meant that all slaves that fought or worked for the Confederate military were confiscated whenever court proceedings "condemned" them as property used to support the rebellion. The bill passed in the United States House of Representatives 60–48 and in the Senate 24–11. The act
176-683: A women's suffrage advocate. She was one of the founders of the Women's Franchise League of Indiana . She retained close ties to her father even after her marriage to Charles B. Clarke , an attorney who served as a U.S. deputy surveyor in the New Mexico Territory and also served in the Indiana Senate . A prolific writer with several published books, she was a newspaper columnist for the Indianapolis Star from 1911 to 1929. Her news articles on
264-617: A Whig from Centerville. Julian voted in favor of the Butler bill dealing with the large debts the state incurred as part of its major internal improvement projects , but the move cost him the party's support and the Whig nomination for a seat in the Indiana Senate in 1847. Around this time Julian, who was raised a Quaker , began to change his religious views to Unitarianism . He also became active in Indiana's antislavery movement . Julian helped found
352-477: A new state constitution had just been drafted that included a clause (Article XIII, Section 1) that prohibited blacks from migrating into the state. (The clause was removed from the state's constitution by amendment in 1881. ) In this antislavery climate the Free Soil and Democratic coalition to elect Julian ran into serious difficulties. Julian found some Democratic support, but not the backing that he had enjoyed in
440-549: A "powerful champion" of the causes he favored. Julian was also characterized as an "impatient," "arrogant," and "self-righteous" reformer who was hardworking and remained steadfast in his beliefs. Indianapolis Public School Number 57 was named in Julian's honor. Julian's daughter, Grace Julian Clarke , collected and published a book of his speeches, Later Speeches on Political Questions: With Select Controversial Papers (1889), as well as George W. Julian: Some Impressions (1902),
528-495: A bit of a stoop, Julian was impossible to miss. He also proved to be a challenge to his more moderate colleagues because of his unwillingness to compromise. While campaigning for re-election in 1865, Julian engaged in a violent dispute his opponent, Brigadier General Solomon Meredith, the former commander of the Army of the Potomac's famed Iron Brigade. Meredith eventually attacked Julian with
616-505: A few others. Julian's interest in land reform began in the 1840s and continued for the remainder of his life, although his most significant reform work in this area took place during his twelve-year career in the U.S. Congress. Julian envisioned families working for themselves on farms that did not rely on slave labor and became concerned with U.S. land policies. On January 29, 1851, he delivered his first House speech in support of Andrew Johnson's homestead bill, but Congress failed to approve
704-403: A higher atmosphere and snuffs a purer air than most Congressmen, and this may account for his always being found in the right place, never doubtful. People know just what George Washington Julian will do in any national crisis." Julian was one of the first to call for President Andrew Johnson 's impeachment, although he was not chosen for the board of impeachment managers assigned to prosecute
792-787: A legal practice in Centerville, Indiana . He won election to the Indiana House of Representatives as a member of the Whig Party . He helped found the anti-slavery Free Soil Party and won election to the United States House of Representatives, but was defeated in his attempt to secure a second term. During his time in Congress, he became a staunch supporter of land reform policies such as the Homestead Acts . After leaving Congress, Julian served as
880-474: A little sense of weary sadness, which grows as you observe. Mr. Julian's head, face, and figure, is of the Round-head, Cromwellian type." An 1868 Philadelphia newspaper described a Washington correspondent's observation of Julian at a congressional reception: "Nature was in one of her most generous moods when she formed him," he wrote, "for he towers above the people like a mountain surrounded by hills. He dwells in
968-550: A realization that the Civil War might not be the swift, neat confrontation they hoped for – and that disunionists might need to be held legally liable for their actions. Lincoln biographer John Torrey Morse , Jr. wrote, "The Northern armies ran against slavery immediately.... [T]housands of slaves at Manassas were doing the work of laborers and servants, and rendering all the whites of the Southern army available for fighting. The handicap
