72-833: The Confederate Party was a political party in the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . The party was formed in 1953 as a successor to the Democratic Party by opponents of the Federation. In the 1953 federal elections the party contested seats in all three territories, but only won one seat in Southern Rhodesia , where Dendy Young was elected in Sebakwe . In the Southern Rhodesian general elections in January 1954 it failed to win
144-521: A state of emergency . Banda and the rest of Nyasaland's NAC leadership were arrested and their party outlawed. Southern Rhodesian troops were deployed to bring order. The controversial British Labour MP John Stonehouse was expelled from Southern Rhodesia shortly before the state of emergency was proclaimed in Nyasaland, which outraged the British Labour Party . The affair drew the whole concept of
216-530: A 'bloody Jew', 'Communist', 'traitor' and 'coward'. The new Commonwealth Secretary, Duncan Sandys , negotiated the '1961 Constitution', a new constitution for the CAF which greatly reduced Britain's powers over it: however, by 1962, the British and the CAF cabinet had agreed that Nyasaland should be allowed to secede, though Southern Rhodesian Premier Sir Edgar Whitehead committed the British to keep this secret until after
288-440: A copy of it and disclosed its contents to Welensky. Relations between Whitehall and the CAF cabinet were never to recover. These events, for the first time, brought the attention of British Conservative Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan , to a crisis emerging in the CAF, but apparently he did not fully comprehend the gravity of the situation, attributing the row to the old CO-CRO rivalry and to Welensky taking personal offence to
360-558: A couple of hundred thousand Europeans – primarily in Southern Rhodesia ;– ruled over millions of Black Africans, was largely driven by paternalistic reformism, that collided with rising African self-confidence and nationalism . The British influenced and affiliated federation and its institutions and racial relations differed from the only other regional power, the Union of South Africa . The dissolution of
432-836: A full new set of coins were issued with the Mary Gillick obverse of the Queen and various African animals on the reverse. The denominations followed those of sterling, namely halfpennies and pennies, which had a hole in them, threepences (known as tickeys), sixpences, shillings, a two shilling piece and a half crown. There were further full issues of all these coins in 1956 and 1957, but thereafter only pennies and half pennies were produced until some further issues of sixpences in 1962 and 1963, and threepences in 1963 and 1964. The higher denomination coins, though not particularly rare, are very popular with collectors because of their attractive reverse designs. Threepences and halfpennies were struck in 1964 despite
504-438: A later Governor of Uganda ). He became one of the central architects and driving forces behind the creation of the Federation, often seemingly singlehandedly untangling deadlocks and outright walkouts on the part of the respective parties. Cohen, who was Jewish and traumatised by The Holocaust , was an anti-racialist and an advocate of African rights. But he compromised his ideals to avoid what he saw as an even greater risk than
576-610: A new constitution declaring Rhodesia, as Southern Rhodesia had become more commonly known, a republic. In 1977, Field Marshal The Lord Carver was designated Resident Commissioner for Rhodesia, but he resigned fourteen months later. The office of Governor remained vacant until 11 December 1979, when Lord Soames assumed the post, following the signing of the Lancaster House Agreement , under which Southern Rhodesia would achieve de jure independence as Zimbabwe on 18 April 1980. In common with most other British colonies,
648-562: A new flag was put into use for the Governor of Southern Rhodesia. This was dark blue and charged in the centre with a Royal Crown, its height being four-sevenths of the hoist. Initially the Tudor Crown would have been used, but after her accession to the throne in 1952, Elizabeth II indicated her preference for St Edward's Crown , and this version would have been used thereafter. Although the colony had attained 'Responsible Government' in 1923, it
720-532: A place for the less ambitious politician. In fact, it was to prove decisive both to the future demise of the CAF, and to the later rise of the Rhodesian Front . Rather than a federation, Prime Minister Huggins favoured an amalgamation, creating a unitary state. However, after the Second World War, Britain opposed this because Southern Rhodesia would dominate the property and income franchise (which excluded
792-410: A portrait of Queen Elizabeth II . See main article at Postage stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . Revenue stamps were also issued, see Revenue stamps of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland . [REDACTED] The Federation also issued its own bank notes and coinage to replace the Southern Rhodesian pound which had been circulating in all three parts of the federation. In 1955
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#1732858598774864-482: A proclamation bringing the remainder of the provisions of the Constitution into operation. The semi-independent federation was finally established, with five branches of government: one Federal, three Territorial, and one British. This often translated into confusion and jurisdictional rivalry among various levels of government. According to Lord Blake, it proved to be "one of the most elaborately governed countries in
