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100-660: In 1941, the Curtin government established the Vocational Training Scheme for Invalid Pensioners. This body grew and became known by a variety of different names with the initials CRS. In 1948, it became the Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service. Its services were predominantly delivered from a small number of large facilities in capital cities. George Burniston was the Chief Medical Officer of

200-530: A hung parliament . The ALP eventually formed a minority government in October 1941, when the Fadden government lost a confidence motion. The Japanese attacks on British Malaya and Pearl Harbor occurred two months after Curtin became prime minister, and Australia entered the war against Japan. Bombing raids on northern Australia soon followed. Curtin led the nation's war effort and made significant decisions about how

300-504: A 119% increase in people obtaining employment as a result of these programmes. During this time, its number of delivery units increased from 33 to 55, 11 of the new units being in regional areas. In 1995–96, 6911 people completed CRS rehabilitation programmes, of which 76% led to paid employment. In 1995, the CRS had 170 service delivery locations. The Howard government 's Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service Reform Act 1998 bill sought to corporatize

400-470: A 17-seat swing. The Coalition was reduced to only 19 seats nationwide, including only one west of Broken Hill . Fadden's Country Party took a particularly severe beating, winning only seven seats. Labor also won the primary vote in all states in the Senate, and thus all 19 seats, to hold a majority of 22 out of 36 seats. Buoyed by this success, Curtin called a referendum which would give the government control of

500-627: A compulsory medical examination. He moved to Perth the following year to become the editor of the Westralian Worker , and later was state president of the Australian Journalists' Association . After three unsuccessful attempts, Curtin was elected to the House of Representatives at the 1928 federal election , winning the Division of Fremantle . He is the only prime minister to have represented

600-528: A constituency in Western Australia . He remained loyal to the Labor government during the party split of 1931 . He lost his seat in Labor's landslide defeat at the 1931 election , but won it back in 1934. The following year, Curtin was elected party leader in place of James Scullin , defeating Frank Forde by a single vote. The party gained seats at the 1937 and 1940 elections , with the latter resulting in

700-483: A death considered by beacons of the local press to be a self-sacrificial casualty of war, a sentiment echoed by Presbyterian minister Hector Harrison. At 4:00   am on 5 July 1945, as Australia's 7th Division began its last operation against Japanese forces in the Battle of Balikpapan , John Curtin died at The Lodge. Aged just 60, he was the second Australian prime minister to die in office within six years,

800-456: A disability get and keep employment. Its services were free to people on a government pension or who could not otherwise pay. People who received insurance payments through government managed workplace or vehicle insurance schemes had their costs paid by the insurance. CRS also offered injury prevention services to businesses on a commercial basis. In 1998, CRS Australia had 90 regional units and over 900 staff. The ratio of clients who were charged

900-460: A disorganised last stand at Singapore , before surrendering on 15 February 1942. Around 15,000 Australian soldiers became prisoners of war. Curtin predicted that the "battle for Australia" would now follow. On 19 February, Darwin suffered a devastating air raid , the first time the Australian mainland had ever been attacked by enemy forces. Over the following 19 months, Australia was attacked from

1000-589: A fact even contemporary commentators ascribed to the extreme stressors such an office demanded. The next day, Curtin's body was laid in state at the King's Hall in Parliament House , where a memorial service was held, conducted by one of his friends, the Presbyterian minister Hector Harrison. Ben Chifley and Enid Lyons were seen to weep openly. Harrison seemed to include Curtin among the Australian servicemen who had made

1100-560: A fee to those who received their services free was about one to four. In the July 2005 to June 2006 budget year, CRS Australia placed over 10,000 people in employment for the first time. In 2011, the service had over 180 offices across the country. In 2014, the Department of Social Services 's "Disability Employment Services – Disability Management Service" had more than 75,000 participants. CRS Australia delivered 47% of this program. At this time,

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1200-588: A former railway engine driver, became Australia's 16th Prime Minister on 13 July 1945. The Second World War ended with the defeat of Japan in the Pacific just four weeks later. John Curtin Prime Minister of Australia Term of government (1941–1945) Ministries Elections John Curtin (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) was an Australian politician who served as the 14th prime minister of Australia from 1941 until his death in 1945. He held office as

1300-580: A matter of urgency." Curtin made crucial decisions linking Australia to the United States. On 28 December, the Sydney Daily Telegraph published a public statement of his government's new attitude: We look for a solid and impregnable barrier of the Democracies against the three Axis powers, and we refuse to accept the dictum that the Pacific struggle must be treated as a subordinate segment of