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#17328447564401056-567: A violation of the Fifth Amendment and the Constitution's prohibition of bills of attainder. Republican senator Orville Browning of Illinois, a powerful friend of President Lincoln, led these conservatives in condemning the radical confiscation plan. As winter turned to spring and spring to summer, Congress argued endlessly over confiscation. Was property confiscation a legitimate power of the national legislature? Was confiscation in violation of
1144-415: A whip at an Indiana train station, lashing him into unconsciousness, which newspapers described as the “Julian and Meredith Difficulty,” labeling both men cowards for their involvement. In 1866 a reporter noticed Julian's "worn, scarred, seamed and earnest face" from the congressional galleries and remarked: "It is not a pleasant countenance to look upon, but rather grim and belligerent, touched perhaps with
1232-671: Is based in part on his diaries, some of which have since been lost. His recollections are unusually truthful and, on occasion, he noted his own mistakes. For the most part the memoirs reflect Julian's principles, as well as his own steadfast belief that his position was right and nearly everyone else's was wrong. Julian maintained that his political positions were accurate and his motives were sincere. Julian died on July 7, 1899, in Irvington. His remains are interred at Crown Hill Cemetery in Indianapolis. While representing Indiana's citizens in
1320-440: Is best known for his staunch opposition to slavery, as well as his support of land reform and women's suffrage. Julian countered the frequent criticisms for switching his political alliances by arguing that the parties had altered their positions on political issues, especially slavery, while his views had remained unchanged. Julian began his political career in 1845. when he was elected to the Indiana House of Representatives as
1408-563: Is claimed to be due, or his lawful agent, to work or to be employed in or upon any fort, navy yard, dock, armory, ship, entrenchment, or in any military or naval service whatsoever, against the Government and lawful authority of the United States, then, and in every such case, the person to whom such labor or service is claimed to be due shall forfeit his claim to such labor, any law of the State or of
1496-653: The 1872 presidential election , Julian became a member of the Democratic Party . In 1885, President Grover Cleveland appointed him surveyor general of the New Mexico Territory . Julian was the son-in-law of Ohio politician Joshua Reed Giddings and the father of Grace Julian Clarke , a women's suffrage advocate. George Washington Julian was born on May 5, 1817, near Centerville , in Wayne County, Indiana . His Quaker parents, Isaac and Rebecca Julian, had come to Indiana from North Carolina . Isaac died when George
1584-693: The Free Soil Party and four as a Republican . He was also the Free Soil Party's nominee for U.S. vice president in the 1852 election , but Julian and John P. Hale , the party's presidential nominee, were defeated without winning a single electoral vote. Julian joined the Liberal Republicans in 1872 and supported the Democrats in 1877. He became a member of the Democratic Party in 1884. Julian
1672-454: The Free Soil Party , and was a delegate to the party's convention in Buffalo, New York , in 1848. In December he announced his intention to run for Congress and won election as a Free Soil candidate to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1849. Julian's election came through a coalition with the Democratic Party in Indiana's Fourth Congressional District, the so-called "Burnt District," in
1760-662: The Homestead Act in 1862. To Julian the legislation "was a magnificent triumph of freedom and free labor over slave power." After discovering that the law contained many loopholes that favored land speculators, he introduced measures to correct the situation. Julian was also an outspoken critic of railroad land grants and adamantly opposed the Morrill Act , passed in 1862, that provided federal funds through grants to help establish agricultural and mechanical colleges. Although Julian did not dislike Lincoln personally, he opposed some of
1848-636: The Liberal Republicans and became one of its leaders. Julian and other Republicans were "disgusted" by the corruption in Ulysses S. Grant 's administration. At the Liberal Republican convention in Cincinnati , Ohio , on May 1, 1872, Horace Greeley received the party's nomination for president. Julian was among the contenders for the vice presidential nomination; however, Benjamin Gratz Brown emerged from
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#17328447564401936-626: The Wade–Davis Bill over Lincoln's more lenient Reconstruction proposals. He voted in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment , which abolished slavery in the United States and famously feuded with Solomon Meredith , a fellow Hoosier and commander of the Union Army's Iron Brigade during his 1865 re-election campaign. After the war, he emerged as a prominent critic of President Andrew Johnson , calling for Johnson's impeachment . After Johnson