936-639: A seat, but in the February 1954 general elections in Northern Rhodesia , two supporters of the party ( John Gaunt and Frank Derby ) won seats running as independents. The party largely disintegrated after its defeat in the 1953 federal elections, and was succeeded by the Dominion Party , which was established in 1956. However, a rump of the Confederate Party continued to exist and contested one seat in
1008-560: The 1958 federal elections . Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , also known as the Central African Federation ( CAF ), was a colonial federation that consisted of three southern African territories: the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia and the British protectorates of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland . It existed between 1953 and 1963. The Federation
1080-544: The Belgian Congo from the brutalities of the civil war and into Southern Rhodesia. During the Congolese crisis, Africans increasingly viewed Welensky as an arch-reactionary and his support for Katanga separatism added to this. Welensky was disliked by the right and the left, though: a few years later, in his by-election campaign against Ian Smith 's Rhodesian Front, RF supporters heckled the comparatively moderate Welensky as
1152-654: The Parliament of the United Kingdom enacted the Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federation Act, 1953. The Act authorised the Queen , by way of an Order in Council , to provide for the federation of the three constituent territories. This order was made on 1 August 1953, bringing certain provisions of the Constitution into operation. The first Governor-General, Lord Llewellin , assumed office on 4 September. On 23 October 1953, Llewellin issued
1224-653: The prime minister and nine other ministers appointed by the Governor-General on recommendation from the Prime Minister, and a Cabinet of ministers appointed by the Prime Minister. The judiciary consisted of a Supreme Court, later regulated by the Federal Supreme Court Act, 1955, which consisted of the Chief Justice, two federal justices, and the chief justices of each of the three constituent territories of
1296-480: The 1962 elections in the territory. A year later, the same status was given to Northern Rhodesia, decisively ending the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland in the immediate future. In 1963, the Victoria Falls Conference was held, partly as a last effort to save the CAF, and partly as a forum to dissolve it. On 5 June 1963, the leaders of Kenya, Tanganyika, and Uganda expressed their intention to unite as
1368-524: The African Affairs Board, set up to safeguard the interests of Africans and endowed with statutory powers for that purpose, particularly in regard to discriminatory legislation. The economic advantages to the Federation were never seriously called into question, and the causes of the Federation's failure were purely political: the strong and growing opposition of the African inhabitants. The rulers of
1440-610: The CAF grew, and at the same time British Government circles expressed objections to its structure and purpose – full Commonwealth membership leading to independence as a dominion . In June 1956, Northern Rhodesia's Governor , Sir Arthur Benson , wrote a highly confidential letter heavily criticising the federation in general (and the new constitution planned for it) and Federal Prime Minister, Roy Welensky, in particular. Nearly two years later, Lord Malvern (as Sir Godfrey Huggins had become in February 1955) somehow obtained
1512-572: The CAF highlighted the discrepancy between the independent African-led nations of Zambia and Malawi, and Southern Rhodesia (which remained ruled by a White minority government until the Internal Settlement in 1978). Southern Rhodesia soon found itself embroiled in a civil war between the Government and African nationalist and Marxist guerrillas, whereas both Malawi and Zambia developed into authoritarian one-party states and remained so up until
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#17328585987741584-601: The CRO promoted. Significantly, the CO tended to be more sympathetic to African rights than the CRO, which tended to promote the interests of the Southern Rhodesian (and to a lesser extent, Northern Rhodesian) European settler populations. In 1957, this led to calls by Welensky for the creation of a single department with responsibility for all three territories, with Macmillan also favouring the CRO assuming sole responsibility for them, but
1656-509: The Central African Council was being arranged for March 1951. The conference concluded that there was a need for closer association, pointing to the economic interdependence of the three territories. It was argued that individually the territories were vulnerable and would benefit from becoming a single unit with a more broadly based economy. It was also said that unification of certain public services would promote greater efficiency. It