1400-564: A member of the Victorian Socialist Party Curtin held strong anti-imperialist and anti-militarist views, and in opposition to the mainstream of the Labor movement, opposed racism due to his belief that racial hatred was used as a tool of the "exploiting class". Labor historian Graeme Osborne describes Curtin's stance as "anticipating Lenin in the view that imperialism was capitalism in its last stage". He wrote for radical and socialist newspapers. From 1911 until 1915, Curtin

1500-408: A mission station, and to children who were maintained from a deceased estate. The Child's Allowance was introduced in 1943, payable at the rate of five shillings per week for a first for an unendowed child under 16 years dependent on an invalid or permanently incapacitated old-age pensioner. From July 1945 onwards, Additional Benefit for Children of five shillings per week became payable in respect of

1600-629: A sense it was a people's war in which they were full participants. In terms of social policy, the Curtin government enacted a wide range of progressive social reforms during its time in office. Pensions were introduced for deserted wives and widows, while the establishment of the Women's Employment Board led to increased wages for some women during the war. Aboriginal Australians were provided with significantly increased entitlement to welfare benefits, while maternity allowances were extended. In addition, pensions for

1700-538: A small country town in north-west Victoria. His father had failed to prosper in Melbourne, which was in the middle of an economic downturn. In Charlton, he took over the lease of a pub owned by his brother-in-law, John Bourke. Curtin was enrolled in the local state school, as a Catholic school had not yet been established. He excelled academically, and was seen as a potential "scholarship boy". However, he and his family left Charlton in 1896. Struggling financially, they spent

1800-439: A state law "relating to the control of Aboriginal natives" or if they lived in a state where they could not be exempt from such laws but were of eligible for pension on the grounds of "character, standard of intelligence and development". That same year, pension became exempt from income tax. In 1943, funeral benefits were introduced, together with a Wife's Allowance for wives of incapacitated age pensioners "where she lived with him,

1900-593: A strong voice in Washington, D.C., and he wanted that voice to be MacArthur's. He gave over control of Australian forces to MacArthur, directing Australian commanders to treat MacArthur's orders as if they came from the Australian Government. Biographer John Edwards wrote: A lesser Australian leader might have grated against MacArthur's vanity, cavilled at his assumption of command, contradicted his grandiloquent claims, satirised his manner. Curtin did not. He seized

2000-520: A war cabinet led by Menzies, though Curtin offered co-operation – though not to the extent of supporting conscription for overseas service. The Labor Party experienced a split along pro and anti Communist lines over policy towards the Soviet Union for its co-operation with Nazi Germany in the invasion of Poland and Labor narrowly lost the September 1940 Election. The Menzies government relied upon

2100-488: A warder at Pentridge Prison . He later joined the Victoria Police , where in thirteen years he never rose above the rank of a constable; he received reprimands for indecent assault and using excessive force against children. In 1883, he married Catherine Agnes Bourke (known as "Kate"), who had arrived in Melbourne in 1875. She was the sister of one of his police colleagues. Curtin was born with congenital strabismus of

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2200-463: The 1914 federal election . The strain of this period led him to drink heavily and regularly, a vice which blighted his career for many years. He proposed to Elsie Needham on St Kilda Beach , and they were married on 21 April 1917 in the dining room of a private home in West Leederville . Curtin moved to Perth, Western Australia , in 1917 to become an editor for the Westralian Worker ,

2300-458: The 1943 election in a very strong position. Even allowing for the advantages that an incumbent government has in wartime, Fadden and Hughes had been unable to get the better of Curtin, and the Coalition had become almost moribund. In the election, Curtin led Labor to its greatest-ever victory, winning two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives on a two-party preferred vote of 58.2% and

2400-476: The Advisory War Council . In October 1941, Arthur Coles and Alexander Wilson , the two independent MPs who had been keeping the Coalition in office since 1940 (first under Menzies, then under Fadden), joined forces with Labor in defeating Fadden's budget and bringing the government down. Governor-General Lord Gowrie was reluctant to call an election for a Parliament barely a year old, especially given

2500-554: The American-British-Dutch-Australian Command in the Netherlands East Indies for the defence of Java and Sumatra . Before they could arrive, Singapore fell on 15 February 1942. Most of the 8th Division was taken into captivity, although a small number, including its commander, Major General Gordon Bennett , managed to escape. "The fall of Singapore", Curtin announced in a radio address to

2600-682: The Australian House of Representatives . The Labor Party also won all 19 of the seats contested for the Australian Senate . Curtin led Australia when the Australian mainland came under direct military threat during the Japanese advance in World War II . He is widely regarded as one of the country's greatest Prime Ministers. General Douglas MacArthur said that Curtin was "one of the greatest of