2024-532: The 1849 election, and he lost to Samuel W. Parker, a conservative Whig who had been his opponent in the 1849 election as well. In the 1852 presidential election , the Free Soilers (who had named themselves the Free Democracy Party) nominated John P. Hale of New Hampshire as its presidential candidate and found themselves in need of a midwestern man to balance the ticket. Although Julian did not attend
2112-525: The Attorney-General, or any district attorney of the United States in which said property may at the time be, may institute the proceedings of condemnation, and in such case they shall be wholly for the benefit of the United States; or any person may file an information with such attorney, in which case the proceedings shall be for the use of such informer and the United States in equal parts. SEC. 4. And be it further enacted, That whenever hereafter, during
2200-701: The Confederacy to directly aid the war effort." When the second session of the Thirty-seventh Congress convened in December 1861, public pressure was mounting in the North for another, more vigorous confiscation bill. Senator Lyman Trumbull , a Republican from Illinois and the chairman of the Judiciary Committee , quickly emerged as the most important figure on confiscation. On December 2, 1861, Trumbull took
2288-409: The Confederacy's recent battlefield victories, the bill would have no practical effect and might be seen as a desperate move. He was also worried that it could be struck down as unconstitutional , which would set a precedent that might derail future attempts at emancipation. Only personal lobbying by several powerful senators persuaded Lincoln to sign the legislation, which he did on August 6, 1861. As
2376-543: The Constitution? Were slaves a type of property subject to confiscation? These basic questions drew intense scrutiny and the congressional debates were remarkable for their sustained consideration, in the midst of war, of the power of government and the rights of property. Between these two warring camps, a group of confiscation moderates brokered a compromise bill that, unfortunately, proved mostly unworkable. These moderates were led by John Sherman of Ohio, Daniel Clark of New Hampshire , and Henry Wilson of Massachusetts in
2464-470: The First Confiscation Act. This law authorized the federal government to seize the property of all those participating directly in rebellion. Enacted in the wake of the first battle of Bull Run, this hurriedly passed law did not break much new ground. It was essentially a restatement of internationally recognized laws of war and authorized the seizure of any property, including slave property, used by
2552-593: The Free Soil Party's vice presidential nominee in 1852, and the ticket won 4.9% of the popular vote. After the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act , Julian became a leader of Indiana's nascent Republican Party , and he won election to the United States House of Representatives in 1860. He helped secure passage of the 1862 Homestead Act and called for the abolition of slavery . While he was a firm supporter of President Abraham Lincoln , he also criticized some of President Abraham Lincoln 's wartime policies and favored
2640-613: The Fugitive Slave Law. (It was tabled by a 66 to 51 vote, but a similar bill became law two years later.) Julian also challenged the pleas that called for the war to be fought within constitutional limits. Taking the House floor to counter "the never-ending gabble about the sacredness of the Constitution ," Julian told his colleagues, "It will not be forgotten that the red-handed murderers and thieves who set this rebellion on foot went out of
2728-522: The Senate, and Republican Thomas D. Eliot of Massachusetts in the House. The moderates sent Trumbull's bill to a select committee, where they reworked it into a much less radical bill providing a much greater role for the judiciary than the radicals wanted. On July 17, President Lincoln signed the Second Confiscation Act into law, after first insisting that Congress pass an "explanatory resolution" to
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2816-479: The U.S. Congress, Julian became known for his strong character and for his antislavery agitation during the American Civil War and Reconstruction era. Less known were his interests in land reform and women's suffrage. An obituary published at the time of Julian's death described the radical politician as a "doctrinaire rather than a statesman" and remembered him as an "eloquent speaker," a "forceful writer", and