1728-661: The Crown in deep ideological, personal and professional rivalry – the Colonial Office (CO) and the Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO) (and previously with it the Dominion Office , abolished in 1947). The CO ruled the northern territories of Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, while the CRO was formally but indirectly in charge of Southern Rhodesia. The northern territories opposed a Southern Rhodesian hegemony, one that
1800-459: The Federal Assembly to amend the Constitution, which included a power to establish a second legislative chamber. The Governor-General would be the representative of the Queen in the Federation. Federal authority extended only to those powers assigned to the federal government and to matters incidental to them. The enumerated federal powers were divided into a "Federal Legislative List" for which
1872-530: The Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland was formally dissolved, and its assets distributed among the territorial governments. Southern Rhodesia obtained the vast majority of these including the assets of the Federal army, to which it had overwhelmingly contributed. In July 1964, the Nyasaland Protectorate became independent as Malawi , led by Banda, and that October, Northern Rhodesia gained independence as
1944-590: The Federation was returned to the CRO and CO, with Duncan Sandys responsible for both. It was convenient to have all three territories colonised by Cecil Rhodes under one constitution. But, for Huggins and the Rhodesian establishment, the central economic motive behind the CAF (or amalgamation) was the abundant copper deposits of Northern Rhodesia. Unlike the Rhodesias , Nyasaland had no sizeable deposits of minerals and its tiny community of Europeans, largely Scottish ,
2016-645: The Federation. The court was inaugurated on 1 July 1955, when the Governor-General swore in the Chief Justice and the other judges. The ceremony was also attended by the Lord High Chancellor and the Chief Justice of the Union of South Africa . The Chief Justices were Sir Robert Tredgold , previously Chief Justice of Southern Rhodesia , who was Chief Justice of the Federation from 1953 to 1961, and Sir John Clayden , from 1961 to 1963. The Supreme Court's jurisdiction
2088-539: The Governor remained unchanged, but as Salisbury became the capital of the Federation, the Governor General resided at Government House , previously the Governor's official residence. During this time, the Governor of Southern Rhodesia resided at Governor's Lodge in the suburb of Highlands . Following the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in 1965, the government of Ian Smith ceased to recognise
2160-592: The Northern Protectorates. This was to greatly shape future developments in the Federation. In 1939, approximately 60,000 Europeans resided in Southern Rhodesia; shortly before the Federation was established there were 135,000; by the time the Federation was dissolved they had reached 223,000 (though newcomers could only vote after three years of residency). Nyasaland showed the least European and greatest African population growth. The dominant role played by
2232-619: The Prime Minister appointed the Parliamentary Secretary to the Ministry of Home Affairs, who held the status of a full minister, to assume responsibility for racial affairs. It was commonly understood that Southern Rhodesia would be the dominant territory in the federation – economically, electorally, and militarily. How much so defined much of the lengthy constitutional negotiations and modifications that followed. African political opposition and nationalist aspirations, for
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2304-775: The Republic of Zambia - thus obtaining majority rule - being led by Kaunda. On 11 November 1965, Southern Rhodesia's government, led by Prime Minister Ian Smith, proclaimed a Unilateral Declaration of Independence from the United Kingdom. This attracted the world's attention and created outrage in Britain. The Minister of Defence was the President of the Defence Council, which consisted of military and civilian members, and considered all matters related to defense policy. The Army, in 1960, consisted of three training formations: Corps training
2376-402: The Rhodesian government ceasing to recognise the authority of the Governor, and the 1969 Rhodesian constitutional referendum resulted in Rhodesia declaring itself a republic, independent from the British monarchy. Britain still considered the territory its colony and continued to maintain the office, albeit allowing it be vacant from 1969–1979. Following the Lancaster House Agreement the office
2448-493: The Southern Rhodesian European population within the CAF is reflected in that played by its first leader, Sir Godfrey Huggins (created Viscount Malvern in February 1955), Prime Minister of the Federation for its first three years and, before that, Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia for an uninterrupted 23 years. Huggins resigned the premiership of Southern Rhodesia to take office as the federal prime minister, and
2520-399: The Southern Rhodesian elections. The property and income-qualified franchise of the CAF was, therefore, now much looser. While this troubled many whites, they continued to follow Huggins with the CAF's current structure, largely owing to the economic growth. But to Africans, this increasingly proved unsatisfactory and their leaders began to voice demands for majority rule. African dissent in