2700-606: The Brunswick Cricket Club , where he had a reputation as a solid batsman . He remained involved in both sports throughout the remainder of his life, as an administrator and supporter. He was said to have an encyclopaedic knowledge of cricket statistics. From a young age, Curtin was active in both the Australian Labor Party and the Victorian Socialist Party , which was a Marxist organisation. While

2800-547: The Coalition minority United Australia Party - Country Party Coalition government which resulted from the 1940 election . Curtin went on to lead federal Labor to its greatest win with two-thirds of seats in the lower house and over 58 percent of the two-party preferred vote at the 1943 election . Labor won 49 seats to 12 United Australia Party, 7 Country Party, 3 Country National Party (Queensland), 1 Queensland Country Party, 1 Liberal Country Party (Victoria) and 1 Independent in

2900-656: The Pacific War broke out when Japan bombed Pearl Harbor . Curtin addressed the nation on the radio, saying, "Men and women of Australia...we are at war with Japan. This is the gravest hour of our history. We Australians have imperishable traditions. We shall maintain them. We shall vindicate them. We shall hold this country and keep it as a citadel for the British-speaking race and as a place where civilisation will persist." On 10 December, HMS  Prince of Wales and HMS  Repulse were both sunk by Japanese bombers off

3000-585: The 1937 election against Joseph Lyons ' United Australia Party which resulted in a comfortable victory to the UAP. Lyons died in office in April 1939 and the UAP selected Robert Menzies to succeed him as Prime Minister. On 3 September 1939, Prime Minister Menzies announced Australia's declaration of war on Nazi Germany . Australia had entered World War II , following the Nazi invasion of Poland . The Labor Party declined to enter

3100-577: The British Isles without any solid partnership in place with the United States. This speech also received criticism at high levels of government in Australia, Britain and the US; it angered Churchill, and Roosevelt said that it "smacked of panic". The speech nevertheless achieved the effect of drawing attention to the possibility that Australia would be invaded by Japan . Before this speech, the Australian response to

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3200-503: The British war effort. In 1941, Menzies travelled to Britain to discuss Australia's role in the war strategy, and to express concern at the reliability of Singapore's defences, only to be drawn into Winston Churchill 's disastrous Greek campaign . While he was in Britain, Menzies lost the support of his own party, and was forced to resign as prime minister. The Coalition elected Arthur Fadden ,

3300-470: The CRS but the bill was not passed into law by the parliament before the 1998 Federal election and was not reintroduced. The CRS therefore remained part of a department of state until its abolition. It was renamed CRS Australia. This was done to cease CRS' monopoly on many kinds of rehabilitation services, and develop commercial competitors in the field. CRS Australia provided a national vocational rehabilitation and injury management service, helping people with

3400-468: The Country Party as its leader, before the independents switched allegiance and John Curtin was sworn in as Prime Minister on 7 October 1941. Eight weeks later, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor . John Curtin (8 January 1885 – 5 July 1945) served as the 14th Prime Minister of Australia . Labor under Curtin formed a minority government in 1941 after independents crossed the floor , bringing down

3500-643: The Malayan coast. Curtin cabled the President of the United States , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and Churchill on 23 December, saying, "The fall of Singapore would mean the isolation of the Philippines, the fall of the Netherlands East Indies and attempts to smother all other bases. It is in your power to meet the situation... we would gladly accept United States commanders in the Pacific area. Please consider this as

3600-423: The Pacific in 1942. Curtin had previously opposed conscription for overseas service during World War I, and again in 1940 when it was introduced by Menzies, although he had supported softening it to allow conscripts to serve in Australian territories. Curtin recognised that the restriction of the Australian conscripts to Australia and its territories was morally indefensible and politically unviable. To remove what

3700-489: The Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have the fullest say in the direction of the democracies' fighting plan. Without inhibitions of any kind, I make it clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom." British Malaya quickly collapsed, shocking the Australian nation. British, Indian and Australian troops made

3800-516: The Pacific. Australia moved closer to New Zealand, and suggested a lesser role for the United States after the war. Washington was annoyed. Concurrently, the Curtin government enacted the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1942 , under which Australia accepted the dominion status which Britain had conferred in 1930, but which the Australian federal government had not accepted until then. The Adoption Act took effect retroactively as of 3 September 1939,

3900-679: The South-West Pacific Area as the Governor-General proclaims as being territories associated with the defence of Australia". The stress of the war and especially this bitter internal battle within Labor took a great toll on Curtin's health, which had never been robust even at the best of times. He had suffered all of his life from stress-related illnesses, and depression; he was also a heavy smoker. Curtin made very heavy use of newspapers and broadcast media, especially through press conferences, speeches, and newsreels. Australians gained