2904-526: The Union during the war. Black laborers would be among those eligible for the free homesteads. Julian also wanted these confiscations to be permanent, but Lincoln preferred to limit their duration. On March 18, 1864, Julian introduced a House bill to establish homesteads on the confiscated lands in the South. It passed the House along party lines, with a vote of 75 to 64; however, U.S. Attorney General James Speed halted
2992-605: The Union yelping for the Constitution which they had conspired to overthrow by the blackest perjury and treason that ever confronted the Almighty." As a member of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War, Julian investigated military as well as civil conduct. The committee had no policy-making function; however, it made recommendations for prosecution of the war and served an avenue for
3080-505: The United States to the contrary notwithstanding. And whenever thereafter the person claiming such labor or service shall seek to enforce his claim, it shall be a full and sufficient answer to such claim that the person whose service or labor is claimed had been employed in hostile service against the Government of the United States, contrary to the provisions of this act. APPROVED, August 6, 1861 George Washington Julian George Washington Julian (May 5, 1817 – July 7, 1899)
3168-498: The abuses of patronage power. Julian supported the Democratic ticket in 1877. Julian became a member of the Democratic Party in 1884, and continued his support of women's suffrage, temperance, and land reform. In 1885 President Grover Cleveland appointed Julian surveyor general of New Mexico . Julian served in that capacity from July 1885 until September 1889. Unlike many old radicals, Julian prospered in retirement. His work on
3256-451: The act. This resolution reflected President Lincoln's concern that permanent property confiscation was a "corruption of blood" prohibited by the Constitution and provided that property seized from individual offenders under the act could not be seized beyond the lifetime of the offender. President Lincoln had fully intended to veto the bill if Congress did not pass his resolution, and in an effort to ensure his objections were an official part of
3344-419: The age of thirty-four. Frederick, who became an actor, died in 1911. On December 31, 1863, Julian married Laura Giddings, the daughter of Joshua Reed Giddings , an abolitionist and a U.S. congressman from Ohio . Julian and his second wife had two children, Grace and Paul. Laura died in 1885. Paul became a civil engineer and died in 1929. Grace Julian Clarke became a clubwoman in Indianapolis as well as
3432-453: The bill was based on military emancipation, no preceding judicial proceedings were required to seize the property and therefore Lincoln gave Attorney General Edward Bates no instructions on enforcing the bill. Within a year of its passage, tens of thousands of slaves had been freed by the First Confiscation Act. With respect to slaves, the act authorized court proceedings to strip their owners of any claim to them but did not clarify whether
3520-423: The case before the Senate. In 1867 Julian was appointed as one of the seven-person House committee tasked with drafting the articles of impeachment against the president. In the impeachment trial , the U.S. Senate did not find the president guilty on the articles, allowing Johnson to complete his term in office. Later, Julian considered the impeachment movement as an act of "party madness." In his memoirs Julian
3608-413: The cause of black suffrage. As late as 1865 Morton had given a speech arguing that southern blacks were not yet fitted for the vote. Where Julian had broken early with Johnson, Morton continued to support Johnson into early 1866, hoping to prevent a party split between Congress and the president. In 1867 Morton gerrymandered Julian's district, which was strongly antislavery and unshakeable in its support for
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3696-537: The central-southeastern part of the state. The selection seemed, on its face, peculiar. Indiana's Democratic Party was, if anything, less friendly toward antislavery views than its counterparts in Ohio or Illinois , although many of its members favored the exclusion of slavery from territories acquired from Mexico in the recent war . Julian's district was staunchly pro-Whig, and a Democratic nominee had little chance of winning. The district's large Quaker population made it one of
3784-559: The committee on national organization. In 1860 he was elected as a Republican to the Thirty-seventh Congress , and won re-election in the Thirty-eighth , Thirty-ninth , Fortieth , and Forty-first Congresses, serving from 1861 to 1871. Julian, among the most radical of the U.S. House Republicans, was an ardent abolitionist who also became known for his support of civil rights, women's suffrage, and land reform. Appointed to