2592-559: The all-White 1st Battalion of the Rhodesian Light Infantry regiment was added. The Rhodesia and Nyasaland Women's Military Air Service (known popularly as the "WAMS") was the Federation's women's auxiliary unit. In 1957 a policy change led to the unit being gradually scaled down until its work was taken over by civilian staff. Although the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland only lasted for ten years, it had an important effect on Central Africa. Its White minority rule, where
2664-404: The authority of the then Governor, Sir Humphrey Gibbs , and appointed Clifford Dupont to exercise the Governor's powers as Officer Administering the Government . However, Gibbs continued to occupy Government House, asserting his position as the Queen's de jure representative, and did not resign from the post until June 1969, following the decision of white voters in a referendum to approve
2736-650: The continuation of the paternalistic white ascendancy system of Southern Rhodesia – its becoming an even less flexible, radical white supremacy, like the National Party government in South Africa. Lord Blake , the Oxford -based historian, wrote: "In that sense, Apartheid can be regarded as the father of Federation". The Commons approved the conferences' proposals on 24 March 1953, and in April passed motions in favour of federating
2808-401: The creation of an inter-territorial council to coordinate government services and survey the development needs of the region. The Second World War delayed the creation of this institution until 1945, when the Central African Council was established to promote coordination of policy and action between the territories. The Governor of Southern Rhodesia presided over the council and was joined by
2880-513: The fact the Federation ended on 31 December 1963. Governor of Southern Rhodesia The Governor of Southern Rhodesia was the representative of the British monarch in the self-governing colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1923 to 1980. The Governor was appointed by the Crown and acted as the local head of state , receiving instructions from the British Government . Rhodesia's 1965 Unilateral Declaration of Independence resulted in
2952-485: The federal legislature could make laws, and a "Concurrent Legislative List" for which both the federal and territorial legislatures could make law. Federal laws prevailed over territorial laws in all cases where the federal legislature was empowered to legislate, including the concurrent list. The executive government consisted of the Governor-General , who would represent the Queen, an Executive Council consisting of
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3024-400: The federation into question and even Prime Minister Macmillan began to express misgivings about its political viability, although economically he felt it was sound. A Royal Commission to advise Macmillan on the future of the CAF, to be led by The 1st Viscount Monckton of Brenchley , QC , the former Paymaster General , was in the works. The Commonwealth Secretary , The 14th Earl of Home ,
3096-419: The federation of East Africa. By late June 1963, a federation was nearly seen as inevitable, but within months the prospect of creating a federation dissipated. Various explanations have been offered for the failure to establish a federation, including Ugandan concerns about its own weakness within such a federation, ideological objections to plans by Kwame Nkrumah's push for a larger East African federation ,
3168-453: The first year of the federation, its GDP was £350 million; two years later it was nearly £450 million. Yet the average income of a European remained approximately ten times that of an African employed in the cash economy, representing only one third of local Africans. In 1955, the creation of the Kariba hydro-electric power station was announced. It was a remarkable feat of engineering creating
3240-545: The flag used by the Governor, as the Sovereign's representative in Southern Rhodesia, was initially a Union Flag with a white roundel in the centre, charged with the shield from the colony's arms granted on 11 August 1924. Unique among the flags of the Governors of British colonies, this shield of Arms was not surrounded by the customary wreath. This flag was adopted on 1 October 1924 and was flown until 30 July 1951. On 31 July 1951,
3312-654: The horizon. In Britain, Macmillan said that it was essential "to keep the Tory party on modern and progressive lines", noting electoral developments and especially the rise of the Labour Party. By the time Macmillan went on his famous 1960 African tour leading to his Wind of Change speech to Parliament in Cape Town , change was well underway. By 1960, French African colonies had already become independent. Belgium more hastily vacated its colony and thousands of European refugees fled
3384-520: The hostility of the Buganda kingdom (within Uganda) to union, tensions over the uneven distribution of benefits from economic integration, lack of clarity on the function or form of federation, a lack of popular engagement with the process, and bad timing." Scholars such as Joseph Nye and Thomas Franck wrote about the failure of the federation, with Franck characterizing it as a tragedy. On 31 December 1963,
3456-495: The largest man-made dam on the planet at the time and costing £78 million. Its location highlighted the rivalry among Southern and Northern Rhodesia, with the former attaining its favoured location for the dam. The CAF brought a decade of liberalism with respect to African rights. There were African junior ministers in the Southern Rhodesia-dominated CAF, while a decade earlier only 70 Africans qualified to vote in