4000-568: The United Nations. Australia played a significant mediatory role in these early years of the United Nations, successfully lobbying for an increased role for smaller and middle-ranking nations and a stronger commitment to employment rights into the U.N. Charter . Evatt was elected president of the third session of the United Nations General Assembly (September 1948 to May 1949). Prime Minister Curtin suffered from ill health from

4100-525: The United States and Ben Chifley serving as acting Prime Minister, it was Chifley who announced the end of the war in Europe on 9 May 1945. When Curtin died towards the end of the Second World War in July 1945, Frank Forde served as Prime Minister from 6–13 July, before the party elected Ben Chifley as Curtin's successor. Following his 1945 election as leader of the Australian Labor Party , Chifley,

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4200-572: The age of 13 and became involved in the labour movement in Melbourne . He joined the Labor Party at a young age and was also involved with the Victorian Socialist Party . He became state secretary of the Timberworkers' Union in 1911 and federal president in 1914. Curtin was a leader of the "No" campaign during the 1916 referendum on overseas conscription, and was briefly jailed for refusing to attend

4300-540: The age of 14 years, 16 pounds where there were one or two other children, and 17 pounds 10 shillings in cases of three or more children. These amounts included an additional allowance of 25 shillings per week in respect of the period four weeks before and four weeks after the birth, to be paid after the birth of the child. That same year, eligibility for Child Endowment was extended to children in Government institutions, to Aboriginal children who lived for six months per year on

4400-603: The air almost 100 times. Two battle-hardened Australian divisions were already steaming from the Mid-East for Singapore. Churchill wanted them diverted to Burma, but Curtin refused, and anxiously awaited their return to Australia. US President Franklin Roosevelt ordered his commander in the Philippines, General Douglas MacArthur , to formulate a Pacific defence plan with Australia in March 1942. Curtin agreed to place Australian forces under

4500-416: The basis that he promise to give up alcohol, which he subsequently did. Although Labor made little progress at the 1937 election , by 1939 Labor's position had vastly improved. Curtin led Labor to a five-seat swing in the 1940 election , which resulted in a hung parliament. In that election, Curtin's own seat of Fremantle had been in doubt. United Australia Party challenger Frederick Lee appeared to have won

4600-451: The chance to share authority with MacArthur, refused to offend his vanity, drew him as close as he could. Of Curtin's military decisions, it was the cleverest, most fruitful, most abidingly successful. By mid-1942, the results of the battles of the Coral Sea and Midway had averted the perceived threat of invasion. Despite the "beat Germany first" policy, 346,000 Americans were fighting in

4700-560: The city of Newcastle. In an effort to isolate Australia, the Japanese planned a seaborne invasion of Port Moresby , in the Australian Territory of New Guinea . In May 1942, the US Navy engaged the Japanese in the Battle of the Coral Sea and halted the attack. The Battle of Midway in June effectively defeated the Japanese navy and the Japanese army launched a land assault on Moresby from

4800-542: The command of General MacArthur, who became "Supreme Commander of the South West Pacific". Curtin had thus presided over a fundamental shift in Australia's foreign policy. MacArthur moved his headquarters to Melbourne in March 1942 and American troops began massing in Australia. In late May 1942, Japanese midget submarines sank an accommodation vessel in a daring raid on Sydney Harbour . On 8 June 1942, two Japanese submarines briefly shelled Sydney's eastern suburbs and

4900-538: The deputy leader of the party since 1931 who had been closely associated with the economic policies of the Scullin government. This led left wing factions and trade unions to support Curtin, in an attempt to block Forde from getting the leadership. With their support, Curtin was able to defeat Forde by just one vote to become Leader of the Labor Party and Leader of the Opposition . The groups that had supported Curtin did so on

5000-639: The door to the vast manpower of China and the jumping-off fields for the devastation of Japanese cities. Multitudes of the finest lives of Australia, Britain, and America would have been saved; the long years of toil, death, and separation, which assuredly stretch ahead, would have been shortened." Curtin formed a close working relationship with the Allied Supreme Commander in the South West Pacific Area , General Douglas MacArthur . Curtin realised that Australia would be ignored unless it had

5100-500: The economy and resources for five years after the war was over. The 1944 Australian Referendum contained one referendum question: "Do you approve of the proposed law for the alteration of the Constitution entitled 'Constitution Alteration (Post-War Reconstruction and Democratic Rights) 1944'?" Constitution Alteration (Post-War Reconstruction and Democratic Rights) 1944 was known as the 14 powers, or 14 points referendum. It sought to give