3872-506: The confiscations before the Senate could take up the bill. Julian was initially supportive of a radical Republican challenge to Lincoln's nomination for re-election in 1864. He briefly joined the campaign to nominate U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Salmon P. Chase , but severed his ties to Chase's nominating committee and supported Lincoln in the 1864 presidential election . Julian opposed Lincoln's Reconstruction policy, preferring
3960-647: The congressional Committee on Public Lands in 1861, he also served as its chairman from 1863 to 1871. In addition, Julian was chairman of the Expenditures in the Navy Department (Thirty-ninth Congress). During the American Civil War , Julian called for arming blacks and for their enlistment as Union soldiers. In 1864, during the Thirty-eighth Congress, he was unsuccessful in his effort to repeal
4048-416: The congressional record, after signing the bill he also sent the veto message he had prepared to Congress." The First Confiscation Act, signed into law on August 6, 1861 stated that: The Second Confiscation Act was signed into law on July 17, 1862 and contained provisions such as: The Union Army was given primary control over implementation of the acts. However, Congress reached a stalemate that impeded
4136-439: The congressman had a prickly personality and little tolerance for his opponents. The new report explained that those who crossed him discovered his "unfortunate temper and his determination to fight to the bitter end." Among Julian's numerous political adversaries was Oliver P. Morton , the powerful Republican governor of Indiana. Morton's views on the treatment of former Confederates was similar to Julian's, but Morton came late to
4224-529: The congressman, by replacing several of its most radical counties with pro-Democratic ones. As a result, Julian had a hard fight and barely won re-election in 1868, amid accusation of voting fraud in Richmond, Indiana . In 1869 Congress passed the Fifteenth Amendment giving black men the right to vote, and Julian persuaded himself that the fight against slavery had been won. As his memoirs noted, some of
4312-411: The convention as the party's vice presidential nominee on the second ballot. Julian, who supported Greeley in the 1872 presidential election , received five electoral votes for the vice-presidency , but Grant won the presidential election and his running mate, Henry Wilson , won the vice presidential race. After Grant's reelection, Julian left Washington, D.C., and returned to Centerville. In 1873
4400-540: The convention in Pittsburgh , the party nominated him for the vice-presidency . Hale and Julian did not win any electoral votes and lost the election to Franklin Pierce and William R. King . (Hale and Julian only received 155,210 popular votes, less than 5 percent of the total. ) Julian also lost a bid for election to Congress in 1854, when the Kansas–Nebraska Act reopened the slavery debate and accelerated major changes in
4488-592: The country's political party system. Julian joined the People's Party, the precursor to the new Republican party in the state, and became the leader of its antislavery faction. In 1856 Julian was a delegate to the convention in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania , where the Republican Party chose John C. Frémont as their candidate for president in the 1856 United States presidential election . Julian served as chairman of
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#17328447564404576-505: The duty of the President of the United States to cause the same to be seized, confiscated, and condemned. SEC. 2. And be it further enacted, That such prizes and capture shall be condemned in the district or circuit court of the United States having jurisdiction of the amount, or in admiralty in any district in which the same may be seized, or into which they may be taken and proceedings first instituted. SEC. 3. And be it further enacted, That
4664-472: The federal lands committee in the U.S. House made Julian much in demand as a legal counsel in land cases, earning him substantial legal fees. In his later years Julian lived in Indianapolis, where he settled in the Irvington community, and remained active in politics and focused on literary pursuits. Julian wrote several works on the era's political scene and a biography of his father-in-law, Joshua R. Giddings. Political Recollections (1884), Julian's memoir
4752-430: The floor to introduce a new confiscation bill. This bill envisioned the seizure of all rebel property, whether used directly to support the war, or owned by a rebel a thousand miles away from any battlefield. After several months of debate, Congress came to a stalemate over the confiscation of rebel property. This paralysis was not the result of incompetence, or because confiscation was considered relatively unimportant; it