3528-629: The leaders of the other two territories. The Council only had consultative, and not binding, powers. In November 1950, Jim Griffiths , the Secretary of State for the Colonies , informed the House of Commons that the government had decided that there should be another examination of the possibility of a closer union between the Central African territories, and that a conference of the respective governments and
3600-486: The letter's contents. The issues of this specific row were in the immediate sense resolved quietly with some constitutional amendments, but it is now known that Welensky was seriously considering contingencies for a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) for the federation, though he ended up opting against it. Meanwhile, towards the end of the decade, in the Northern Territories, Africans protested against
3672-538: The main interests of Nyasaland and Northern Rhodesia, economic and political, lie not in association with the Eastern African Territories, but rather one another and with the self-governing Colony of Southern Rhodesia". In 1938, the Bledisloe Commission concluded that the territories would become interdependent in all their activities, but stopped short of recommending federation. Instead, it advised
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#17328585987743744-590: The new black African states were united in wanting to end colonialism in Africa. With most of the world moving away from colonialism during the late 1950s and early 1960s, the United Kingdom was subjected to pressure to decolonise from both the United Nations and the Organisation of African Unity (OAU). These groups supported the aspirations of the black African nationalists and accepted their claims to speak on behalf of
3816-498: The people. The federation officially ended on 31 December 1963. In 1964, shortly after the dissolution, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland became independent under the names Zambia and Malawi , respectively. In November 1965, Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence from the United Kingdom as the state of Rhodesia . In 1929, the Hilton Young Commission concluded that "in the present state of communications
3888-447: The post-Cold War era. Following Southern Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI), a growing conflict emerged between two of the former CAF territories – Zambia (supporting African nationalists) and Southern Rhodesia (supported by South Africa) – with much heated diplomatic rhetoric, and, at times, outright military hostility. The Federation issued its first postage stamps in 1954, all with
3960-489: The territories of Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland. A referendum was held in Southern Rhodesia on 9 April. Following the insistence and reassurances of the Southern Rhodesian prime minister, Sir Godfrey Huggins , a little more than 25,000 white Southern Rhodesians voted in the referendum for a federal government, versus nearly 15,000 against. A majority of Afrikaners and black Africans in all three territories were resolutely against it. The Federation came into being when
4032-443: The time, were moot. Decisive factors in both the creation and dissolution of the Federation were the significant difference between the number of Africans and Europeans in the Federation, and the difference between the number of Europeans in Southern Rhodesia compared to the Northern Protectorates. Compounding this was the significant growth in Southern Rhodesia's European settler population (overwhelmingly British migrants), unlike in
4104-484: The vast majority of Africans) owing to its much larger European population. A federation was intended to curtail this. Huggins was thus the first prime minister from 1953 to 1956, and was followed by Sir Roy Welensky , a prominent Northern Rhodesian politician, from 1956 to the Federation's dissolution in December 1963. The fate of the Federation was contested within the British Government by two principal Ministries of
4176-834: The white minority rule of the CAF. In July 1958, Hastings Banda , the leader of the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) (later Malawi Congress Party ), returned from Great Britain to Nyasaland, and in October Kenneth Kaunda became the leader of the Zambian African National Congress (ZANC), a split from the Northern Rhodesian ANC . The increasingly rattled CAF authorities banned ZANC in March 1959, and in June imprisoned Kaunda for nine months. While Kaunda
4248-425: The world." The Constitution provided for a federal government with enumerated powers, consisting of an executive government, a unicameral Federal Assembly (which included a standing committee known as the African Affairs Board), and a Supreme Court, among other authorities. Provision was made for the division of powers and duties between the federal and territorial governments. Article 97 of the Constitution empowered
4320-410: Was decided to recommend a federation under which the central government would have certain specific powers, with the residual powers being left with the territorial governments. Another conference was held in September 1951 at Victoria Falls , also attended by Griffiths and Patrick Gordon Walker . Another two conferences would be held in London in 1952 and 1953 respectively, where the federal structure