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5200-612: The elderly and infirm were increased. In 1942, temporary public employees became eligible to apply to join the Commonwealth superannuation scheme if they had been employed for no less than five years and were certified as having indefinite future employment, while the Commonwealth Employees' Furlough Act of 1943 provided long service leave for all temporary Commonwealth employees. In 1943, the Universities Commission

5300-610: The expected Pacific War . Returning to Australia, with the threat of Japan imminent and with the Australian army suffering badly in the Greek and Crete campaigns, Menzies re-approached the Labor Party to form a War Cabinet. Menzies had planned a further trip to Britain to influence the conduct of the Allied campaign. Unable to secure Curtin's support, and with an unworkable parliamentary majority, Menzies resigned as Prime Minister. The UAP-Coalition held office for another month with Arthur Fadden of

5400-595: The first child to any person qualified to receive unemployment or sickness benefit having the custody, care and control of one or more children under the age of 16. In 1945, Curtin ordered the preparation of the White Paper on Full Employment in Australia . The White Paper was the defining document of the official economic policy in Australia until the 1970s. For the first time, the Australian government accepted an obligation to guarantee full employment and to intervene as necessary to implement that guarantee. Curtin went into

5500-608: The following two years moving around country Victoria, as his father managed pubs in Dromana , Drouin , and Mount Macedon . Curtin attended the local state schools, ending his formal education in 1898 at the age of 13. In early 1899, Curtin began working as an office boy at a weekly magazine called The Rambler , earning five shillings per week. His employer was the artist and writer Norman Lindsay , who had also grown up in Creswick and knew his family. The magazine did not last long, and over

5600-539: The following years Curtin held down a series of short-term jobs, including as a copy boy at The Age , a potter's apprentice, and a houseboy at a gentlemen's club . These were interspersed with periods of unemployment. He did not secure a permanent job until he was 18, taking up a position as an estimates clerk with the Titan Manufacturing Company in South Melbourne in September 1903. By that time he

5700-506: The fullest say in the direction of the Democracies' fighting plan. Without any inhibitions of any kind, I make it clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom. We know the problems that the United Kingdom faces. We know the dangers of dispersal of strength, but we know too, that Australia can go and Britain can still hold on. We are, therefore, determined that Australia shall not go, and we shall exert all our energies towards

5800-402: The general conflict. By that it is not meant that any one of the other theatres of war is of less importance than the Pacific, but that Australia asks for a concerted plan evoking the greatest strength at the Democracies' disposal, determined upon hurling Japan back. The Australian Government, therefore regards the Pacific struggle as primarily one in which the United States and Australia must have

5900-511: The government power, over a period of five years, to legislate on monopolies, corporations, trusts , national health, family allowances, freedom of speech , religion, ex-servicemen rehabilitation, the ability to legislate for Indigenous Australians , and safeguards against the abuse of legislative power. The referendum was defeated, receiving a majority only in Western Australia and South Australia. Nationally overall, 54 percent voted against

6000-479: The hazards of the conflict but threw himself into his work with an utter devotion which at length laid him low and at last called for the supreme sacrifice. We pay him today the homage of a grateful people as one whose name will live forever more in the land he loved and among the free peoples of the world. Bearing his coffin from the King's Hall were Opposition Leader Robert Menzies , and former prime ministers Billy Hughes , Earle Page and James Scullin . His body

6100-406: The international situation. He summoned Coles and Wilson and made them promise that if he named Curtin prime minister, they would support him for the remainder of the Parliament to end the instability in government. The independents agreed, and Curtin was sworn in as prime minister on 7 October, aged 56. He became the first and only prime minister to come from Western Australia. On 8 December 1941,

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6200-429: The leader of the Australian Labor Party (ALP), having been most notable for leading the country through the majority of World War II , including all but the last few weeks of the war in the Pacific . Curtin's leadership skills and personal character were acclaimed by his political contemporaries and he is frequently ranked as one of Australia's greatest prime ministers and political leaders. Curtin left school at

6300-431: The leader of the Country Party , as Menzies' replacement, even though the UAP was the senior partner in the Coalition. Curtin adroitly refused calls from his own caucus to bring about the defeat of the government through a motion of no confidence . Curtin had refused Menzies' initial offer to form a wartime " national government ", partly because he feared that it would split the Labor Party, although he did agree to join

6400-429: The left eye, which remained noticeable throughout his life. It was largely a cosmetic defect, but he was quite self-conscious about it. According to his biographer David Day , it had "a considerable psychological effect" on him, and likely exacerbated his natural shyness. Curtin lived in Creswick until 1890, when his father retired from the police. His father suffered from chronic rheumatoid arthritis and syphilis , and