4840-678: The former congressman and his family settled in Irvington , a suburban community east of downtown Indianapolis , where he remained active in politics and practiced law. When the Liberal Republicans remerged with the Republicans, Julian did not join them. Instead, he supported the Democrats. Julian shared Democratic views on the tariff, on currency questions, and on the fight against the railroads, land speculators, and monopolists. He also opposed
4928-434: The gallows as Davis. [Applause.] ... I would hang liberally while I had my hand in." In 1865 a Cincinnati newspaper reported that Julian thought a score of former Confederate leaders should be executed and their estates should be confiscated. He went on to suggest that these lands should be parceled out to poor people, white and black, in the South, including Union soldiers and sailors. Six feet tall and broad shouldered with
5016-608: The implementation of these Acts. "Essentially, the Confiscation Act of 1862 prepared the way for the Emancipation Proclamation and solved the immediate dilemma facing the army concerning the status of slave," even though the act was not heavily enforced . First and Second Confiscation Acts (1861, 1862) Major Acts of Congress | 2004 | Hamilton, Daniel W http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3407400130.html Confiscation Act of 1861 The Confiscation Act of 1861
5104-411: The laws of the United States are opposed, and the execution thereof obstructed, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the power vested in the marshals by law, any person or persons, his, her, or their agent, attorney, or employée, shall purchase or acquire, sell or give, any property of whatsoever kind or description, with intent to use or employ
5192-463: The lead of a group of radicals sponsoring a vigorous confiscation bill, joined by Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Benjamin Wade of Ohio in the Senate and George Julian of Indiana in the House. To their amazement these confiscation radicals soon faced bitter opposition both from outside and from within their own Republican Party . A group of conservatives soon began to condemn the radical bill as
5280-508: The legislation. By 1851, when Julian ran for re-election, the state's political conditions had changed significantly. Under the influence of Indiana's U.S. Senator Jesse D. Bright and others, the state's Democratic Party had become more rigidly opposed to any congressional restriction on slavery in the Mexican cession and supported the Compromise of 1850 and Fugitive Slave Law . In addition,
5368-496: The liberator of the slaves through the triumph of our arms which it ensured." Julian also supported the idea of confiscating property belonging to those who rebelled against the United States, and joined other radicals to vote in favor of the Second Confiscation Act in 1862. Julian wanted the forfeited land to be divided into free homesteads and distributed among those who served in the Union military or others who aided
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#17328447564405456-498: The most prominent and consistent enemies of slavery—Salmon P. Chase, Charles Sumner , and Horace Greeley, especially—had been all but forced out of the Republican Party that they had helped to create. In his bid for re-election to Congress in 1870, Julian faced a strong conservative challenger, Judge Jeremiah M. Wilson, for the nomination. Among the eleven Republican newspapers in Indiana's Fourth District, only three backed Julian,
5544-469: The order, thus returning the slaves to their former status as property in the care of the federal government. Before the act was passed, Benjamin Franklin Butler had been the first Union general to declare slaves as contraband. Some other Northern commanders followed this precedent, while officers from the border states were more likely to return escaped slaves to their masters. The Confiscation Act
5632-491: The passage of the Constitutional Amendment in the House. The spectacle during the vote was the most solemn and impressive I ever witnessed. The result for a good while remained in doubt, and the suspense produced perfect stillness. When it was certainly known that the measure had carried, the cheering in the hall and densely packed galleries exceeded anything I ever saw before and beggared description. Members joined in
5720-543: The plans outlined in the Wade–Davis Bill of 1864, and became a strong advocate of giving the former slaves voting rights. In January 1865 Julian voted in favor of the Thirteenth Amendment to abolish slavery in the United States. He was proud of his role in that regard. Julian equated those who voted for the Amendment to the signers of the Declaration of Independence: The greatest event of this century occurred yesterday in
5808-408: The political activities of Hoosier women and their counterparts across the country helped to shape public opinion on women's suffrage and other topics. Grace died in 1938. Julian was a member of five different parties during his political career. He served as a Whig member of the Indiana General Assembly and was elected to five terms in the U.S. House of Representatives , one of them as a member of