4392-402: Was established on 1 August 1953, with a Governor-General as the Queen's representative at the centre. The constitutional status of the three territories – a self-governing Colony and two Protectorates – was not affected, though certain enactments applied to the Federation as a whole as if it were part of Her Majesty's dominions and a Colony. A novel feature was
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#17328585987744464-420: Was filled from December 1979 until April 1980 whereupon Britain formally recognised the territory as the independent republic of Zimbabwe , and the office of Governor was thereafter abolished. The Governor was also Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and as such, in theory at least, exercised considerable influence over the running of the colony and its government, but in practice, the Governor's main function
4536-438: Was handled by the Rhodesia and Nyasaland Corps of Engineers, Corps of Signals, and the Army Service Corps. In May 1958, three installations were named after "three of the most famous soldiers in the military history of Central Africa". The RAR camp in Llewellin was named Methuen Camp after Colonel J.A. Methuen. The Zomba Cantonment was named Cobbe Barracks after Lieutenant-Colonel Alexander Cobbe . The Lusaka military area
4608-412: Was in jail, his loyal lieutenant Mainza Chona worked with other African nationalists to create the United National Independence Party (UNIP), a successor to ZANC. In early 1959, unrest broke out in Nyasaland, which, according to historian Lord Blake, was "economically the poorest, politically the most advanced and numerically the least Europeanized of the three Territories." The CAF government declared
4680-482: Was joined by most United Rhodesia Party cabinet members. There was a marked exodus to the more prestigious realm of federal politics. The position of Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia was once again, as under Britain's Ministerial Titles Act of 1933, reduced to a Premier and taken by The Rev. Garfield Todd , the soon-to-be controversial centre-left politician. It was considered that Todd's position and territorial politics in general had become relatively unimportant,
4752-415: Was limited chiefly to hearing appeals from the high courts of the constituent territories. The court, however, had original jurisdiction over the following: In 1958, the Prime Minister established an Office of Race Affairs which reviewed policies, practices and activities which may have hampered or adversely affected a climate favourable to the federal government's equal "partnership" policy. On 1 April 1959,
4824-430: Was named Stephenson Barracks after Lieutenant-Colonel A. Stephenson. Llewellin Barracks in Bulawayo commemorated the first Governor-General of the Federation. The Battle of Tug Argan was commemorated in the name of Tug Argan Barracks in Ndola . The Army consisted of four African battalions: the 1st and 2nd Battalion, King's African Rifles ; the Northern Rhodesia Regiment ; and the Rhodesian African Rifles . 1961,
4896-461: Was persuaded by the Cabinet Secretary that this would face opposition from both Africans and members of the colonial service in the northern territories. Consequently, in 1962, the Federation's affairs were transferred to a new department, known as the Central Africa Office, with Rab Butler the minister responsible. However, this was to be short lived, as following the succession of Macmillan as prime minister by Alec Douglas-Home , responsibility for
4968-532: Was prepared in detail. While many points of contention were worked out in the conferences that followed, several proved to be acute, and some, seemingly insurmountable. The negotiations and conferences were arduous. Southern Rhodesia and the Northern Territories had very different traditions for the 'Native Question' (black Africans) and the roles they were designed to play in civil society. An agreement would likely not have been reached without Sir Andrew Cohen , CO Assistant Undersecretary for African Affairs (and
5040-401: Was relatively sympathetic to African aspirations. Its inclusion in the Federation was more a symbolic gesture than a practical necessity. This inclusion would eventually work against the CAF: Nyasaland and its African population was where the impetus for destabilisation of the CAF arose, leading to its dissolution. Despite its convoluted government structure, the CAF economy was a success. In
5112-413: Was sent to prepare Prime Minister Welensky, who was distinctly displeased about the arrival of the commission. Welensky at least found Lord Home in support of the existence of the CAF. By contrast, Lord Home's rival, and fellow Scot , the Colonial Secretary, Iain Macleod , favoured African rights and dissolving the federation. Although Macmillan at the time supported Lord Home, the changes were already on
5184-463: Was to maintain a satisfactory relationship between the British and Southern Rhodesian Governments and acted in an advisory capacity most of the time. From 1951, however, in contrast to other colonies, the British government was represented in Southern Rhodesia by a High Commissioner in Salisbury (now Harare ). When Southern Rhodesia was part of the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland , the position of
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