6500-410: The loss, Curtin became the advocate for the Western Australian Government with the Commonwealth Grants Commission . He stood for his old seat in 1934 after Watson announced his retirement for the second time, and was able to win it back. In 1935, when Scullin resigned as Labor Leader, Curtin stood in the election to replace him, although he was not expected to win. His opponent was Frank Forde ,

6600-448: The nation on 16 February, "can only be described as Australia's Dunkirk. It will be recalled that the fall of Dunkirk initiated the Battle for Britain. The fall of Singapore opens the Battle for Australia. On its issue depends not merely the fate of this Commonwealth but the frontier of the United States of America and, indeed, all the Americas and, therefore, in a large measure the fate of the British-speaking world." The Japanese threat

6700-418: The north. Between July and November 1942, Australian forces repulsed Japanese attempts on the city by way of the Kokoda Track , in the highlands of New Guinea . The Battle of Milne Bay in August 1942 was the first Allied defeat of Japanese land forces. Concerned to maintain British commitment to the defence of Australia, Prime Minister Curtin announced in November 1943 that Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester

6800-426: The official trade union newspaper. He settled in the suburb of Cottesloe where his residence is now heritage-listed as " John Curtin's House ". He enjoyed the less pressured life of Western Australia and his political views gradually moderated. He joined the Australian Journalists' Association (AJA) in 1917 and was elected its Western Australian President in 1920. He wore his AJA badge (WA membership #56) every day he

6900-481: The organisation for a time. In the late 1970s, the number of new migrants in Victoria accepting offers of CRS services were much lower than for non-migrants. In 1979 approximately 15% of new migrants accepted compared to 54% for non-migrants. A similar situation was found in other states. In the mid-1980s, the CRS sold their large facilities, and established many smaller ones instead. For example, two large facilities in Sydney were replaced with 55 across NSW. By 1984,

7000-443: The organisation founded the Community Living Program in Brisbane, helping disabled people to live outside of institutions. This later became an independent association, and now operates as the Community Living Association. In the 1990s, the CRS began to work with employers to help prevent disabling injuries occurring. This was a time when state and territory government bodies had begun to do similar work. The Granville Vocational Unit

7100-471: The outbreak of World War II. Although politically a product of the government's policy of re-orientation towards the United States, constitutionally, this marked the moment that Australia became an independent nation with a separate Crown , no longer subject to the supremacy of British law and the British Crown. The Curtin government agreed that the Australian Army's I Corps – centred on the 6th and 7th Divisions – would be transferred from North Africa to

7200-550: The proportion of new migrants accepting offers of CRS assistance dramatically increased (and became close to the level for non-migrants), with a 45% acceptance rate compared to 50% for non-migrants. In 1986, the Disability Services Act (1986) was passed, and the CRS adopted a case management approach. In 1987, the CRS was allowed to operate a Trust Account, and retain money from financial year to financial year, giving it more flexibility in its operation. Also that year,

7300-456: The question in the referendum. By 1944—a time when he was travelling to and from London and Washington for meetings with Churchill, Roosevelt and other Allied leaders—Curtin had already developed heart disease . He had a heart attack in November 1944, and did not return to work until January 1945. With the end of the war in sight, his health began to deteriorate seriously and at a rapid pace,

7400-486: The seat on the second count after most of independent Guildford Clarke's preferences flowed to him, and it was not until the final counting of preferential votes that Curtin knew he had won the seat. In September 1939, the Second World War commenced when Nazi Germany invaded Poland. In line with the king's declaration of war, Prime Minister Robert Menzies declared war on Germany and announced Australia's support for

7500-476: The second count. Re-elected in Labor's sweeping election victory the following year , he expected to be named as a member of Prime Minister James Scullin 's Cabinet, but disapproval of his heavy drinking habit meant that he remained on the backbench. William Watson chose to briefly come out of retirement in 1931 , and easily defeated Curtin in an election that saw Labor collapse to just 14 seats in Parliament. After

7600-437: The shaping of a plan, with the United States as its keystone, which will give to our country some confidence of being able to hold out until the tide of battle swings against the enemy. This speech was one of the most important in Australia's history, marking a turning point in Australia's relationship with its founding country, the United Kingdom. Many felt that Prime Minister Curtin was abandoning Australia's traditional ties to

7700-491: The strains of office. He suffered a major heart attack in November 1944. Facing the newly formed Liberal Party of Australia opposition led by Robert Menzies , Curtin struggled with exhaustion and a heavy work load – excusing himself from Parliamentary question time and unable to concentrate on the large number of parliamentary bills being drafted dealing with the coming peace. Curtin returned to hospital in April with lung congestion. With Deputy Prime Minister Frank Forde in