5896-404: The present insurrection against the Government of the United States, any person claimed to be held to labor or service under the law of any State, shall be required or permitted by the person to whom such labor or service is claimed to be due, or by the lawful agent of such person, to take up arms against the United States, or shall be required or permitted by the person to whom such labor or service
5984-427: The president's policies, which were more moderate than his own. Julian was among the radical Republicans who feared that Lincoln would not issue the final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. "But he saw no way of escape," Julian wrote in his memoirs. "The demand for such an edict was wide-spread and rapidly extending in the Republican party ... It was in yielding to [radical] pressure that he finally became
6072-496: The radical Republicans to force their policies on the Abraham Lincoln administration. He investigated Confederate atrocities and the mistreatment of prisoners of war, hectored generals who showed insufficient zeal in pressing on the fight, and pursued committee's most important objective, securing the dismissal of Union Army general George B. McClellan , whose slowness in advancing on the enemy Julian saw as nearly treasonable. Julian played an important role in securing passage of
6160-410: The remaining eight supported his opponent. Julian lost in the Republican primary and withdrew from the race. Julian supported the Republicans in the fall election, but his endorsement of the winning nominee lagged until late in the campaign and he did not actively campaign for the party's candidate. In 1872, two years after his defeat in the Republican primary for reelection to Congress, Julian joined
6248-454: The same, or suffer the same to be used or employed, in aiding, abetting, or promoting such insurrection or resistance to the laws, or any person or persons engaged therein; or if any person or persons, being the owner or owners of any such property, shall knowingly use or employ, or consent to the use or employment of the same as aforesaid, all such property is hereby declared to be lawful subject of prize and capture wherever found; and it shall be
6336-399: The shouting, and kept it up for some minutes. Some embraced one another, others wept like children. I never before felt as I then did, and thanked God for the blessed opportunity of recording my name where it will be honored as those of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. What a grand jubilee for the old battle-scarred Abolitionists. Glorious fruit of the war. I have felt, ever since
6424-503: The slaves were free. As a result of this ambiguity, these slaves came under Union lines as property in the care of the U.S. government . In response to this situation, General David Hunter , the Union Army military commander of Georgia , South Carolina , and Florida , issued General Order No. 11 on May 9, 1862, freeing all slaves in areas under his command. Upon hearing of Hunter's action one week later, Lincoln immediately countermanded
6512-524: The stronger antislavery districts as well. On economic issues Julian's positions leaned more toward the Democrats' doctrines than the Whigs'. He opposed high protective tariffs and had no interest in creating a new national bank. Julian received the support of the Democrats and won election to the Thirty-first Congress in 1849. He was among a small bloc of about twelve votes consisting of Free Soilers and
6600-464: The vote, as if I were in a new country. I seem to breathe better, and feel comforted and refreshed. Unlike many other radical Republicans, Julian wanted the former Confederates punished for their rebellion against the United States. He called for hanging Jefferson Davis. "And I would not stop with Davis," he told an Indianapolis crowd in November, 1865. "Why should I? There is old General Lee, as hungry for
6688-466: Was a politician, lawyer, and writer from Indiana who served in the United States House of Representatives during the 19th century. A leading opponent of slavery , Julian was the Free Soil Party 's candidate for vice president in the 1852 election and was a prominent Radical Republican during the American Civil War and the Reconstruction era . Born in Wayne County, Indiana , he established
6776-627: Was admitted to the Indiana bar in 1840 and established a law practice in Greenfield, Indiana before moving back to Centerville to become the law partner with his older brother Jacob. Julian married Anne Elizabeth Finch in May 1845, the same year he was elected to the Indiana General Assembly . The couple had three children (Edward, Louis, and Frederick); two of them (Edward and Louis) died young. Anne died of tuberculosis on November 15, 1860, at
6864-536: Was also close friends with Lucretia Mott , co-organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention . Following the Civil War and passage of the Thirteenth Amendment, Julian returned to the issue of woman's rights. In 1868 he proposed a constitutional amendment on women's suffrage, but it was defeated. "He uses vinegar when he might scatter sugar," a Republican newspaper in Ohio complained. The report also noted
6952-501: Was an act of Congress during the early months of the American Civil War permitting military confiscation and subsequent court proceedings for any property being used to support the Confederate independence effort, including slaves . The bill passed the House of Representatives 60–48 and in the Senate 24–11. Abraham Lincoln was reluctant to sign the act; he felt that, in light of
7040-433: Was an attempt to set a consistent policy throughout the army. An Act to confiscate Property used for Insurrectionary Purposes. It has been enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That if, during the present or any future insurrection against the Government of the United States, after the President of the United States shall have declared, by proclamation, that
7128-404: Was careful to downplay his role in recommending Johnson's impeachment. Although Julian's primary political goal in the 1850s and 1860s was the abolition of slavery and challenging its expansion into the western United States, he was a longtime supporter of women's enfranchisement. Julian had espoused the cause of women's suffrage as early as 1847. As Julian explained in his memoirs, "the subject
7216-565: Was concerned about the practical legality of these acts and believed that they might push the border states towards siding with the Confederacy, he nonetheless signed them into law. The growing movement towards emancipation was aided by these acts, which were followed by the Preliminary and Final Emancipation Proclamations of September 1862 and January 1863. "The Union defeat at the First Battle of Bull Run on July 21, 1861, jolted Congress into
7304-685: Was first brought to my attention in a brief chapter on 'the political non-existence of woman,' in Miss [Harriett] Martineau's book on 'Society In America,' which I read in 1847. She there pithily states the substance of all that has since been said respecting the logic of woman's right to the ballot, and finding myself unable to answer it, I accepted it. On recently referring to this chapter I find myself more impressed by its force than when I first read it." While campaigning in 1853 Julian invited Frances Dana Barker Gage and Emma R. Coe, early advocates for woman suffrage, to lecture in his hometown of Centreville. Julian
7392-524: Was impeached, he was one of seven House members that were tasked with writing the articles of impeachment . Julian introduced a women's suffrage constitutional amendment in 1868. Julian lost his bid for re-nomination in 1870, and eventually resumed his legal practice in Indianapolis . He opposed the administration of President Ulysses S. Grant and became a leader of the Liberal Republicans . After Grant defeated Liberal Republican nominee Horace Greeley in
7480-512: Was instead an issue of ideological differences debated by a country in the midst of war. The debate, to the surprise and ultimate frustration of the legislators themselves, reflected deep-seated, nearly intractable divisions over the social role of property and the extent of sovereign power over property in American law and the Constitution. Within a few weeks of the introduction of Trumbull's bill, different ideological coalitions emerged. Trumbull took
7568-448: Was signed into law by President Lincoln on August 6, 1861. The Confiscation Act of 1862 was passed on July 17, 1862. It stated that any Confederate official, military or civilian, who did not surrender within 60 days of the act's passage would have their slaves freed in criminal proceedings. However, this act was only applicable to Confederate areas that had already been occupied by the Union Army. Though U.S. President Abraham Lincoln
7656-401: Was six years old, leaving Rebecca to raise six children. Julian received a common school education and especially enjoyed reading. At the age of eighteen Julian began a short-lived career as a schoolteacher, but he became dissatisfied with teaching and switched careers. In 1839 a friend suggested that he become a lawyer. Julian studied in the office Centerville attorney John S. Newman. He
7744-479: Was so severe and obvious, that it immediately provoked the introduction of a bill freeing slaves belonging to rebels and used for carrying on the war." "In the first summer of the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln called the Thirty-seventh United States Congress into special session on July 4, 1861. On August 6, the last day of this short first session, Congress passed and Lincoln signed
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