7800-519: The stresses of the war. Many of his post-war reconstruction plans were implemented by his successor Ben Chifley , who in 1946 led the ALP to consecutive victories for the first time. Curtin was born in Creswick , Victoria , on 8 January 1885. He was christened "John Joseph Ambrose", although his middle names were not recorded on his birth certificate and he stopped using them in later life. Within his family he

7900-491: The support of two Independents, Alex Wilson and Arthur Coles to continue in office. Curtin took a seat on the newly created Advisory War Council in October 1940 and agreed to a plan by Menzies to travel to Washington and London. In January 1941, Menzies flew to Britain to discuss the weakness of Singapore's defences and sit with Winston Churchill 's British War Cabinet . In Menzies's absence, Curtin co-operated with Deputy Prime Minister Arthur Fadden in preparing Australia for

8000-568: The tone for the bitter final stages of the New Guinea campaign , which persisted into 1945. MacCarthur to a certain extent excluded Australian forces from the main push north into the Philippines and Japan. It was left to Australia to lead amphibious assaults against Japanese bases in Borneo . As the end of the war approached, Curtin sought to firm up Australian influence in the South Pacific following

8100-511: The ultimate sacrifice: "His Calvary was the anguish of a man of peace who loathed war with all his heart and soul. A one who spent his life in an attempt to promote human understanding, and journeyed oft in that attempt. And yet who, by a strange irony of fate, was chosen by destiny to lead the nation in her hour of direst peril... when the hosts of the North came down like a mighty flood, confident in strength and exalted in victory, he did not shrink from

8200-942: The war but also sought to ensure a continuing role for the British Empire , calling Australia "the bastion of British institutions, the British way of life and the system of democratic government in the Southern World". In April 1944, Curtin held talks on postwar planning with United States President Franklin Roosevelt and with British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and gained agreement for the Australian economy to begin transitioning from military to post-war economy. He returned to Australia and campaigned for an unsuccessful 1944 referendum to extend federal government power over employment, monopolies, Aboriginal people, health and railway gauges. In April 1945, Curtin despatched an Australian delegation which included attorney-general and minister for external affairs H V Evatt to discuss formation of

8300-488: The war effort had been troubled by attitudes swinging from "she'll be right" to gossip-driven panic. By 1943, when the threat of Japanese invasion had passed, Curtin increasingly returned to a commitment to the British Empire. Downplaying nationalism, he said that Australia comprised "seven million Britishers". He saw the United States as a predatory economic and military power that would threaten Australia's own ambitions in

8400-568: The war was conducted. He placed Australian forces under the command of the American general Douglas MacArthur , with whom he formed a close relationship, and successfully negotiated the issue of overseas conscription that had split his party during World War I. The ALP won almost two-thirds of the seats in the House of Representatives at the 1943 election , which remains a party record. Curtin died in office in July 1945, after months of ill health attributed to

8500-742: The wartime statesmen". With most of Australia's best forces committed to fight against Hitler in the Middle East, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, the US naval base in Hawaii, on 8 December 1941 (eastern Australia time). The British battleship HMS  Prince of Wales and battlecruiser HMS  Repulse sent to defend Singapore were sunk soon afterwards . Australia was ill-prepared for an attack, lacking armaments, modern fighter aircraft, heavy bombers, and aircraft carriers. While demanding reinforcements from Churchill, on 27 December 1941 Curtin published an historic announcement: "The Australian Government...regards

8600-478: The work was opened to tender, and CRS Australia was made ineligible to bid for it. Under the Abbott government , CRS Australia ceased delivering services at the end of Friday 27 February 2015. The nascent NDIS and DES took over its responsibilities. Curtin government Prime Minister of Australia Term of government (1941–1945) Ministries Elections [REDACTED] The Curtin government

8700-766: Was assessed as medically unable to resume his police duties. He was offered a choice between an annual pension and a lump-sum pay-out, and opted for the latter. He subsequently moved his family to inner Melbourne , taking over the lease of a pub on Little Lonsdale Street and moving into rented accommodation in Brunswick . Curtin began his education at St Francis' Boys School, a Christian Brothers school attached to St Francis' Church . He later briefly attended St Bridget's School in Fitzroy . He also attended Macedon Primary School in Macedon . In 1894, Curtin and his family moved to Charlton ,

8800-476: Was employed as state secretary of the Timberworkers' Union . He was elected federal president of the union in 1914. During World War I he was a militant anti-conscriptionist; he was briefly imprisoned in December 1916 for refusing to attend a compulsory medical examination, even though he knew he would fail the exam due to his very poor eyesight. He also stood (unsuccessfully) as the Labor candidate for Balaclava in

8900-511: Was established in Sydney in 1991. This provided rehabilitation for people with psychiatric injury in NSW, with the assistance of 50 Regional Units. The book Back on Their Feet: A History of the Commonwealth Rehabilitation Service 1941-1991 was written by John Tipping and published by the CRS in 1992. From 1992–93 to 1995–96, the CRS achieved a 57% increase in people commencing rehabilitation programmes and

9000-517: Was established to exempt students from war service to undertake or continue university studies and to assist those students by exempting them from fees and, subject to a means test, by providing them with living allowances. "Asiatics" who were subjects of Australia became eligible for a pension in 1941, and eligibility was extended the following year to Pacific Islanders known as "Kanakas", and from that July that year "Aboriginal natives" of Australia became eligible for pensions if they were not subject to

9100-413: Was exempted from income tax. In 1942, eligibility for maternity allowances was extended to Aboriginal women who were exempted from State laws relating to the control of Aboriginal natives and who were considered suitable to receive the benefits. From 1943, the income test for maternity allowances was abolished and the rate of the allowance was increased to 15 pounds where there were no other children under

9200-649: Was further underlined on 19 February, when Japan bombed Darwin , the first of many air raids on northern Australia . Churchill attempted to divert I Corps to reinforce British troops in Burma, without Australian approval. Curtin insisted that it return to Australia. Roosevelt supported Churchill, offering to send an American division to Australia instead, while the Chief of the Australian General Staff , Lieutenant General Vernon Sturdee , threatened to resign if his advice

9300-603: Was his legal wife and did not receive a pension in her own right". From June 1942, Widows' Pension Class B was paid to widows without dependent children who were aged 50 and over. The term "widow" included de facto widows who had lived with the deceased spouse for at least three years prior to his death and had been maintained by him. Eligibility was also extended to deserted de jure wives who had been deserted for at least six months, divorced women who had not remarried and women whose husbands were in hospitals for those considered to be insane. From July that year, Widows' Pension Class B

9400-439: Was ignored and the troops were diverted to Burma. Curtin prevailed, although he agreed that the main body of the 6th Division could garrison Ceylon . In the 1943 Australian federal election campaign the following year, Curtin was forced to publicly defend his decision. "Had we held Rangoon , or had we even held the district, of Akyab ", media magnate Keith Murdoch wrote in an editorial on 13 August 1943, "we would have held

9500-616: Was known as "Jack". Curtin was the oldest of four children – his younger brother George was born in 1887, followed by his younger sisters Molly and Hannah in 1889 and 1891. His parents were both born in County Cork , Ireland. His father, John Curtin Sr., had arrived in South Australia in 1873, with two of his brothers. His brothers settled in Adelaide , but he moved on to Victoria and found work as

9600-601: Was now a major obstacle to the government's re-election prospects, he moved to remove the restriction. While there was support from the Communist Party of Australia and its sympathisers, there was trenchant opposition from the Catholic Church, represented by B. A. Santamaria and Arthur Calwell . Ultimately, the Defence Act was amended so that conscripts could be deployed outside of Australia to "such other territories in

9700-548: Was prime minister. In addition to his stance on labour rights, Curtin was also a strong advocate for the rights of women and children. In 1927, the Federal Government convened a Royal Commission on Child Endowment, and Curtin was appointed as a member of that commission. Curtin stood for Parliament a second time in 1925 , this time for Fremantle , although he lost heavily to the incumbent William Watson . Watson retired in 1928 , and Curtin ran again, this time winning on

9800-574: Was the family's primary breadwinner, as his father was a virtual invalid. As a youth, Curtin was a talented sportsman. Between 1903 and 1907, he played as a half-forward flanker for the Brunswick Football Club in the semi-professional Victorian Football Association (VFA). His teammates gave him the nickname "Bumble". His nephew Claude played for Fitzroy in the Victorian Football League (VFL). Curtin also played cricket for

9900-574: Was the federal executive government of Australia led by Prime Minister John Curtin . It was made up of members of the Australian Labor Party in the Australian Parliament from 1941 to 1945. John Curtin was first elected leader of the Australian Labor Party and became leader of the opposition in 1935. Defence issues were becoming increasingly dominant in public affairs with the rise of Fascism in Europe and militant Japan in Asia. Curtin led Labor to

10000-510: Was to be appointed Governor General of Australia . The brother of King George VI arrived in Australia to take up his post in January 1945. Curtin hoped this might influence the British to despatch men and equipment to the Pacific, and the appointment reaffirmed the important role of the Crown to the Australian nation at that time. The Battle of Buna-Gona , between November 1942 and January 1943, set

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